The Taxonomic History and Original Literatures Arrangements of Living <i>Cephalotaxus</i>(Cephalotaxaceae)

Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of Taxus (Taxaceae). Since after the genus name Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was firstly cited (from inedited and unpublished Flora Japonica) by Endlicher in 1842, most taxonomist thought which is the earliest time of the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was set. However, the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was formally effective and valid published by Sieb. & Zucc. in Flora Japonica in 1870 so that there exists some confusions in chronological order. Originally as a genus, Cephalotaxus was included in family Taxaceae and Neger (1907) separated Cephalotaxus from Taxaceae and set family Cephalotaxaceae. Later, Fu (1984) divided Cephalotaxus up into two sections of Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Pectinatae L. K. Fu and Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Cephalotaxus L. K. Fu on the bases of C. oliveri Masters differ significantly from other taxa of Cephalotaxus in morphological characteristics. Although the plum yews was a little genus of conifers, up to now, about 77 taxa have still been published by taxonomist in different countries or regions. Among them, C. tardiva Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. umbraculifera Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. sumatrana Miq. (1856) and C. celebica Warb. (1900) have been combined to Taxus, and C. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (1903) has been combined to Amentotaxus. And at the same time, those taxa existing in Cephalotaxus courently which were accepted by most taxonomist in different countries was also cited in acticle. Lastly, the paper thought presently there still exists many debates about binary classification of Cephalotaxus and the nomenclature of this genus still particularly confusing. Based on some controversial problems, we also point out some taxonomically researching directions at creating some order out of the chaos.

The Dialogue between Literature and History in Yeats’ Poetry — A Case Study of “Easter, 1916”

Yeats’ realistic poetry is often imprinted with the mark of its era. By means of the poetic language, Yeats expressed his profound reflection on the historic events of the time. In so doing, a dialogue has comes into existence between literature and history. This paper attempts to consider in detail how the dialogue between literature and history operates in Yeats’ realistic poem “Easter, 1916,” as a case study, under the scrutiny of the new historicist approach. Through the textual analysis of this poetic work, this paper discusses the dialogic relationship of the poem and history by elaborating on how this poetic work becomes historicized and how this historic event becomes textualized. Within this dialogue, the reciprocal relation of this poem and the contemporary society is brought under further examination. This paper argues that this poem harbors subversive force which can be articulated by the poetic text in this dialogue between literature and history. However, this subversive force will be eventually contained by the British power structure that has pervaded and dominated the Irish society. By the uprising and revolution of the Irish people, Ireland would attain to the goal of political de-Anglicization by becoming a sovereign state and with the advent of this political independence Irish literature could also achieve an independent status. However, this paper concludes that Yeats has realized the suppressed beauty of this independence because Irish literature would still have to be composed in the English language which, however, remains to be the product of the British power structure.

Ancient Myths and the Construction of Regional Literary History——The General History of Sichuan Literature

The literary study of ancient mythology is a rational and necessary prerequisite for the study of the general history of Sichuan literature in the Pre-Qin period, though it can go beyond the study of literature. Compared with other Chinese regional literatures such as Jing-Chu literature, the insufficiency of the literalization of the early Ba-Shu myth, to some extent, devalues the Ba-Shu literature in the Pre-Qin period and affects its consistence. When dealing with the influence of ancient mythology on the development of Chinese regional literature, including Sichuan literature, we need to analyze the inherent impact of regional mythology on the developing literature using a three-step process: restoring and summarizing the mythological pedigree, uncovering the “conceptual structure” of the mythology, and explaining the impact of the mythology on the developing literature. This paper uses this three-step process to construct the general history of Sichuan literature.

“Literature”in the 19th-Century Sinological Works:The History of a Concept

In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.

The History of Czech Literature in China

During a century-long time span,a remarkable array of Czech literary works had been introduced to China,marked by selections of different writers,genres,and themes.This study attempts to discuss what Czech literary works have been translated in China since its beginning in 1921.Besides the selection of texts for introduction,attention has also been given to the formats of their publication,the adoption of introduction approach,choice of intermediate languages,the numbers of different versions,and the frequency of their publication,as well as the textual and paratextual features of the end Chinese products.

从“literature journals”说开去——兼论中国现代文化产业史视域下的抗战文学期刊诸问题

从“抗战文学期刊”这一词语的英译入手,结合中国现代文化产业史这一大背景,进行抗战文学期刊的研究具有非常重要的文献性意义。抗战文学期刊除具有文学意义之外,还拥有政治史、社会史与经济史等跨学科的研究价值。以中国现代文化产业史为切入点,可以将抗战文学期刊研究推向一个新的高度。

Literature as a Means to Foster Tolerance and Respect

Literature need not be limited to studying the narratives of authors of other countries. Just like any other subject, literature lessons can serve to foster tolerance and respect among cultures by creating awareness in our students about the different traditions, the different history, and the different mentalities existing in other countries. In a world that is ever more globalized but ever more fragmented, in which a great technological leap has not been accompanied by a leap in tolerance and dialogue, the role of the literature teacher can be of great importance in either fostering tolerance or fostering bigotry.

New concept on teaching English literature to college English majors

The teaching of English literature to English majors in universities should emphasize on both the introduction of literary history and the analysis of specific literary works. In view of the present situation in the teaching of English literature, such as limited teaching hours, excessive contents and the outmoded teaching methods, the teachers should change their concept and mode of teaching, improve their teaching methods, and fully explore new concepts to promote the effectiveness and realize the targets of teaching.

Discussion on Chinese Ancient Literature Translation Based on the English Translation of the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.

On Chinese Image of American Literature in the 20^(th) Century

Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.

Exploration of Oral History in Ethnomusicological Research

Oral history,which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews,is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research.Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014,the academic community has launched a series of discussions and elaborations on its concepts,methods,norms,meanings,and other dimensions,and a series of academic achievements have been born.In this paper,we will combine relevant theses to explain how music oral history as contemporary history can achieve“intertextuality”in ethnomusicological research,emphasize its humanistic attributes,and summarize our reflections on the basis of existing academic experiences.

“重写文明史”视域下的中国文学史编纂

“重写文明史”的倡议已得到中外学术界的广泛关注与响应。将中国文学史的编纂工作置于“重写文明史”的视域下加以观照,可以引发一些新的思考:要在中国文学史编纂上取得根本性的突破,就必须在域内、域外两个空间内同时奋力拓展。域内,将各少数民族非汉语写作的古代文学作品列为研究与书写对象,以体现当代中国作为一个多民族国家所拥有的文学史的完整性与丰富性;域外,则将衍生与演进于东亚各国的汉文学作品列为研究与书写对象,以扩大中国文学史的延伸度与覆盖面,揭示以汉语写作为主要形式的中国文学的影响力与包容性,在一定程度上折射构建人类命运共同体的终极指向。

中国文学史编纂中的“唱对台戏”

中国文学史编纂中的“唱对台戏”,包括多种类型,或发生在晚辈与前辈之间,如五四新文化人之于清民之际的文学史家;或发生在同辈学人之间,如五四时期的学衡派之于新文化人;或发生在域外汉学与本土学术之间,如《哥伦比亚中国文学史》之于通行的中国文学史。“唱对台戏”促进了对中国文学发展历程的深入理解,是中国文学史编纂逐渐趋于完善的必由之路。对其间的种种情形加以考察,有助于深入把握“先入之见”与“客观性”的辩证关系。

贺凯与中国马克思主义文学通史写作的开创

贺凯出生于山西辛亥革命元勋之家,自幼接受革命思想,早年从事进步文学的创作和翻译,并宣传马克思主义理论和革命思想。他在政治上参与了中国共产党山西地方组织的创建,在文学组织上参加了“左联”。同时,他又把马克思主义理论运用在中国文学史的研究上,写出了中国史学史上第一部马克思主义中国文学通史——《中国文学史纲要》,提出了一系列具有革命性意义的文学史写作理论。这一著作不但在中国文学史的写作上具有里程碑的意义,同时也是中国马克思主义史学发展过程中一个需要重视的成果。

Revisiting History Through Crime Fiction： Shiono Nanami＇s Scarlet Venice in The Renaissance Trilogy of Murder

The paper explores an ambiguous intersection between history and fiction in Scarlet Venice （Hi no Venezia, in original） （1988） by Japanese novelist and historiographer, Shiono Nanami （1937-）. As a prominent transnational writer who has worked on the Italian Renaissance and the Roman antiquity for about 40 years, Shiono fictionalizes the political culture of 16th century Venice in the context of the Eastern Mediterranean history. Based on her The Tales of the Sea Capital （1981）, historiography par excellence, the novel portrays the political maneuver of the Republic of Venice from viewpoints of diplomacy. With this thematic approach to history, the novel centers on the life and death of Alvise Gritti （1480-1534）, an illegitimate son of famed Venetian Doge, Andrea Gritti. In the metaphorical/metafictional structure of historical crime fiction, the novel unveils the austerity of Venetian polity, while contrasting it with the liberalism fostered in Sultan Suleiman＇s Ottoman court. In conclusion, the author interprets that Alvise Gritti is a victim of the political intricacy with which Venice was wrestling, implying that the republic is the metaphorical murderer. Whereas Alvise＇s death commemorates a drastic step taken by Venice for political negotiation, Shiono＇s recent writings suggest that Japan should model the rigid pragmatism in Venetian politics, along with its effective use of intelligence in diplomacy

Literary Memories, Historical Amnesia

The basic interest of this text is certain aspects in the relation between literature, history, and memory. Particullary, this relation has been examined through the prism of subverting the traditionally established distinction between history and literature, in which certain types of memory have its own contribution. The main focus, for that purpose, is based on the concepts ofpostmemory, secondary memory, apocryphal history, creative anachronism and figures of memory, and their applicative capacities concerning particular theme fields which express common interest both for history and literature

History of Dentistry from the Period of the Ottoman Empire to the Republican Period

The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turkish-Islamic science and culture structure and the ancient age and Old Greek science, it was integrated with the medicine philosophy here. In the 13th and 15th centuries, in Ottomans, the development of the dentistry was on the issues of the dental diseases and periodontology. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was observed in the medicine books of the Turkish physician writers that they were also dealing with the child dentistry as issues. That the dental medicine took place in the works of art written between the 15th and 19th century shows the existence of the surgeons realizing the tooth extraction. With the opening of the first dentist school in the year of 1909, the training of dentistry started. In this study, the issue of the development and training of the dentistry in the Ottomans among the 13th-19th centuries were dealt with the outlines. Also, the first examples and fundamental works of art of the dentistry literature from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period will be told shortly.

On the Historical and Cultural Elements Implied in The Last of the Mohicans from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communication

The last of the Mohicans was written by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in 1826,who is considered as the first long novelist of America.The work has no concentrate plots but the white people and the Indians'friendship,communication,and wars.The Last of the Mohicans was set in the mid-18th century when the French colonists and English colonists were fighting for Indian lands.English colonized America and were at loggerheads with France.It belongs to the frontier literature and creates a precedent for the American Frontier Fiction.The American western fiction has the most native feature.With the rise of multiculturalism trend at present,it is the best way for understanding the American local culture and history to study the American western fiction which is bred during the course of the frontier-running and Westward Movement.Cooper is a novelist who depicted the real and pure American life.Based on the frontier theme,he created Leatherstocking Tales,which is a series of five novels,are his masterpieces representing his style.Among them,The Last of the Mohicans prominently reflects the Indian culture.This thesis mainly explores the historical and cultural elements embodied in The Last of the Mohicans from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.

On Narrative Strategies Embodied in The Known World under New Historical Perspective

With the multiple clues, rambling narrative and multidimensional architecture, Jones, in The Known World, constructs a fairly layered, three-dimensional world and presents a panorama of the entire slave society. The so-called mongline History before is decomposed into a number of linear histories, and history which was non-narrative and non-representational is dismantled into histories narrated by many single narrators. Cultural discourse and historical discourse blend together. Jones shares the same conception on history and literature with New Historical critics who emphasize the complex mix-and-match interaction between history and text.

Continuities of Historical Crises and Discourses of Europe From the “Neo-Latin Past” to the 21st Century

Europe and the EU have been facing many crises and challenges in recent years.From Brexit and rising nationalism to economic problems and unanimous refugee policies,most of them remain unsolved.Instead of moving forward with the European integration project,Europe seems to regress in many instances.Considering this turmoil,it seems all the more important to historicize the affirmative discourse of Europe and to expand the knowledge of the European unification process with novel insights into its history.Only if a broad understanding of its roots and developments prevails,the conflicts of the present can be better evaluated and addressed.Particularly one set of so far neglected sources from Europe’s past serves as guiding light in that respect:the early modern Europe literature written in the Latin language.Between 1400 and 1800,Latin enjoyed a similar status in promoting scientific discoveries,negotiating political affairs and generally communicating on an international level as modern-day English.By offering a brief glance at some historically influential Latin texts from the early modern discourse of Europe,this article will show that the early modern European crises strikingly resemble Europe’s current crises despite the difference in political,social,and economic circumstances.The discourse of Europe has from the beginning been a stable discourse,characterized by the same recurring questions for centuries.When used as reference point for the crises of the 21st century,the prospects for the European integration look better than presumed.