Calculation of terminal velocity in transitional flow for spherical particle

The terminal velocity has been widely used in extensive fields, but the complexity of drag coefficient expression leads to the calculation of terminal velocity in transitional flow （1 〈 Re ≤ 1000） with much more difficulty than those in laminar flow （Re ≤ 1） and turbulent flow （Re ≥ 1000）. This paper summarized and compared 24 drag coefficient correlations, and developed an expression for calculating the terminal velocity in transitional flow, and also analyzed the effects of particle density and size, fluid density and viscosity on terminal velocity. The results show that 19 of 24 previously published correlations for drag coefficient have good prediction performance and can be used for calculating the terminal velocity in the entire transitional flow with higher accuracy. Adapting two dimensionless parameters （w＊, d＊）, a proposed explicit correlation, w＊=-25.68654 × exp （-d＊/77.02069）＋ 24.89826, is attained in transitional flow with good performance, which is helpful in calculating the terminal velocity.

Study on Calculation Method of Compressional Velocities Based on Field Well Logs

In the past, most of the studies for compressional velocities are based on experimental measurements, which lack the support of field data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compressional velocities based on well log data of delta front subfacies of Lower Tertiary ages of Ji-Dong oil field, China. At initial stage, we have chosen the well log parameters (effect factors) which strongly influence on compressional velocities and established a new modified equation for compressional velocities, which is based on these effect factors. Then Gardner, De-hua Han and this newly established equation were utilized to calculate the compressional velocities in each well. Finally, Least-square regression was carried out to check the fitting of each equation. Regression results clearly indicate that our purposed equation shows better fitting as compared to Gardner and De-hua Han equations.

Hydraulic calculation of gravity transportation pipeline system for backfill slurry

Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity (critical velocity) and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline (L/H ratio) of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.

RESEARCH ON METHOD TO CALCULATE VELOCITIES OF SOLID PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE IN DEBRIS FLOW

Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham＇s rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold＇s testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.

Cross-Correlation of Station-to-Station Free Surface Elevation Time Series for Breaking Water Waves

Free surface elevation time series of breaking water waves were measured in a laboratory flume. This was done in order to analyze changes in wave characteristics as the waves propagated from deep water to the shore. A pair of parallel- wire capacitive wave gages was used to simultaneously measure free surface elevations at different positions along the flume. One gage was kept fixed near the wave generator to provide a reference while the other was moved in steps of 0.1 m in the vicinity of the break point. Data from these two wave gages measured at the same time constitute station-to-station free surface elevation time series. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based cross-correlation techniques were employed to determine the time lag between each pair of the time series. The time lag was used to compute the phase shift between the reference wave gage and that at various points along the flume. Phase differences between two points spaced 0.1 m apart were used to calculate local mean wave phase velocity for a point that lies in the middle. Results show that moving from deep water to shallow water, the measured mean phase velocity decreases almost linearly from about 1.75 m/s to about 1.50 m/s at the break point. Just after the break point, wave phase velocity abruptly increases to a maximum value of 1.87 m/s observed at a position 30 cm downstream of the break point. Thereafter, the phase velocity decreases, reaching a minimum of about 1.30 m/s.

Comparative Study on Two Methods for Measuring Wave Velocity Change of Crustal Medium Based on Large Volume Airgun Excitation Data

This paper proposes the application of dynamic programming method to calculate the relative change of wave velocities and compares its similarities and differences with the cross-correlation delay estimation method based on interference.The results show that:①the trend of wave velocities obtained by cross-correlation method and dynamic programming method are consistent.Besides,it is considered that the calculated result using cross-correlation delay method is reliable.②Compared with the cross-correlation delay method,the calculated result of the dynamic programming method has a magnifying effect and is more sensitive to small disturbances.③Under ideal conditions,the wave velocity change trend calculated by P-wave and S-wave phase should be consistent.In addition,the cross-correlation delay method is used to calculate the wave velocity change.Under appropriate conditions,the process of recovering from the suspected wave velocity before the M_L1.1 earthquake near the airgun source can be observed.

Monitoring Media Velocity Variations with Coda Wave Interferometry

Multiply scattered waves are sensitive to media changes owing to the effect of repeated sampling,superposition and amplification. Based on this characteristic,small-medium changes could be detected by using coda wave interferometry. In recent years,coda wave interferometry has been widely used in estimating velocity variation with high precision in areas such as seismology and non-destructive testing. This paper systematically presents the principle and research status of coda wave interferometry,and especial focus is placed on the research of media velocity variations by using repeating earthquakes,artificial sources,and ambient noise. Applications of coda wave interferometry can contribute to the more subtle understanding of dynamic evolution process in the medium.

基于光流卷积网络的粒子图像测速自动掩模及速度场计算

粒子图像测速(PIV)技术是一种定量的非接触式全局速度场测量技术。在船舶与海洋工程领域,PIV实验中拍摄的粒子图像常出现结构物遮挡或自由液面等干扰现象,需要对其进行掩模后计算液相区域速度场。因此,实现PIV图像中干扰区域自动掩模及液相区域速度场高精度计算具有重要的意义。本文基于光流卷积神经网络LiteFlowNet,设计了一种可实现自动掩模及速度场计算的深度学习模型Mask-PIV-LiteFlowNet,并使用基于物体入水PIV实验图像掩模数据集和PIV速度场计算数据集制作的数据集对其进行训练和测试。测试结果表明,该模型能够有效减少临近掩模边界区域的速度场计算错误并能够精细地提取流场小尺度流动信息,相比于当前先进的PIV深度学习模型PIV-LiteFlowNet-en,本文提出的模型在对带结构物的合成粒子图像进行流场计算时精度获得了至少14.5%的提升,计算速度上获得了5.7%的提升。最后,使用楔形体入水PIV图像对提出的模型进行了测试,验证了模型的泛化能力。

建立基于CT影像的胆囊体积计算方法及其运动功能分析

目的评价基于CT影像三维重建胆囊体积计算方法的准确性,并研究胆囊运动中的生物力学变化,探索胆囊动力学变化与胆结石形成的关系。方法提出一种基于CT影像三维重建胆囊模型来计算胆囊体积的方法,并与椭球体法进行比较;构建胆囊有限元模型并进行流体力学分析,模拟胆囊出口胆囊管与胆总管汇合不同角度下及伴有结石状态下的胆囊运动功能变化。结果比较50位患者的特异性胆囊模型体积和椭球体法体积,对应平均误差分别为7.26%和25.35%。梨形胆囊再充盈期最大压力、最大变形和最大流速都明显大于葫芦形胆囊。胆囊管与胆总管之间的夹角对胆汁流型影响不大,夹角为120°时胆汁流速最大。伴有结石胆囊的胆汁流速小于无结石胆囊,且在结石附近产生漩涡。结论基于CT影像三维重建计算胆囊体积较传统椭球体法更准确。相对于梨形胆囊,葫芦形胆囊的胆囊壁收缩和胆汁流速较小,运动功能差。伴结石胆囊的胆汁流速较慢,更易导致结石增大或新结石形成。

频域反射法阻抗匹配技术及其在电缆衰减补偿与相速度计算中的应用

频域反射法(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)是诊断电缆绝缘状态的有效方法。针对现场FDR测试中存在的首端阻抗不匹配问题,该文提出了一种有效的FDR首端阻抗匹配技术。该文通过引入可变串联阻抗模型,结合估计得到的电缆特性阻抗,有效解决了FDR现场测试中分叉引线对测试结果的影响。首先,通过搭建电缆模型,结合行波的多次折反射原理推导了电缆首端的反射系数,阐述了信号在电缆内部的传输过程。然后,给出了电缆首端存在分叉引线时的首端阻抗匹配技术。最后,在同轴电缆及10 kV电力电缆上开展了电缆首端阻抗匹配试验,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。结果表明:该方法可有效解决现场测试中存在的电缆首端阻抗不匹配问题,并且利用首端阻抗匹配处理后得到的数据,亦可实现电缆衰减的有效补偿及电缆相速度的准确计算。

基于人工边界条件的波面相位解析重建

At present,the measurement of the near wave field of ships mostly relies on shipborne radar.The commonly used shipborne radar is incoherent and cannot obtain information on wave surface velocity.Therefore,the mathematical model of wave reconstruction is remarkably complex.As a new type of radar,coherent radar can obtain the radial velocity of the wave surface.Most wave surface reconstruction methods that use wave velocity are currently based on velocity potential.The difficulty of these methods lies in determining the initial value of the velocity integral.This paper proposes a wave surface reconstruction method based on an artificial boundary matrix.Numerical simulation data of regular and short-crest waves are used to verify the accuracy of this method.Simultaneously,the reconstruction stability under different wave velocity measurement errors is analyzed.The calculation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the reconstruction of wave field.

轴流泵装置进水流道出口速度及脉动特性分析

为研究不同流量工况时进水流道出口速度及压力脉动特性,基于CFD软件对轴流泵装置整体进行三维非定常数值计算,分别分析了各测线的速度及监测点的压力脉动的时频特性。结果表明:在进水流道出口面,速度从导水帽外壁面到流道出口内壁面的分布大体呈现出先减再增后减的规律、压力脉动幅值与速度脉动幅值从轮缘到轮毂方向呈逐渐减小趋势;进水流道出口处各监测点的压力脉动和速度脉动最大幅值都位于4倍转频处。

油气上窜速度相对时间法计算公式修正

为提高油气上窜速度计算的科学性和准确性,解决迟到时间法等计算结果不准甚至为负值的问题,曾研究提出了计算结果更为准确的相对时间法。但目前钻井中已广泛使用钻具止回阀,下钻过程中井内钻井液全部从环形空间上返而不进入钻具内部,导致相对时间法的计算结果不再准确。为适应新的钻井工艺,须对相对时间法的计算模型和计算公式进行修正。为此,增加了下钻深度过油气层底部的计算公式,提供了3种井身结构、12种下入深度情形的新的系列计算公式。应用实例分析表明,修正后计算公式的可靠性和适用性得到了进一步提高。

质点沿光滑半球下滑运动的数值计算

利用Matlab编程,求解质点沿光滑半球下滑时,半球的速度和加速度随时间变化以及质点相对球心的角速度和角加速度随时间的变化,并进一步讨论了不同的初始条件对质点在半球上的运动时间及质点与半球脱离位置的影响.

细棒入水动力学特性的解析计算与数值模拟

结合解析计算与数值模拟本文研究了均匀细棒低速入水过程中水的阻力系数和细棒密度这两个因素对其入水过程的动力学特性的影响.根据牛顿第二定律首先建立动力学微分方程并求得了解析解,由此进行数值计算并对其运动状态的动力学特性进行了分析.结果表明若细棒密度比水的大,不管以任何初速度入水,最终都会趋向于一个稳定的极限下沉速度,该极限速度正比于细棒与水的密度差,反比于水的阻力系数.但当密度差较小时,细棒的下沉速度先达到一个峰值,然后减速并逐渐趋向于稳定极限下沉速度.相反,如果细棒的密度不大于水的密度,则细棒入水后最终会静止不动而悬浮于水中.

Velocity Calculation by Automatic Camera Calibration Based on Homogenous Fog Weather Condition

A novel algorithm for vehicle average velocity detection through automatic and dynamic camera calibration based on dark channel in homogenous fog weather condition is presented in this paper. Camera fixed in the middle of the road should be calibrated in homogenous fog weather condition, and can be used in any weather condition. Unlike other researches in velocity calculation area, our traffic model only includes road plane and vehicles in motion. Painted lines in scene image are neglected because sometimes there are no traffic lanes, especially in un-structured traffic scene. Once calibrated, scene distance will be got and can be used to calculate vehicles average velocity. Three major steps are included in our algorithm. Firstly, current video frame is recognized to discriminate current weather condition based on area search method （ASM）. If it is homogenous fog, average pixel value from top to bottom in the selected area will change in the form of edge spread function （ESF）. Secondly, traffic road surface plane will be found by generating activity map created by calculating the expected value of the absolute intensity difference between two adjacent frames. Finally, scene transmission image is got by dark channel prior theory, camera s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calculated based on the parameter calibration formula deduced from monocular model and scene transmission image. In this step, several key points with particular transmission value for generating necessary calculation equations on road surface are selected to calibrate the camera. Vehicles pixel coordinates are transformed to camera coordinates. Distance between vehicles and the camera will be calculated, and then average velocity for each vehicle is got. At the end of this paper, calibration results and vehicles velocity data for nine vehicles in different weather conditions are given. Comparison with other algorithms verifies the effectiveness of our algorithm.

ON CALCULATIONS OF THE DRAG COEFFICIENT Cd AND THE FALL VELOCITY ω OF SPHERICAL BODIES

A host of authors have proposed some theoretical and experimental formulas in hydromechanics concerning the calculation of the drag coefficient Cd of spherical bodies. But all of the existing Cd formulas hold true only at small Reynolds numbers and are restricted within certain flowing range.As regards the fall velocity ω of spherical bodies, there is yet no formula applicable to each flowing range and to a direct expression and calculation of the fall velocity ω.In view of these, from N-S equations, and meanwhile based on measured data and complicated calculations, the author has developed and proposed the following results:(1) The drag coefficient (2) The dimensionless fall velocity where Es, Ω* and constants etc. are indicated in detail in this paper.Through laborious calculation in lgRe<5 larger range, the verification proves that our results well agree with the measured data. And the leading features of formulas of this paper are: (1) simple in form, (2) convenient for general use, (3) preferable on the part of the precision and applicability.Finally, to introduce this process and to illustrate the temperature effects on the fall velocity ω, some examples are discussed in this paper.

青藏高原环境下混凝土结构密实性超声无损检测研究

青藏高原的环境条件限制常导致混凝土出现密实性缺陷问题,如何对混凝土的密实性缺陷进行精确的无损检测,是保障结构承载力及耐久性的关键。该文结合此前在西藏雅鲁藏布江藏木大桥与广西南宁实地开展的混凝土超声试验结果,基于不同气压下混凝土实体的超声波速计算模型,建立了以气压、水胶比为参数的混凝土实体部分超声波速计算模型;进一步对混凝土在不同孔隙率、缺陷条件、骨料分布情况条件下的超声波速进行了计算分析。揭示了孔隙率及缺陷条件对混凝土超声波速的影响规律及机理。研究了骨料分布占比对混凝土超声检测结果的影响规律,建立了混凝土整体超声波速的多因素计算模型,并提出了基于超声波速的混凝土密实性统计分析方法,可以为实际工程中混凝土结构密实性的超声无损检测结果分析提供理论依据。

宽浅式梯形渠道流速分布规律及流量计算方法研究

为研究宽浅式梯形明渠流速分布规律,简化渠道流量测量过程、提高测流精度、促进灌区工作效率提升,利用声学多普勒剖面流速仪进行流速、流量、断面面积的测定;通过正交距离回归算法对相对流速和相对水深与二次抛物线函数拟合,得到垂向流速分布规律,根据横向流速分布规律结合测量数据,利用线性拟合分析得到横向流速分布影响系数,最终通过待定系数法得到断面平均流速与中垂线表面流速的系数值。结果表明:测点实际流速与平均流速之比作为相对流速,拟合得到的宽浅式梯形渠道断面流速分布规律R2均在0.937以上,拥有较好的相关性;宽浅式梯形渠道测线平均流速横向流速分布符合乘幂函数分布形式,并对横向流速流速分布公式进行流速验证,在横向相对位置0.2<(B-2 d)/B<1区间内误差均小于5%;推导出了宽浅式梯形渠道中垂线表面流速与断面平均流速关系,对AB两地宽浅式梯形渠道干渠进行断面流量验证,实测流量与计算流量的误差小于5%,符合量水规范的要求,可实际用于灌区量水。

不同冲击参数下Nomex蜂窝板的低速冲击损伤

Nomex蜂窝板因具有轻质、高强度的特点,在航空航天、高速列车、船舶制造等领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。但特殊的三明治夹层结构使其对冲击载荷特别敏感,较小的冲击载荷都可能对结构造成不可避免的损伤,从而使结构力学性能下降。针对Nomex夹层板的低速冲击性能,利用落锤冲击试验及精细化仿真模型探究Nomex蜂窝板在不同直径冲头和不同能量冲击下的力学性能反馈及损伤情况,并建立最大峰值力的理论计算模型,以判断服役蜂窝板遭受损伤的工况环境,对蜂窝板的实用工况调整提供一定的参考。