A review of the wave gradiometry method for seismic imaging

As dense seismic arrays at different scales are deployed,the techniques to make full use of array data with low computing cost become increasingly needed.The wave gradiometry method(WGM)is a new branch in seismic tomography,which utilizes the spatial gradients of the wavefield to determine the phase velocity,wave propagation direction,geometrical spreading,and radiation pattern.Seismic wave propagation parameters obtained using the WGM can be further applied to invert 3D velocity models,Q values,and anisotropy at lithospheric(crust and/or mantle)and smaller scales(e.g.,industrial oilfield or fault zone).Herein,we review the theoretical foundation,technical development,and major applications of the WGM,and compared the WGM with other commonly used major array imaging methods.Future development of the WGM is also discussed.

Comparative Analysis of Application of Seismic Wave Reflection Method in Advanced Geological Prediction

Seismic wave reflection method is an advanced geophysical detection method in tunnel geological prediction.It is more sensitive and effective in detecting geological anomalies such as fault fracture zone and karst.In order to verify the prediction efficacy and accuracy of the seismic wave reflection method with different instruments and equipment(tunnel geological prediction[TGP]/tunnel seismic prediction[TSP])and different vibration modes(hammering,explosives),a comparison test was carried out in Jinping Tunnel.The test results showed that the time-consumption of the hammering source was short,which can greatly reduce the impact on the construction site;different vibration sources methods of seismic wave reflection can predict the unfavorable geological sections accurately.

Seismic wave input method for three-dimensional soil-structure dynamic interaction analysis based on the substructure of artificial boundaries

The method of inputting the seismic wave determines the accuracy of the simulation of soil-structure dynamic interaction. The wave method is a commonly used approach for seismic wave input, which converts the incident wave into equivalent loads on the cutoff boundaries. The wave method has high precision, but the implementation is complicated, especially for three-dimensional models. By deducing another form of equivalent input seismic loads in the fi nite element model, a new seismic wave input method is proposed. In the new method, by imposing the displacements of the free wave fi eld on the nodes of the substructure composed of elements that contain artifi cial boundaries, the equivalent input seismic loads are obtained through dynamic analysis of the substructure. Subsequently, the equivalent input seismic loads are imposed on the artifi cial boundary nodes to complete the seismic wave input and perform seismic analysis of the soil-structure dynamic interaction model. Compared with the wave method, the new method is simplifi ed by avoiding the complex processes of calculating the equivalent input seismic loads. The validity of the new method is verifi ed by the dynamic analysis numerical examples of the homogeneous and layered half space under vertical and oblique incident seismic waves.

Accelerating the discontinuous Galerkin method for seismic wave propagation simulations using multiple GPUs with CUDA and MPI

We have successfully ported an arbitrary highorder discontinuous Galerkin method for solving the threedimensional isotropic elastic wave equation on unstructured tetrahedral meshes to multiple Graphic Processing Units （GPUs） using the Compute Unified Device Architecture （CUDA） of NVIDIA and Message Passing Interface （MPI） and obtained a speedup factor of about 28.3 for the single-precision version of our codes and a speedup factor of about 14.9 for the double-precision version. The GPU used in the comparisons is NVIDIA Tesla C2070 Fermi, and the CPU used is Intel Xeon W5660. To effectively overlap inter-process communication with computation, we separate the elements on each subdomain into inner and outer elements and complete the computation on outer elements and fill the MPI buffer first. While the MPI messages travel across the network, the GPU performs computation on inner elements, and all other calculations that do not use information of outer elements from neighboring subdomains. A significant portion of the speedup also comes from a customized matrix-matrix multiplication kernel, which is used extensively throughout our program. Preliminary performance analysis on our parallel GPU codes shows favorable strong and weak scalabilities.

An extended multiple-support response spectrum method incorporating fluid-structure interaction for seismic analysis of deep-water bridges

The effects of ground motion spatial variability(GMSV)or fluid-structure interaction(FSI)on the seismic responses of deep-water bridges have been extensively examined.However,there are few studies on the seismic performance of bridges considering GMSV and FSI effects simultaneously.In this study,the original multiple-support response spectrum(MSRS)method is extended to consider FSI effect for seismic analysis of deep-water bridges.The solution of hydrodynamic pressure on a pier is obtained using the radiation wave theory,and the FSI-MSRS formulation is derived according to the random vibration theory.The influence of FSI effect on the related coefficients is analyzed.A five-span steel-concrete continuous beam bridge is adopted to conduct the numerical simulations.Different load conditions are designed to investigate the variation of the bridge responses when considering the GMSV and FSI effects.The results indicate that the incoherence effect and wave passage effect decrease the bridge responses with a maximum percentage of 86%,while the FSI effect increases the responses with a maximum percentage of 26%.The GMSV and FSI effects should be included in the seismic design of deep-water bridges.

A scheme to treat the singularity in global seismic wavefield simulation using pseudospectral method with staggered grids

The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then singularity arises at the center of the Earth where r=0 since the 1/r term appears in the wave equations. In this paper, we extended the global seismic wavefield simulation algorithm for regular grid mesh to staggered grid configuration and developed a scheme to solve the numerical problems associated with the above singularity for a 2-D global Earth model defined on staggered grid using pseudospectral method. This scheme uses a coordinate transformation at the center of the model, in which the field variables at the center are calculated in Cartesian coordinates from the values on the grids around the center. It allows wave propagation through the center and hence the wavefield at the center can be stably calculated. Validity and accuracy of the scheme was tested by compared with the discrete wavenumber method. This scheme could also be suitable for other numerical methods or models parameterized in cylindrical or spherical coordinates when singularity arises at the center of the model.

Application of passive source surface-wave method in site engineering seismic survey

Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the passive source surface-wave method is introduced into the site engineering seismic survey and practically applied in an engineering site of Shijingshan District. By recording the ubiquitous weak vibration on the earth surface, extract the dispersion curve from the surface-wave components using the SPAC method and obtain the shear-wave velocity structure from inversion. Over the depth of 42 m under- ground, it totally consists of five layers with interface depth of 3.31, 4.50, 7.23, 17.41, and 42.00 m; and shear-wave velocity of 144.0, 198.3, 339.4, 744.2, and 903.7 m/s, respectively. The inversion result is used to evaluate site classification, determine the maximum shear modulus of soil, provide basis for further seismic hazard analysis and site assessment or site zoning, etc. The result shows that the passive source surface-wave method is feasible in the site engineering seismic survey and can replace boreholes,shorten survey period, and reduce engineering cost to some extent.

Effective wave identification and interference analysis of the seismic reflection method in mines

Through discussion of the time-distance curve characteristics of the direct waveand from the front,side and rear of the reflection waves of the seismic reflection methodfor advanced exploration in mines,and analysis of several major interference waves inmines,the differences in time-distance curve,frequency,apparent velocity between theeffective wave and interference wave in the seismic reflection method for advanced explorationare obtained.According to the differences,the effective wave is extracted andthe interference wave is filtered and the system's precision and accuracy is improved.

A laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions

The seismic waves induced by underground explosions generate geological hazards affecting deep buried tunnels such as rockbursts and engineering-induced earthquakes. This issue is difficult to study through full-scale testing due to the expense and unpredictable danger. To solve this problem, the authors developed experimental apparatus and presented a laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions. In this apparatus, a combined structure of a diffusive-shaped water capsule and a special-shaped oil capsule was designed. This structure can provide an applied confining stress and freely transmit the stress wave generated by external impact. Therefore, the coupled loading of in situ stress and seismic waves induced by underground explosions in the deep rock mass was simulated. The positive pressure time and peak value of the stress wave could be adjusted by changing the pulse-shaper and the initial impact energy. The obtained stress waves in the experiments correspond to that generated by 0.15-120 kt of TNT equivalent explosion at a scaled distance of 89.9-207.44 m/kt.

Scattering of seismic waves by three-dimensional large-scale hill topography simulated by a fast parallel IBEM

To solve seismic wave scattering by a large-scale three-dimensional(3-D) hill topography, a fast parallel indirect boundary element method(IBEM) is developed by proposing a new construction method for the wave field, modifying the generalized minimum residual(GMRES) algorithm and constructing an Open MP plus MPI parallel model. The validations of accuracy and efficiency show that this method can solve 3-D seismic response of a large-scale hill topography for broadband waves, and overcome the weakness of large storage and low efficiency of the traditional IBEM. Based on this new algorithm architecture, taking the broadband scattering of plane SV waves by a large-scale Gaussian-shaped hill of thousands-meters height as an example, the influence of several important parameters is investigated, including the incident frequency, the incident angle and the height-width and length-width ratio of the hill. The numerical results illustrate that the amplification effect on the ground motion by a near-hemispherical hill is more significant than the narrow hill. For low-frequency waves, the scattering effect of the higher hill is more pronounced, and there is only a single peak near the top of the hill. However, for high-frequency waves, rapid spatial variation of displacement amplitude appears on the hill surface.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of effect of seismic waves on dynamic response of Shiziping dam

Many high earth-rockfill dams are constructed in the west of China. The seismic intensity at the dam site is usually very high, thus it is of great importance to ensure the safety of the dam in meizoseismal area. A 3D FEM model is established to analyze the seismic responses of Shiziping earth-rockfill dam. The nonlinear elastic Duncan-Chang constitutive model and the equivalent viscoelastic constitutive model are used to simulate the static and dynamic stress strain relationships of the dam materials, respectively. Four groups of seismic waves are inputted from the top of the bedrock to analyze the dynamic responses of the dam. The numerical results show that the calculated dynamic magnification factors display a good consistency with the specification values. The site spectrum results in larger acceleration response than the specification spectrum. The analysis of relative dynamic displacement indicates that the displacement at the downstream side of the dam is larger than that at the upstream side. The displacement response reduces from the center of river valley to two banks. The displacement responses corresponding to the specification spectrum are a little smaller than those corresponding to the site spectrum. The analysis of shear stress indicates that a large shear stress area appears in the upstream overburden layer, where the shear stress caused by site waves is larger than that caused by specification waves. The analysis of dynamic principal stress indicates that the minimum dynamic stresses in corridor caused by specification and site waves have little difference. The maximum and minimum dynamic stresses are relatively large at two sides. The largest tensile stress occurs at two sides of the floor of grouting corridor, which may result in the crack near the corridor side. The numerical results present good consistency with the observation data of the grouting corridor in Wenchuan earthquake.

Near shore seismic movements induced by seaquakes using the boundary element method

This study quantifies seismic amplifications in near-shore arising from seaquakes. Within the Boundary Element Method, boundary elements are used to irradiate waves and force densities obtained for each element. Huygens′ Principle is implemented since the diffracted waves are constructed at the boundary from which they are radiated, which is equivalent to Somigliana′s theorem. Application of boundary conditions leads to a system of integral equations of the Fredholm type of second kind and zero order. Several numerical configurations are analyzed： The first is used to verify the present formulation with ideal sea floor configurations to estimate seismic amplifications. With the formulation verified, simple slope configurations are studied to estimate spectra of seismic motions. It is found that P-waves can produce seismic amplifications from 1.2 to 3.9 times the amplitude of the incident wave. SV-waves can generate seismic amplifications up to 4.5 times the incident wave. Another relevant finding is that the highest amplifications are at the shore compared to the ones at the sea floor.

Global SH-wave propagation in a 2D whole Moon model using the parallel hybrid PSM/FDM method

We present numerical modeling of SH-wave propagation for the recently proposed whole Moon model and try to improve our understanding of lunar seismic wave propagation. We use a hybrid PSM/FDM method on staggered grids to solve the wave equations and implement the calculation on a parallel PC cluster to improve the computing efficiency. Features of global SH-wave propagation are firstly discussed for a 100-km shallow and900-km deep moonquakes, respectively. Effects of frequency range and lateral variation of crust thickness are then investigated with various models. Our synthetic waveforms are finally compared with observed Apollo data to show the features of wave propagation that were produced by our model and those not reproduced by our models. Our numerical modeling show that the low-velocity upper crust plays significant role in the development of reverberating wave trains. Increasing frequency enhances the strength and duration of the reverberations.Surface multiples dominate wavefields for shallow event.Core–mantle reflections can be clearly identified for deep event at low frequency. The layered whole Moon model and the low-velocity upper crust produce the reverberating wave trains following each phases consistent with observation. However, more realistic Moon model should be considered in order to explain the strong and slow decay scattering between various phases shown on observation data.

Condensed hyperelements method of non-vertical consistent boundaries for wave propagation analysis in irregular media

The study of wave propagation in finite/infinite media has many applications in geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering and has been a focus of research for the past few decades. This paper presents an analysis of 2D anti- plane problems （Love waves） and 2D in-plane problems （Rayleigh waves） in the frequency domain in media consisting of a near-field irregular and a far-field regular part. The near field part may contain structures and its boundaries with the far-field can be of any shape. In this study, the irregular boundaries of the near-field are treated as consistent boundaries, extending the concept of Lysmer＇s vertical consistent boundaries. The presented technique is called the Condensed Hyperelements Method （CHM）. In this method, the irregular boundary is limited to a vertical boundary at each end that is a consistent boundary at the far-field side. Between the two ends, the medium is discretized with hyperelements. Using static condensation, the stiffness matrix of the far-field is derived for the nodes on the irregular boundary. Examples of the application of the CHM illustrate its excellent accuracy and efficiency.

反射波法隧道超前地质预报地震波走时模拟研究

隧道施工安全常常由于复杂的地质情况面临着巨大的挑战,反射波法地震勘探具有探测深度大、抗干扰能力强等优点,是确保隧道施工安全的重要超前地质预报手段。反射地震波走时计算与地震数据处理中的纵横波分离、速度建模、偏移成像等多个步骤息息相关,直接影响着隧道地质预报的结果。本文将仿照反射波法隧道超前地质预报的实际施工区域进行速度建模,以求解程函方程为基础,结合快速推进法(FMM)中的迎风有限差分方法以及窄带扩展技术实现针对隧道模型的初至地震波走时模拟。并通过对隧道模型中反射界面位置信息的提取,构建反射波初始窄带以及结合窄带扩展技术实现针对隧道模型反射波走时的计算。通过数值分析以及复杂隧道模型计算表明,文中给出的反射波法隧道超前地质预报地震波走时模拟具有良好的计算精度以及较强的适应能力。

考虑地震波输入差异的二维兰州盆地地震效应研究

利用谱元法和多次透射边界相结合的数值模拟方法,探讨了不同地震波输入时,具有大盆地内嵌小盆地特征的二维兰州盆地构造对地表地震波传播、地表峰值加速度(PGA)及其放大系数,以及频域放大特征等影响,分析了地表地震动的放大特征与盆地横向不均匀构造之间的关系。结果表明:1)当输入波的卓越频率接近小盆地最深处的一阶自振频率时,小盆地发生整体共振现象,进而显著改变地震动或放大系数的分布特征。大盆地边缘形成的次生面波在进入更为松散的小盆地时分化为波速差别显著的两阶面波,且盆地较陡一侧边缘形成的面波强度更大。2)无论何地震波入射,盆地内的最强烈地震动集中于小盆地边缘区域,大盆地较陡一侧边缘上方的区域是次强烈地震动放大区,而盆地基底倾角较缓的一侧边缘区域基本无边缘效应。3)兰州盆地基底形状对地震动的分布特征影响强烈,盆地地表地震动的放大系数受输入波的影响明显。4)水平和垂直分量的地震动及放大系数分布特征差别显著,垂直分量上在大盆地较陡一侧边缘及小盆地内形成两个显著放大区,最强烈放大效应区域靠近小盆地中心,而水平分量上的强烈放大区域主要出现在小盆地内的边缘区域。此外,地表不同位置处的频域放大特征也存在明显差别。

多指标融合赋权综合预警的冲击危险评价方法

为了进一步丰富工作面冲击危险评价方法,完善冲击地压防治体系,结合理论分析与工程实践,建立了融合4项评价指标的冲击危险综合评价指数W,用于工作面开采期间的冲击危险评价,联合震源定位及波速层析成像技术实现了对各开采区域冲击危险的综合预警。研究结果表明:(1)地质条件复杂及不规则煤柱区域震源聚集,波速高值异常;(2)融合多指标赋权建立的冲击危险综合评价指数W与震源数量及能级成较好的耦合关系,能适用于工作面冲击危险评价;(3)综合震源定位、波速层析成像和多指标融合赋权的冲击危险评价方法,可实现对高应力集中区的识别、冲击危险区域的定位、冲击危险等级的判定和卸压效果的检测。研究结果可为煤矿动力灾害的防治提供参考。

基于伪解析法的TTI介质纯qP波地震波场正演模拟

近年来,各向异性介质纯qP波正演模拟及逆时偏移成像技术受到广泛关注。常规拟声波方程存在伪横波干扰、受模型参数限制(ε≥δ)、传播不稳定和计算精度不高等因素影响,极大地限制了其应用。为此,本文将qP波拟微分方程变换到空间—波数域,并通过坐标变换,推导了时间域TTI介质二阶纯qP波波动方程;为提高计算精度,引入伪解析算法(pseudo analytical method, PAM),实现了基于伪解析法的TTI介质纯qP波地震波场正演模拟。数值模拟结果表明:(1)本文方法克服了拟声波方程的局限性,消除了伪横波干扰,不受模型参数限制且地震波场能稳定传播;(2)与其他方法相比,伪解析法能有效提高数值模拟精度;(3)简单及复杂模型测试验证了本文方法的正确性与适用性。