The terminal velocity has been widely used in extensive fields, but the complexity of drag coefficient expression leads to the calculation of terminal velocity in transitional flow (1 〈 Re ≤ 1000) with much more d...The terminal velocity has been widely used in extensive fields, but the complexity of drag coefficient expression leads to the calculation of terminal velocity in transitional flow (1 〈 Re ≤ 1000) with much more difficulty than those in laminar flow (Re ≤ 1) and turbulent flow (Re ≥ 1000). This paper summarized and compared 24 drag coefficient correlations, and developed an expression for calculating the terminal velocity in transitional flow, and also analyzed the effects of particle density and size, fluid density and viscosity on terminal velocity. The results show that 19 of 24 previously published correlations for drag coefficient have good prediction performance and can be used for calculating the terminal velocity in the entire transitional flow with higher accuracy. Adapting two dimensionless parameters (w*, d*), a proposed explicit correlation, w*=-25.68654 × exp (-d*/77.02069)+ 24.89826, is attained in transitional flow with good performance, which is helpful in calculating the terminal velocity.展开更多
In the past, most of the studies for compressional velocities are based on experimental measurements, which lack the support of field data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compressional velocities based o...In the past, most of the studies for compressional velocities are based on experimental measurements, which lack the support of field data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compressional velocities based on well log data of delta front subfacies of Lower Tertiary ages of Ji-Dong oil field, China. At initial stage, we have chosen the well log parameters (effect factors) which strongly influence on compressional velocities and established a new modified equation for compressional velocities, which is based on these effect factors. Then Gardner, De-hua Han and this newly established equation were utilized to calculate the compressional velocities in each well. Finally, Least-square regression was carried out to check the fitting of each equation. Regression results clearly indicate that our purposed equation shows better fitting as compared to Gardner and De-hua Han equations.展开更多
Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline tra...Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity (critical velocity) and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline (L/H ratio) of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.展开更多
Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two...Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham's rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold's testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.展开更多
Free surface elevation time series of breaking water waves were measured in a laboratory flume. This was done in order to analyze changes in wave characteristics as the waves propagated from deep water to the shore. A...Free surface elevation time series of breaking water waves were measured in a laboratory flume. This was done in order to analyze changes in wave characteristics as the waves propagated from deep water to the shore. A pair of parallel- wire capacitive wave gages was used to simultaneously measure free surface elevations at different positions along the flume. One gage was kept fixed near the wave generator to provide a reference while the other was moved in steps of 0.1 m in the vicinity of the break point. Data from these two wave gages measured at the same time constitute station-to-station free surface elevation time series. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based cross-correlation techniques were employed to determine the time lag between each pair of the time series. The time lag was used to compute the phase shift between the reference wave gage and that at various points along the flume. Phase differences between two points spaced 0.1 m apart were used to calculate local mean wave phase velocity for a point that lies in the middle. Results show that moving from deep water to shallow water, the measured mean phase velocity decreases almost linearly from about 1.75 m/s to about 1.50 m/s at the break point. Just after the break point, wave phase velocity abruptly increases to a maximum value of 1.87 m/s observed at a position 30 cm downstream of the break point. Thereafter, the phase velocity decreases, reaching a minimum of about 1.30 m/s.展开更多
This paper proposes the application of dynamic programming method to calculate the relative change of wave velocities and compares its similarities and differences with the cross-correlation delay estimation method ba...This paper proposes the application of dynamic programming method to calculate the relative change of wave velocities and compares its similarities and differences with the cross-correlation delay estimation method based on interference.The results show that:①the trend of wave velocities obtained by cross-correlation method and dynamic programming method are consistent.Besides,it is considered that the calculated result using cross-correlation delay method is reliable.②Compared with the cross-correlation delay method,the calculated result of the dynamic programming method has a magnifying effect and is more sensitive to small disturbances.③Under ideal conditions,the wave velocity change trend calculated by P-wave and S-wave phase should be consistent.In addition,the cross-correlation delay method is used to calculate the wave velocity change.Under appropriate conditions,the process of recovering from the suspected wave velocity before the M_L1.1 earthquake near the airgun source can be observed.展开更多
Multiply scattered waves are sensitive to media changes owing to the effect of repeated sampling,superposition and amplification. Based on this characteristic,small-medium changes could be detected by using coda wave ...Multiply scattered waves are sensitive to media changes owing to the effect of repeated sampling,superposition and amplification. Based on this characteristic,small-medium changes could be detected by using coda wave interferometry. In recent years,coda wave interferometry has been widely used in estimating velocity variation with high precision in areas such as seismology and non-destructive testing. This paper systematically presents the principle and research status of coda wave interferometry,and especial focus is placed on the research of media velocity variations by using repeating earthquakes,artificial sources,and ambient noise. Applications of coda wave interferometry can contribute to the more subtle understanding of dynamic evolution process in the medium.展开更多
A novel algorithm for vehicle average velocity detection through automatic and dynamic camera calibration based on dark channel in homogenous fog weather condition is presented in this paper. Camera fixed in the middl...A novel algorithm for vehicle average velocity detection through automatic and dynamic camera calibration based on dark channel in homogenous fog weather condition is presented in this paper. Camera fixed in the middle of the road should be calibrated in homogenous fog weather condition, and can be used in any weather condition. Unlike other researches in velocity calculation area, our traffic model only includes road plane and vehicles in motion. Painted lines in scene image are neglected because sometimes there are no traffic lanes, especially in un-structured traffic scene. Once calibrated, scene distance will be got and can be used to calculate vehicles average velocity. Three major steps are included in our algorithm. Firstly, current video frame is recognized to discriminate current weather condition based on area search method (ASM). If it is homogenous fog, average pixel value from top to bottom in the selected area will change in the form of edge spread function (ESF). Secondly, traffic road surface plane will be found by generating activity map created by calculating the expected value of the absolute intensity difference between two adjacent frames. Finally, scene transmission image is got by dark channel prior theory, camera s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calculated based on the parameter calibration formula deduced from monocular model and scene transmission image. In this step, several key points with particular transmission value for generating necessary calculation equations on road surface are selected to calibrate the camera. Vehicles pixel coordinates are transformed to camera coordinates. Distance between vehicles and the camera will be calculated, and then average velocity for each vehicle is got. At the end of this paper, calibration results and vehicles velocity data for nine vehicles in different weather conditions are given. Comparison with other algorithms verifies the effectiveness of our algorithm.展开更多
A host of authors have proposed some theoretical and experimental formulas in hydromechanics concerning the calculation of the drag coefficient Cd of spherical bodies. But all of the existing Cd formulas hold true onl...A host of authors have proposed some theoretical and experimental formulas in hydromechanics concerning the calculation of the drag coefficient Cd of spherical bodies. But all of the existing Cd formulas hold true only at small Reynolds numbers and are restricted within certain flowing range.As regards the fall velocity ω of spherical bodies, there is yet no formula applicable to each flowing range and to a direct expression and calculation of the fall velocity ω.In view of these, from N-S equations, and meanwhile based on measured data and complicated calculations, the author has developed and proposed the following results:(1) The drag coefficient (2) The dimensionless fall velocity where Es, Ω* and constants etc. are indicated in detail in this paper.Through laborious calculation in lgRe<5 larger range, the verification proves that our results well agree with the measured data. And the leading features of formulas of this paper are: (1) simple in form, (2) convenient for general use, (3) preferable on the part of the precision and applicability.Finally, to introduce this process and to illustrate the temperature effects on the fall velocity ω, some examples are discussed in this paper.展开更多
At present,the measurement of the near wave field of ships mostly relies on shipborne radar.The commonly used shipborne radar is incoherent and cannot obtain information on wave surface velocity.Therefore,the mathemat...At present,the measurement of the near wave field of ships mostly relies on shipborne radar.The commonly used shipborne radar is incoherent and cannot obtain information on wave surface velocity.Therefore,the mathematical model of wave reconstruction is remarkably complex.As a new type of radar,coherent radar can obtain the radial velocity of the wave surface.Most wave surface reconstruction methods that use wave velocity are currently based on velocity potential.The difficulty of these methods lies in determining the initial value of the velocity integral.This paper proposes a wave surface reconstruction method based on an artificial boundary matrix.Numerical simulation data of regular and short-crest waves are used to verify the accuracy of this method.Simultaneously,the reconstruction stability under different wave velocity measurement errors is analyzed.The calculation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the reconstruction of wave field.展开更多
文摘The terminal velocity has been widely used in extensive fields, but the complexity of drag coefficient expression leads to the calculation of terminal velocity in transitional flow (1 〈 Re ≤ 1000) with much more difficulty than those in laminar flow (Re ≤ 1) and turbulent flow (Re ≥ 1000). This paper summarized and compared 24 drag coefficient correlations, and developed an expression for calculating the terminal velocity in transitional flow, and also analyzed the effects of particle density and size, fluid density and viscosity on terminal velocity. The results show that 19 of 24 previously published correlations for drag coefficient have good prediction performance and can be used for calculating the terminal velocity in the entire transitional flow with higher accuracy. Adapting two dimensionless parameters (w*, d*), a proposed explicit correlation, w*=-25.68654 × exp (-d*/77.02069)+ 24.89826, is attained in transitional flow with good performance, which is helpful in calculating the terminal velocity.
文摘In the past, most of the studies for compressional velocities are based on experimental measurements, which lack the support of field data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compressional velocities based on well log data of delta front subfacies of Lower Tertiary ages of Ji-Dong oil field, China. At initial stage, we have chosen the well log parameters (effect factors) which strongly influence on compressional velocities and established a new modified equation for compressional velocities, which is based on these effect factors. Then Gardner, De-hua Han and this newly established equation were utilized to calculate the compressional velocities in each well. Finally, Least-square regression was carried out to check the fitting of each equation. Regression results clearly indicate that our purposed equation shows better fitting as compared to Gardner and De-hua Han equations.
基金Project(50490270) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity (critical velocity) and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline (L/H ratio) of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.
基金Project supported by the Talent Fund of the Ministry of Communication of China(No.95050508) the Fund of Western Communication of China(No.200332822047) the Key Science Fund of the Ministry of Communication of China(No.95060233)
文摘Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham's rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold's testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.
文摘Free surface elevation time series of breaking water waves were measured in a laboratory flume. This was done in order to analyze changes in wave characteristics as the waves propagated from deep water to the shore. A pair of parallel- wire capacitive wave gages was used to simultaneously measure free surface elevations at different positions along the flume. One gage was kept fixed near the wave generator to provide a reference while the other was moved in steps of 0.1 m in the vicinity of the break point. Data from these two wave gages measured at the same time constitute station-to-station free surface elevation time series. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based cross-correlation techniques were employed to determine the time lag between each pair of the time series. The time lag was used to compute the phase shift between the reference wave gage and that at various points along the flume. Phase differences between two points spaced 0.1 m apart were used to calculate local mean wave phase velocity for a point that lies in the middle. Results show that moving from deep water to shallow water, the measured mean phase velocity decreases almost linearly from about 1.75 m/s to about 1.50 m/s at the break point. Just after the break point, wave phase velocity abruptly increases to a maximum value of 1.87 m/s observed at a position 30 cm downstream of the break point. Thereafter, the phase velocity decreases, reaching a minimum of about 1.30 m/s.
基金the Yunnan Youth Fund(2017K01)the Assistantship Project of the Yunnan Earthquake Agency
文摘This paper proposes the application of dynamic programming method to calculate the relative change of wave velocities and compares its similarities and differences with the cross-correlation delay estimation method based on interference.The results show that:①the trend of wave velocities obtained by cross-correlation method and dynamic programming method are consistent.Besides,it is considered that the calculated result using cross-correlation delay method is reliable.②Compared with the cross-correlation delay method,the calculated result of the dynamic programming method has a magnifying effect and is more sensitive to small disturbances.③Under ideal conditions,the wave velocity change trend calculated by P-wave and S-wave phase should be consistent.In addition,the cross-correlation delay method is used to calculate the wave velocity change.Under appropriate conditions,the process of recovering from the suspected wave velocity before the M_L1.1 earthquake near the airgun source can be observed.
基金sponsored by the Task of Department of Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction,CEAthe Special Fund of Earthquake Scientific Research of China Earthquake Administration(201208003)
文摘Multiply scattered waves are sensitive to media changes owing to the effect of repeated sampling,superposition and amplification. Based on this characteristic,small-medium changes could be detected by using coda wave interferometry. In recent years,coda wave interferometry has been widely used in estimating velocity variation with high precision in areas such as seismology and non-destructive testing. This paper systematically presents the principle and research status of coda wave interferometry,and especial focus is placed on the research of media velocity variations by using repeating earthquakes,artificial sources,and ambient noise. Applications of coda wave interferometry can contribute to the more subtle understanding of dynamic evolution process in the medium.
基金supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No. 2011AA110301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 61079001)the Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No. 20111103110017)
文摘A novel algorithm for vehicle average velocity detection through automatic and dynamic camera calibration based on dark channel in homogenous fog weather condition is presented in this paper. Camera fixed in the middle of the road should be calibrated in homogenous fog weather condition, and can be used in any weather condition. Unlike other researches in velocity calculation area, our traffic model only includes road plane and vehicles in motion. Painted lines in scene image are neglected because sometimes there are no traffic lanes, especially in un-structured traffic scene. Once calibrated, scene distance will be got and can be used to calculate vehicles average velocity. Three major steps are included in our algorithm. Firstly, current video frame is recognized to discriminate current weather condition based on area search method (ASM). If it is homogenous fog, average pixel value from top to bottom in the selected area will change in the form of edge spread function (ESF). Secondly, traffic road surface plane will be found by generating activity map created by calculating the expected value of the absolute intensity difference between two adjacent frames. Finally, scene transmission image is got by dark channel prior theory, camera s intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are calculated based on the parameter calibration formula deduced from monocular model and scene transmission image. In this step, several key points with particular transmission value for generating necessary calculation equations on road surface are selected to calibrate the camera. Vehicles pixel coordinates are transformed to camera coordinates. Distance between vehicles and the camera will be calculated, and then average velocity for each vehicle is got. At the end of this paper, calibration results and vehicles velocity data for nine vehicles in different weather conditions are given. Comparison with other algorithms verifies the effectiveness of our algorithm.
文摘A host of authors have proposed some theoretical and experimental formulas in hydromechanics concerning the calculation of the drag coefficient Cd of spherical bodies. But all of the existing Cd formulas hold true only at small Reynolds numbers and are restricted within certain flowing range.As regards the fall velocity ω of spherical bodies, there is yet no formula applicable to each flowing range and to a direct expression and calculation of the fall velocity ω.In view of these, from N-S equations, and meanwhile based on measured data and complicated calculations, the author has developed and proposed the following results:(1) The drag coefficient (2) The dimensionless fall velocity where Es, Ω* and constants etc. are indicated in detail in this paper.Through laborious calculation in lgRe<5 larger range, the verification proves that our results well agree with the measured data. And the leading features of formulas of this paper are: (1) simple in form, (2) convenient for general use, (3) preferable on the part of the precision and applicability.Finally, to introduce this process and to illustrate the temperature effects on the fall velocity ω, some examples are discussed in this paper.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51809066.
文摘At present,the measurement of the near wave field of ships mostly relies on shipborne radar.The commonly used shipborne radar is incoherent and cannot obtain information on wave surface velocity.Therefore,the mathematical model of wave reconstruction is remarkably complex.As a new type of radar,coherent radar can obtain the radial velocity of the wave surface.Most wave surface reconstruction methods that use wave velocity are currently based on velocity potential.The difficulty of these methods lies in determining the initial value of the velocity integral.This paper proposes a wave surface reconstruction method based on an artificial boundary matrix.Numerical simulation data of regular and short-crest waves are used to verify the accuracy of this method.Simultaneously,the reconstruction stability under different wave velocity measurement errors is analyzed.The calculation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the reconstruction of wave field.