Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes used in hot water supply are required for high mechanical strength and high creep resistance at high temperature. Especially PEX-a pipes which are made by peroxide cross-linking h...Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes used in hot water supply are required for high mechanical strength and high creep resistance at high temperature. Especially PEX-a pipes which are made by peroxide cross-linking have better performance, such as creep resistance and thermal shock resistance than the pipes made by the other cross-linking method. Because the PEX-a pipes indicate the higher cross-link degree as compared with the other PEX pipes. In this study, the PEX-a pipes which were mixed with several stabilizers were tested to evaluate the effects on cross-link degree and the oxygen induction time. And also they are evaluated with the chlorine aqueous solution by the performance of the long-term hydrostatic pressure test and the long-term hydro dynamic pressure test. As a result, it was found that the combination of antioxidants for PEX-a pipes plays an important role to prolong the oxygen induction time without inhibiting the cross-linking. From the results of the 1H pulsed NMR measurement over the melting point of polyethylene, it was found that each peroxide PEX pipe with different antioxidant combinations indicated the different proportion and crosslink density of cross-linked region, in addition, that these pipes had the effective structure of cross-linking for the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure test with the chlorine aqueous solution. Therefore, it was considered to be useful results for studies of the stricture of cross-linking of polyethylene.展开更多
BACKGROUND Polyethylene(PE)particles produced by wear of the acetabular insert are thought to cause osteolysis and thereby aseptic loosening of the implant in total hip arthroplasty(THA).As highly cross-linked polyeth...BACKGROUND Polyethylene(PE)particles produced by wear of the acetabular insert are thought to cause osteolysis and thereby aseptic loosening of the implant in total hip arthroplasty(THA).As highly cross-linked polyethylene(HXLPE)is presumed to give lower wear rates,in vivo studies are needed to confirm this.AIM To compare the wear of REXPOL,a HXPLE,with conventional PE within the first five years after implantation using Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis(RSA).METHODS Patients were randomised to receive either a HXLPE(REXPOL)or a conventional PE insert during primary THA.RSA images were obtained directly postoperative and after 6 wk,12 wk,6 mo,12 mo,24 mo and five years.Functional outcomes were assessed using the Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Harris Hip Score at baseline and five years after surgery.RESULTS The HXLPE(REXPOL)showed less wear in the latero-medial direction.Significant wear rates of conventional PE were seen in the latero-medial and center-proximal direction and in volume and corrected volume,whereas the REXPOL did not show these outcomes over time.Improvement from baseline in functional outcome did not significantly differ.CONCLUSION Total 3D wear is less in THAs inserted with a REXPOL inlay than a conventional PE inlay after five years.This study confirms,for the first,that the REXPOL HXLPE inlay is preferred to standard PE.展开更多
In order to prepare the polyethylene materials with controlling properties,we developed two kinds of controllable cross-linking polyethylene foaming system.2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (tert-butyl peroxy) hexane was used as c...In order to prepare the polyethylene materials with controlling properties,we developed two kinds of controllable cross-linking polyethylene foaming system.2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (tert-butyl peroxy) hexane was used as cross-linking agent and TEMPO as cross-linking inhibitor,azodicarbonamide (AC) was used as foaming agent and citric acid as foaming promoter.The density,expansion ratio,cellular structure and mechanical property of these two kinds of controllable materials were studied.Experimental results show that,properties of these two kinds of materials appear similar trend:cellular size and expansion ratio are enlarged with the amount of cross-linking inhibitor or foaming promoter increasing,while density and mechanical strength appear decreasing trend.Through comparing those two material systems’ properties,cross-linking polyethelene foaming system with citric acid as foaming promoter has better properties.展开更多
The recent developments in the photoinitiated cross-linking of polyethylene and the significant breakthrough of its industrial application are reviewed. The enhanced photo-initiation system, the dynamics of photoiniti...The recent developments in the photoinitiated cross-linking of polyethylene and the significant breakthrough of its industrial application are reviewed. The enhanced photo-initiation system, the dynamics of photoinitiated crosslinking, the optimum conditions, the crystal morphological structures and related properties, and the photo- and thermo-oxidation stability of photocrosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) materials have been elucidated systematically. A new technique for producing photocrosslinked XLPE-insulated wire and cable is described in detail. It can be expected that the future applications of photocrosslinking technique of polyolefins will be very promising.展开更多
Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem o...Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.展开更多
振荡波（DAC）测试广泛应用于35 k V及以下电压等级电缆的局部放电检测中,但这种方法目前在更高电压等级（110 k V及以上）电缆中的应用较少,其中一个原因是人们担心直流充电过程可能造成空间电荷的累积,从而危及电缆绝缘。为此,基于电...振荡波（DAC）测试广泛应用于35 k V及以下电压等级电缆的局部放电检测中,但这种方法目前在更高电压等级（110 k V及以上）电缆中的应用较少,其中一个原因是人们担心直流充电过程可能造成空间电荷的累积,从而危及电缆绝缘。为此,基于电声脉冲（PEA）法测量了不同直流充电速率下XLPE材料中的空间电荷量,并进行了比较分析。制备了厚度为0.35 mm、大小为40 mm×40 mm的XLPE试样,分别线性升压至12、20、30 k V/mm场强,并维持40 min,以空间电荷密度为特征量,分析了线性升压阶段、维持电压阶段以及去压过程中空间电荷分布的变化。结果表明：在线性升压过程中,即充电速率很慢时,XLPE中空间电荷不易积聚;当所加电压的场强〈12 k V/mm时,即达不到电荷注入场强阈值时,空间电荷也不易积聚;电压恒定并维持一段时间后,XLPE中的空间电荷才开始不断积聚。展开更多
交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电力电缆由于优良的电气和理化性能而被广泛应用于电力传输系统。为了研究不同温度热老化对XLPE电缆绝缘晶体结构的影响,该文对商用110 k V XLPE电缆绝缘在100和160℃进行加速热老化实验,采...交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电力电缆由于优良的电气和理化性能而被广泛应用于电力传输系统。为了研究不同温度热老化对XLPE电缆绝缘晶体结构的影响,该文对商用110 k V XLPE电缆绝缘在100和160℃进行加速热老化实验,采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析、差示量热扫描(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)分析和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察等实验手段对不同热老化试样的晶体结构进行表征,并采用DSC法对不同热老化试样中的残余抗氧化剂含量进行表征。实验结果表明,根据抗氧化剂是否消耗完毕,XLPE试样的热老化过程可以分为物理老化阶段和化学老化阶段。物理老化阶段中,重结晶过程使得不完善的晶体趋于完善,结晶度升高;化学老化阶段中,氧化反应引发XLPE分子链断裂,结晶度下降。100℃热老化条件下,相比无定形区,结晶区具有更致密的结构,不利于O2的侵入,因此热老化主要破坏XLPE试样的无定形区。160℃热老化条件下,XLPE试样中的晶体处于熔融状态,热老化对已熔融的结晶区造成严重破坏,使得重结晶后的球晶数目减少、组成球晶的片晶数目减少、片晶间距增大、球晶结构的完整性被破坏。展开更多
为了研究水树生长对交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)材料晶区的破坏作用,研究水树生长早期XLPE材料的晶区结构变化及晶区破坏机制。采用加速水树老化平台对A、B、C三组XLPE薄片样本分别进行10天、20天、30天的水树老化,老...为了研究水树生长对交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)材料晶区的破坏作用,研究水树生长早期XLPE材料的晶区结构变化及晶区破坏机制。采用加速水树老化平台对A、B、C三组XLPE薄片样本分别进行10天、20天、30天的水树老化,老化结束后用化学侵蚀法侵蚀样本,并用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观测水树区域晶区形貌,用X射线衍射(X ray diffraction,XRD)检测水树区域晶区结构变化。SEM观测结果表明,侵蚀样本中的缺陷形态在不同老化时期存在差异:老化10天时,样本中出现细长螺型位错滑移线及较短刃型位错;老化20天时,样本中沿XLPE晶面方向萌生裂缝;老化30天后,样本中裂缝发展为数十微米。同时,样本中出现尖底位错蚀坑,且在蚀坑底部存在微孔。XRD检测结果表明,水树老化将导致材料晶区衍射峰产生尖角状畸变及宽化,并且随着老化时间的增长,样本结晶度下降。分析认为,水树老化将导致XLPE晶区发生破坏。非晶区水树微孔发展至晶区时,将对晶区造成电机械应力并使晶区发生形变,进而在晶区萌生位错。位错运动增殖导致出现滑移线及位错台阶。随着位错密度增大,不同晶面位错交割并产生位错塞积,进而在晶区中萌生微裂纹并产生位错凹坑,晶区发生破坏。展开更多
文摘Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes used in hot water supply are required for high mechanical strength and high creep resistance at high temperature. Especially PEX-a pipes which are made by peroxide cross-linking have better performance, such as creep resistance and thermal shock resistance than the pipes made by the other cross-linking method. Because the PEX-a pipes indicate the higher cross-link degree as compared with the other PEX pipes. In this study, the PEX-a pipes which were mixed with several stabilizers were tested to evaluate the effects on cross-link degree and the oxygen induction time. And also they are evaluated with the chlorine aqueous solution by the performance of the long-term hydrostatic pressure test and the long-term hydro dynamic pressure test. As a result, it was found that the combination of antioxidants for PEX-a pipes plays an important role to prolong the oxygen induction time without inhibiting the cross-linking. From the results of the 1H pulsed NMR measurement over the melting point of polyethylene, it was found that each peroxide PEX pipe with different antioxidant combinations indicated the different proportion and crosslink density of cross-linked region, in addition, that these pipes had the effective structure of cross-linking for the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure test with the chlorine aqueous solution. Therefore, it was considered to be useful results for studies of the stricture of cross-linking of polyethylene.
文摘BACKGROUND Polyethylene(PE)particles produced by wear of the acetabular insert are thought to cause osteolysis and thereby aseptic loosening of the implant in total hip arthroplasty(THA).As highly cross-linked polyethylene(HXLPE)is presumed to give lower wear rates,in vivo studies are needed to confirm this.AIM To compare the wear of REXPOL,a HXPLE,with conventional PE within the first five years after implantation using Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis(RSA).METHODS Patients were randomised to receive either a HXLPE(REXPOL)or a conventional PE insert during primary THA.RSA images were obtained directly postoperative and after 6 wk,12 wk,6 mo,12 mo,24 mo and five years.Functional outcomes were assessed using the Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Harris Hip Score at baseline and five years after surgery.RESULTS The HXLPE(REXPOL)showed less wear in the latero-medial direction.Significant wear rates of conventional PE were seen in the latero-medial and center-proximal direction and in volume and corrected volume,whereas the REXPOL did not show these outcomes over time.Improvement from baseline in functional outcome did not significantly differ.CONCLUSION Total 3D wear is less in THAs inserted with a REXPOL inlay than a conventional PE inlay after five years.This study confirms,for the first,that the REXPOL HXLPE inlay is preferred to standard PE.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21975108)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No.JUSRP121033)。
文摘In order to prepare the polyethylene materials with controlling properties,we developed two kinds of controllable cross-linking polyethylene foaming system.2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (tert-butyl peroxy) hexane was used as cross-linking agent and TEMPO as cross-linking inhibitor,azodicarbonamide (AC) was used as foaming agent and citric acid as foaming promoter.The density,expansion ratio,cellular structure and mechanical property of these two kinds of controllable materials were studied.Experimental results show that,properties of these two kinds of materials appear similar trend:cellular size and expansion ratio are enlarged with the amount of cross-linking inhibitor or foaming promoter increasing,while density and mechanical strength appear decreasing trend.Through comparing those two material systems’ properties,cross-linking polyethelene foaming system with citric acid as foaming promoter has better properties.
基金The project was successively supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 5880104, No. 59543002 and No. 59773030).
文摘The recent developments in the photoinitiated cross-linking of polyethylene and the significant breakthrough of its industrial application are reviewed. The enhanced photo-initiation system, the dynamics of photoinitiated crosslinking, the optimum conditions, the crystal morphological structures and related properties, and the photo- and thermo-oxidation stability of photocrosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) materials have been elucidated systematically. A new technique for producing photocrosslinked XLPE-insulated wire and cable is described in detail. It can be expected that the future applications of photocrosslinking technique of polyolefins will be very promising.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51803130)Fundamental Research Funds for Central UniversitiesChongqing University Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials Engineering and Technology (No. KFJJ2005)
文摘Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.
文摘振荡波（DAC）测试广泛应用于35 k V及以下电压等级电缆的局部放电检测中,但这种方法目前在更高电压等级（110 k V及以上）电缆中的应用较少,其中一个原因是人们担心直流充电过程可能造成空间电荷的累积,从而危及电缆绝缘。为此,基于电声脉冲（PEA）法测量了不同直流充电速率下XLPE材料中的空间电荷量,并进行了比较分析。制备了厚度为0.35 mm、大小为40 mm×40 mm的XLPE试样,分别线性升压至12、20、30 k V/mm场强,并维持40 min,以空间电荷密度为特征量,分析了线性升压阶段、维持电压阶段以及去压过程中空间电荷分布的变化。结果表明：在线性升压过程中,即充电速率很慢时,XLPE中空间电荷不易积聚;当所加电压的场强〈12 k V/mm时,即达不到电荷注入场强阈值时,空间电荷也不易积聚;电压恒定并维持一段时间后,XLPE中的空间电荷才开始不断积聚。
文摘交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电力电缆由于优良的电气和理化性能而被广泛应用于电力传输系统。为了研究不同温度热老化对XLPE电缆绝缘晶体结构的影响,该文对商用110 k V XLPE电缆绝缘在100和160℃进行加速热老化实验,采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析、差示量热扫描(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)分析和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察等实验手段对不同热老化试样的晶体结构进行表征,并采用DSC法对不同热老化试样中的残余抗氧化剂含量进行表征。实验结果表明,根据抗氧化剂是否消耗完毕,XLPE试样的热老化过程可以分为物理老化阶段和化学老化阶段。物理老化阶段中,重结晶过程使得不完善的晶体趋于完善,结晶度升高;化学老化阶段中,氧化反应引发XLPE分子链断裂,结晶度下降。100℃热老化条件下,相比无定形区,结晶区具有更致密的结构,不利于O2的侵入,因此热老化主要破坏XLPE试样的无定形区。160℃热老化条件下,XLPE试样中的晶体处于熔融状态,热老化对已熔融的结晶区造成严重破坏,使得重结晶后的球晶数目减少、组成球晶的片晶数目减少、片晶间距增大、球晶结构的完整性被破坏。
文摘为了研究水树生长对交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)材料晶区的破坏作用,研究水树生长早期XLPE材料的晶区结构变化及晶区破坏机制。采用加速水树老化平台对A、B、C三组XLPE薄片样本分别进行10天、20天、30天的水树老化,老化结束后用化学侵蚀法侵蚀样本,并用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观测水树区域晶区形貌,用X射线衍射(X ray diffraction,XRD)检测水树区域晶区结构变化。SEM观测结果表明,侵蚀样本中的缺陷形态在不同老化时期存在差异:老化10天时,样本中出现细长螺型位错滑移线及较短刃型位错;老化20天时,样本中沿XLPE晶面方向萌生裂缝;老化30天后,样本中裂缝发展为数十微米。同时,样本中出现尖底位错蚀坑,且在蚀坑底部存在微孔。XRD检测结果表明,水树老化将导致材料晶区衍射峰产生尖角状畸变及宽化,并且随着老化时间的增长,样本结晶度下降。分析认为,水树老化将导致XLPE晶区发生破坏。非晶区水树微孔发展至晶区时,将对晶区造成电机械应力并使晶区发生形变,进而在晶区萌生位错。位错运动增殖导致出现滑移线及位错台阶。随着位错密度增大,不同晶面位错交割并产生位错塞积,进而在晶区中萌生微裂纹并产生位错凹坑,晶区发生破坏。
