Analysis of Crack Expansion and Morphology of Cross-Laminated Timber Planar Shear Test

To describe the dynamic cracking process of the CLT vertical layer,the correlation between a load-displacement curve,specimen cracking,and planar shear failure mechanism of the CLT were explored.A three-point bending test and an improved planar shear test are used to evaluate the shear performance of the CLT.In this study,the load-displacement curve is recorded,the experimental part is synchronized with the video,the dynamic process of cracking of the vertical layer is observed and analyzed throughout the test.From the load-displacement curve,the image characteristics of the initial cracking and the sudden increase of the cracking of the specimen are summar-ized.The description results of the whole dynamic process of the CLT vertical layer cracking are analyzed by pla-nar shear strength value,cracking phenomenon,and azimuth angle of cracking surface.The main conclusions show that the three-point bending test and the improved plain shear test can be used to test the plain shear strength of the CLT,with a difference of only 5.7%.The original crack and the new crack expansion account for 18.9%and 81.1%of the main cracking surface,respectively.And the vertical layer of the CLT specimen under three-point bending has three cracking morphologies,such as radial shake,ring shake,neither along with the radial shake nor along with the ring shake.The azimuth angle of the cracking surface of the CLT vertical layer under planar shear is quite consistent with the first main plane azimuth of the vertical layer of the CLT specimens under the three-point bending test and the shearing test.The shape in the cracking direction of the left half-span or the right half-span of the vertical layer of the specimen is similar to the Chinese character eight.

Evaluation of the Out-of-Plane Shear Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber

The out-of-plane shear properties of cross-laminated timber(CLT)substantially influence the overall mechanical properties of CLT.Various testing methods and theories related to these properties have recently been developed.The effects of the number of layers(three and five layers)and testing method(short-span three-and four-point bending tests)on the out-of-plane shear properties of CLT were evaluated.The out-of-plane shear strength values were calculated based on different theories for comparison.The failure mode in the short-span four-point bending(FPB)method was mainly the rolling shear(RS)failure in the cross layers,indicating that the FPB method was appropriate to evaluate the RS strength of CLT.The out-of-plane shear capacity obtained using the three-point bending(TPB)method was higher than that tested by the FPB method.The testing methods significantly influenced the out-of-plane shear capacity of the three-layer specimens but not that of the five-layer specimens.With an increase in the number of layers,the out-of-plane shear strength of the specimens decreased by 24%.A linear correlation was found among the shear strength values obtained from different theories.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber with Different Lay-ups Using Japanese Larch

Japanese larch is one of the main plantation tree species in China.A lack of engineered wood products made by Japanese larch,however,limits its application in wood stnuctures.In this study,based on optimum process parameters,such as pressure(12 MPa),adhesive spread rate(200 g/m^(2))and adhesive(one-component polyurethane),the mechanical properties of Japanese larch-made cross-laminated timber(CLT)with different lay-ups were evaluated by means of the static method.Results of this study showed that variations in lay-ups significantly affected the mechanical properties of CLT.The strength and modulus of bending and parallel compression for CLT increased with the thickness of lumber,while that of bending,parallel compression and rolling shear all decreased with the number of layers.Thickness,layup orientation and the number of layers all had an impact on the strength of CLT.Failure modes obtained from numerical simulation were basically the same as those of experimental tests.There was also strong alignment between theoretical value and test value for effective bending stifness and shear stifness.Thus,the shear analogy method can be used to predict the mechanical properties of CLT effectively.This study proved great potential in using Japanese larch wood for manufacturing CLT due to its good mechanical properties.

Comparative Study on Various Strength Parameters of Structural Elements Made from Cross-Laminated Timber

Cross laminated timber(CLT)is an innovative and environment friendly engineered timber product with superior structural performance.CLT offers strong resistance against both in-plane and out-of-plane loading.Hence,it is widely used as floors,roofs or wall elements.Considerable experimental research on CLT under various loading conditions has been done in the recent past.This article presents a comprehensive review of various design methods to determine basic mechanical properties such as tension,compression and rolling shear strength of CLT with primary focus on Norway spruce.All relevant experimental data available from existing literature were collated and consequently been used to evaluate the performance of various methods to design CLT structures.The comparison revealed that different methods show considerable variance in predicting the capacity of CLT panels due to the variation in timber species,which affects the corresponding mechanical properties of the lamella.In addition to species,rolling shear properties can also vary considerably depending on the type of experimental technique used for testing.A predictive model has also been proposed to correlate rolling shear strength obtained from shear analogy method to that obtained using planar shear.

高温预处理对杨木正交胶合木剪力墙抗侧力性能的影响

[目的]研究往复荷载作用时国产速生杨木正交胶合木(CLT)剪力墙的抗侧力性能,阐明木材高温预处理和加速老化对剪力墙抗侧力性能的影响,为高温改性技术和国产速生木材在建筑结构中的高效利用提供参考。[方法]以木结构建筑常用的进口欧洲云杉规格材为对照,以相同强度等级的国产速生杨木为研究对象,选用180℃为预处理温度对杨木进行高温改性,制备5面全尺寸正交胶合木剪力墙,开展往复荷载作用时加速老化前后正交胶合木剪力墙的抗侧力性能试验。[结果]与相同层板强度等级的欧洲云杉正交胶合木剪力墙相比,往复荷载作用时未处理杨木正交胶合木剪力墙的极限承载力、弹性抗侧刚度、耗能能力分别降低5.8%、12.9%、8.0%;木材经高温预处理、墙体经加速老化或二者联合处理后,杨木正交胶合木剪力墙的抗侧力性能指标不同程度降低;与未处理杨木正交胶合木墙体相比,加速老化处理后,墙体的极限承载力、弹性抗侧刚度、耗能能力分别降低9.4%、9.7%、11.2%;木材经高温预处理后,经加速老化,墙体的极限承载力、弹性抗侧刚度、耗能能力变化较小,分别降低2.9%、2.4%、5.0%。[结论]往复荷载作用时,国产速生杨木正交胶合木剪力墙的抗侧力性能略低于相同层板强度等级的欧洲云杉正交胶合木剪力墙,水平力作用时二者具有相似破坏模式,均为抗拔连接件节点处钉子被剪断;木材经高温预处理、墙体经加速老化或二者联合处理后,杨木正交胶合木剪力墙的破坏模式均为底部墙角抗拔连接件处木材被拉断或劈裂破坏;木材高温预处理能够有效降低加速老化对剪力墙抗侧力性能的影响,具有相对较好的抗老化能力;建立正交胶合木剪力墙极限承载力计算模型,理论值与试验值误差小于10%。

新型耗能连接正交胶合木剪力墙抗侧力性能试验

为研究基于软钢屈服与橡胶剪切变形双重耗能机制新型连接的正交胶合木剪力墙抗侧力性能,考虑顶部竖向荷载、墙体高宽比、耗能连接件可更换性等因素,对6榀2.4m高足尺试件进行了单调及低周往复加载试验,并与普通金属连接正交胶合木墙体进行对比试验,获取并分析了剪力墙的破坏过程、力学性能参数及各项因素对抗侧力性能的影响规律。结果表明:新型耗能连接正交胶合木剪力墙在侧向力下的损伤主要集中在耗能连接的软钢耗能段屈服断裂与耗能橡胶脱胶破坏,墙体板材与自攻螺钉未见损伤;增大顶部竖向荷载可有效提升墙体的抗侧力性能,而增大高宽比主要可增加墙体的变形能力与延性;与普通金属连接墙体相比,耗能连接墙体的最大承载力相近,但延性提升26%,耗能能力提升38%,最大层间位移角可达1/23,且在原位替换耗能连接修复的墙体与原墙体的抗侧力性能相近,表明新型耗能连接正交胶合木剪力墙具有较好抗震性能,可实现强震后连接可更换、结构可修复的设计目标。

Influence of Aspect Ratio on Rolling Shear Properties of Fast-Grown Small Diameter Eucalyptus Lumber

Eucalyptus is a major fast-grown species in South China,which has the potential for producing structural wood products such as cross-laminated timber(CLT).Aspect ratio(board width vs.board thickness)of eucalyptus lumbers is small due to the small diameter of fast-grown eucalyptus wood.To evaluate its rolling shear modulus and strength for potential CLT applications,three-layer hybrid CLT shear block specimens with different aspect ratios(2,4,6),were tested by planar shear test method.Digital image correlation(DIC)was employed to measure the rolling shear strain distribution and development during the planar shear tests.The mean values of rolling shear modulus and strength of eucalyptus lamination were 260.3%and 88.2%higher than those of SPF(Spruce-pine-fir)lamination with the same aspect ratio of 4,respectively.The rolling shear properties of eucalyptus laminations increased as the aspect ratio increased.Aspect ratio had a significant influence on rolling shear modulus compared to rolling shear strength.The high shear strain regions were primarily found around the gaps between segments of cross layer.The quantity of high shear strain regions increased as the aspect ratio of lamination decreased.Other high shear strain regions also occurred around the pith and along the glue line.The sudden failure of specimen occurred in the high strain region.In conclusion,the rolling shear strength and modulus of fast-grown eucalyptus laminations exceed the respective characteristic values for softwoods in the current standard by roughly factors of 3 and 8,indicating great potential for fast-grown eucalyptus wood cross-layers in CLT.

轻型木结构剪力墙保温性能测试与分析

以国内首栋六层梁柱框架-轻型木结构剪力墙——山东鼎驰木业有限公司研发大楼为研究对象,对其一楼质检部墙体A与二楼仓库墙体B的传热系数进行测定分析。热流计分别呈横向与纵向布置,分别采取空调加热和电暖器加热,测试不同部位墙体的保温隔热性能;参照标准GB 50176—2016计算墙体理论传热系数;采用Abaqus软件对墙体传热系数进行模拟并对墙体内部温度与热流密度分布展开分析。研究结果表明:墙体A(横向)与墙体A(纵向)的平均传热系数分别为0.463、0.465 W/(m^(2)·K),墙体B的平均传热系数为0.374 W/(m^(2)·K),均达到了寒冷地区甲类公共建筑外墙标准;各测点传热系数实测值有一定差异,墙体保温性能不均匀,受施工条件与结构形式影响较大;墙体传热系数的理论结果与数值模拟结果分别为0.238 W/(m^(2)·K)和0.233 W/(m^(2)·K);保温层墙骨柱区域热流密度相比于保温棉区域显著提高,墙骨柱处易形成热桥,导致热流量和传热系数大幅上升,保温隔热性能下降。

带有轻钢剪力墙加固的榫卯木框架抗震性能分析

中国传统木结构建筑可以通过设置剪力墙提高抗震性能,而轻钢剪力墙具有抗剪能力大、横向位移刚度大等优点,是木结构的理想加固构件。本研究创新性地将轻钢剪力墙作为加固件置入榫卯木框架中,采用ABAQUS有限元软件分别建立了有无轻钢剪力墙的榫卯木框架模型,并对其抗震性能进行对比。通过输入同等级不同种类和同种类不同等级的地震波,对木框架进行罕遇地震下的动力时程分析,得到了不同工况下两组木框架各层关键节点的加速度响应、位移响应和结构应力特征。结果表明:设置轻钢剪力墙后,结构的自振频率大幅度增加,在地震波激励下,木框架的层间位移减小,结构稳定性增强。由于轻钢剪力墙承担了一部分应力,因而榫卯节点的承载能力提升,木框架的抗震性能有所增强。

正交胶合木约束钢板剪力墙的约束板厚需求

为探究CLT板对钢板剪力墙的约束机理,基于ABAQUS对其进行有限元模拟。结果表明:相比于混凝土约束板,CLT约束板仅使得钢板剪力墙弹性阶段的最高承载力与刚度略微降低,但在一定程度上降低了结构自重,木材的高延性还可以在约束板产生较大面外变形时仍保持墙体的完整性,使得约束板可以持续发挥对钢板的约束作用。通过数据拟合,得到单面CLT板约束改进型钢板剪力墙在达到2 rad层间位移角时,约束板厚度与其面外变形关系的拟合公式。研究结果可为屈曲约束式钢板剪力墙的设计提供理论参考。

混合结构对正交胶合木剪力墙抗侧性能的影响

为评价层板材料对正交胶合木(cross-laminated timber,CLT)剪力墙抗侧性能的影响,对普通结构(单一锯材材料)CLT剪力墙和混合结构(锯材与单板层积材混合材料)CLT剪力墙进行了单向和低周反复加载试验。结果表明:墙体在单向荷载作用下主要因一侧墙角锚栓和基底锚栓的严重变形而发生破坏,在低周反复加载作用下则为墙角锚栓连接件的变形及钉子的疲劳剪断破坏;CLT剪力墙耗能主要来自于连接件变形和自攻螺钉弯曲、拔出和剪断;混合结构CLT墙体在单向和低周反复加载中的破坏位移、抗剪强度分别比普通结构CLT墙体低3.03%,24.75%和7.33%,3.31%;抗侧刚度则高出8.70%,7.45%。混合结构对CLT剪力墙不同抗侧性能影响不同,应加强CLT剪力墙与基础的连接,充分发挥CLT墙体本身的抗侧性能。

轻型钢木组合剪力墙抗侧性能试验研究

对轻型钢木组合剪力墙抗侧性能进行研究,设计一个轻型钢框架对比试件,进行单调加载试验;两个轻型钢木组合剪力墙试件,进行低周反复荷载试验;考察有无OSB板及板厚对轻型钢木组合剪力墙抗侧性能的影响,研究墙体的破坏形态、抗侧承载力、滞回性能、延性、耗能能力等.研究结果表明,轻钢龙骨框架中引入常用的OSB板组成轻型钢木组合剪力墙可提高其侧向承载能力,随着板厚的增加抗侧性能有所提升;轻型钢木组合剪力墙抗震性能较差,轻钢龙骨框架与OSB板未能良好地协同变形发挥其组合作用,可见自攻螺钉未能起到较好的连接作用.建议进一步深入探究其协同工作机理及覆面板材料和厚度等参数的影响规律,为轻型钢木组合剪力墙工程实际提供参考.

预应力交叉拉杆轻型木结构剪力墙低周往复荷载的抗侧性能

对5组尺寸为1.2m×2.4m墙体的平面内低周往复加载试验,分析墙角锚固件、交叉钢筋、钢筋预应力对轻型木结构剪力墙抗侧性能的影响。结果表明:设置墙角锚固构件,有效提高墙体的各项抗侧性能指标;设置交叉钢筋,能够提高墙体的抗剪强度,增大墙体的极限位移及弹性抗侧刚度;但降低了墙体的极限位移和延性。施加预应力,能够显著的增强墙体的弹性抗侧刚度及延性性能,且随预应力增大而影响越大。墙体的抗剪强度,基本不受钢筋中预应力大小的影响。

往复荷载下预应力正交胶合木剪力墙抗侧力性能研究

侧向荷载作用下,正交胶合木(cross-laminated timber,CLT)剪力墙的侧向承载力往往因墙体连接区域发生破坏而骤降。为了避免该破坏特征,提出在CLT墙板中贯穿无黏结预应力钢绞线,进而构成预压于基础上表面的预应力CLT剪力墙。通过拟静力往复加载试验,共测试了3面具有不同初始张拉力的无耗能件预应力CLT剪力墙和1面装有耗能件的预应力CLT剪力墙,所有试件均为2层楼层的缩尺墙体试件,且上、下层墙板间布置有经特殊构造设计的CLT-钢组合楼板系统。基于试验数据,分析侧向荷载作用下,墙体试件的力学性能参数,水平侧移、钢绞线张拉力变化特征和墙体破坏模式,计算墙板与钢基础间的最大静摩擦系数,研究耗能件对预应力墙体耗能能力的提高效果。结果表明:预应力CLT剪力墙具有良好的抗侧力性能,且加载结束后墙体试件几乎完好;位于上、下层墙板间的CLT-钢组合楼板系统能够在有效传递层间竖向力的同时,缓解其中的CLT楼板可能发生较大横纹受压变形的问题;耗能件能够一定程度上提高预应力CLT剪力墙的耗能能力,然而,耗能件与CLT墙板的连接方式还有进一步改进的空间。

日式剪力墙覆面板钉连接性能试验研究

剪力墙是日式梁柱式木结构最主要的抗侧力构件,其抗侧力取决于覆面板钉连接的性能。按照日式剪力墙构造制作剪力墙覆面板钉连接试件,分别进行单调和往复加载试验,分析钉连接的破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线及承载力,并对相关曲线进行拟合分析。研究表明,加载方式对钉连接测试结果有明显影响;落叶松胶合板和辐射松/杨木复合胶合板的覆面板钉连接性能均较好,二者承载力相近。

正交胶合木墙体-楼板角撑连接节点受火后受剪承载力计算方法

为研究正交胶合木(CLT)墙体-楼板角撑连接节点受火后受剪承载力计算方法,对自攻螺钉长度分别为60和80 mm的CLT墙体-楼板角撑连接节点进行了常温及受火后的受剪试验.基于CLT层板销轴类紧固件常温受剪承载力计算方法,考虑节点受火后钢销轴抗弯强度折减以及CLT层板有效持力截面减少,提出了节点受火后受剪承载力计算方法.结果表明,对于常温试件,将自攻螺钉长度由原来的60 mm增至80 mm,屈服荷载增加到原来的1.51倍,而延性系数则降为原来的0.77倍;对于受火20 min后的试件,自攻螺钉长度增加时,屈服荷载和延性系数几乎不变.根据该计算方法得到的受火后受剪承载力与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了所提方法的正确性与适用性.

往复荷载下正交胶合木剪力墙的承载能力与变形模式研究

正交胶合木(Cross Laminated Timber,简称CLT)剪力墙结构具有资源可再生、装配化程度高、承载能力强等优点。文章通过拟静力试验对往复荷载下CLT剪力墙的承载能力与变形模式开展研究。设计平台法和连续法建造的带半搭接节点的CLT剪力墙试件,通过对两种建造方法的CLT剪力墙试件进行拟静力往复加载试验,对比往复荷载作用下,两种建造方法的CLT剪力墙试件的破坏模式、初始刚度、耗能能力和刚度退化特性,并分析两种建造方法的CLT剪力墙变形模式变化趋势。研究结果表明:在相同的侧向位移下,连续法CLT剪力墙的节点变形较平台法CLT剪力墙严重,且连续法CLT剪力墙的初始刚度和耗能能力较平台法CLT剪力墙高,两种建造方法的CLT剪力墙均表现出了明显的刚度退化现象。

木质剪力墙侧移和抗侧刚度的研究

本文主要对轻型木结构剪力墙的抗侧刚度和侧移估计做了一些研究。木剪力墙的侧移和抗剪切刚度是非常重要的指标,在水平荷载作用下墙体的侧向变形能力是结构的重要性能之一。采用了冷弯型钢组合墙体的计算模型等代拉杆法来估计剪力墙的侧移和抗侧刚度。可以看到,等代拉杆法在弹性阶段有着较高的精度,但在弹性后阶段误差较大。本文在弹性后阶段提出了埋置作用和摩擦作用的假设,并对等代拉杆法进行了修正。

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