On the Plaintiff's Subject Qualification for Environmental Public Interest Litigation Instituted by People's Procuratorates

Although it is not the main duty for the People's Procuratorate to institute environmental public interest litigation proceedings, the existence of "reserve" prosecution right of plaintiff not only is beneficial to timely prevention and cure of environmental damage, but also contributes indispensable judicial supervision force to the environmental legality construction. In order to safeguard environmental public interests, many local prosecutorial organizations have practiced environmental public interests litigation. Since Chinese law has not made explicit stipulation on the function of the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation, the plaintiff's subject qualification for environmental public interest litigation instituted by the People's Procuratorate is still in question. In order to propel the People's Procuratorate to completely and fully exercise their power of supervision and prosecution, there shall be corresponding legislation that provides powerful guarantee for the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation.

“鲶鱼效应”下检察去地方化改革的新思路

检察地方化是我国司法公正的一项顽疾。党的十八大以来,我国采取了一系列保障检察机关依法独立行使检察权的措施,但去地方化的省级以下人财物统管并没有完全落实,跨行政区划检察改革只是从两家试点扩展至全国试点,检察的“省级化”仍有待实现。铁路运输检察机关具有的“鲶鱼”特质使其能在检察去地方化中发挥更为积极的作用,而且其参与的跨行政区划检察改革本身具备法律基础和现实需求。不过,这项改革试点的新增管辖存在正当性疑问,诉讼体系限制了去地方化程度,现实中改革的顶层设计迟缓与基层动力不足并存,亟须解困。最高人民检察院应当借用铁路运输检察机关的“鲶鱼效应”,通过完善其管辖范围,并与地方检察机关在人财物上保持动态平衡,实现检察去地方化改革的有效推进。

检察消费民事公益诉讼的范围调整与功能重塑

检察消费民事公益诉讼的功能发挥不彰,表现为预防性功能发挥不充分,恢复性功能被忽视,惩罚性功能受到刑事、行政责任的双重挤压。这一方面与《民事诉讼法》将检察消费民事公益诉讼限定在食品药品安全领域有关。随着立法、司法、执法等公共资源向食药领域的集中,该领域的制度机制趋于完善,处于补充性地位的公益诉讼发挥功能的空间必然受到限制。取消对检察消费民事公益诉讼的范围限制,有利于释放其制度空间。另一方面则涉及检察消费民事公益诉讼能否请求损害赔偿,还是仍然固守惩罚性赔偿的问题。检察消费民事公益诉讼的优势在于通过损害赔偿救济,维护由众多消费者个体利益构成的集合性公益,至于交易秩序与安全等抽象公益,则应主要通过刑事责任、行政责任予以维护,公益诉讼的惩罚性赔偿必要时应发挥补充性作用。

协调与融合:民事检察公益诉讼时效问题研究

诉讼时效是法律对于当事人实体权利的保护期限,诉讼时效届满未提起诉讼,当事人便会承担不利的法律效果。对于诉讼时效制度规范是否涵摄检察机关提起的民事公益诉讼以及如何对其进行规定,文章通过对民事检察公益诉讼的性质进行探究,对检察机关进行定位,并结合诉讼时效相关理论、价值选择等,与传统一般民事诉讼的普通诉讼时效及特别诉讼时效相类比,对诉讼时效在我国民事检察公益诉讼中的适用性,以及如何对民事检察公益诉讼的诉讼时效作出规定进行探究,以求推动民事检察公益诉讼的进一步完善与发展。

数字检察的法律定位、运行逻辑及风险规制

数字检察的法律定位是法律监督。该定位是在不违背检察机关宪法地位的基础上,对社会发展的回应,对履职的自省,既与“四大检察”“十大业务”的架构相契合,也与《中共中央关于加强新时代检察机关法律监督工作的意见》对检察机关的定性保持一致。数据与监督各自的规律与准则要求数字检察既要遵循数据的规律性,也不可违背法律监督的准则,且后者起着决定性作用,这是数字检察的运行逻辑。数字检察为数据预测下的监督功能延伸提供了空间,但也带来技术至上、数据不安全、监督越界等潜在风险。为规制风险,必须实施规则之治,统筹推进技术赋能与制度规制。一方面提倡数字正义以促进制度理性,另一方面以保护数据法益实现数据安全,同时,坚持法定主义下的比例原则以厘清权力边界。

环境资源案件检察集中管辖的现实困境与优化路径

环境资源案件的特殊性对传统地方检察院属地管辖模式的公正和效率构成挑战,催生了跨行政区划检察院集中管辖模式。跨行政区划检察院集中管辖环境资源案件改革探索取得了阶段性成果,但仍面临跨行政区划检察院性质定位不明确、层级结构不完整、设点布局不合理的体制问题,集中管辖环境资源案件的范围不统一、办案机制不适配、机构衔接不顺畅的机制问题,体制、机制创新的组织法、程序法、实体法依据不健全的法制问题。应以理顺管理体制为基础,将跨行政区划检察院定位为新型综合派出检察院,构建三层级的组织体系,因地制宜进行设点布局。以完善运行机制为关键,推进环境资源案件集中管辖机制、归口办理机制、司法协作机制建设。以健全相关法制为保障,明确跨行政区划检察院集中管辖环境资源案件的组织法、诉讼法、生态环境法典依据。

检察机关在生态环境损害赔偿制度中的角色定位研究

在生态环境损害赔偿制度中,检察机关基于其特殊的功能定位,既可以以原告身份提起环境行政公益诉讼,监督作为赔偿权利人的行政机关索赔;也可以以支持起诉的方式参与生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,发挥其他主体不具备的职能优势。当前,由于检察机关支持起诉与法律监督的适用边界缺乏明确具体的规范依据,导致检察机关在司法实践中面临角色困境。生态环境损害赔偿是一种新型行政执法方式。从协商行政理论出发,作为监督机关的检察机关,只有在行政机关穷尽行政手段索赔无效的情况下,才能启动支持起诉程序;检察机关亦可适时提起环境行政公益诉讼,以诉讼方式对赔偿权利人依法履职进行监督。结合我国生态环境损害赔偿制度实施现状,对检察机关依法履职的依据和路径进行细化考量,可以进一步强化检察机关的法律监督职能,促进实现人与自然和谐共生的“中国式现代化”。

Analysis of radiation diffusion of COVID-19 driven by social attributes

This paper first estimated the infectious capacity of COVID-19 based on the time series evolution data of confirmed cases in multiple countries. Then, a method to infer the cross-regional spread speed of COVID-19 was introduced in this paper, which took the gross domestic product(GDP) of each region as one of the factors that affect the spread speed of COVID-19 and studied the relationship between the GDP and the infection density of each region(China's Mainland, the United States, and EU countries). In addition, the geographic distance between regions was also considered in this method and the effect of geographic distance on the spread speed of COVID-19 was studied. Studies have shown that the probability of mutual infection of these two regions decreases with increasing geographic distance. Therefore, this paper proposed an epidemic disease spread index based on GDP and geographic distance to quantify the spread speed of COVID-19 in a region. The analysis results showed a strong correlation between the epidemic disease spread index in a region and the number of confirmed cases. This finding provides reasonable suggestions for the control of epidemics. Strengthening the control measures in regions with higher epidemic disease spread index can effectively control the spread of epidemics.

非讼化构造与治理性理念:公益诉讼的中国模式

2012年《民事诉讼法》增设的民事公益诉讼制度,主要旨在发挥社会组织通过诉讼保护公共利益的作用。囿于社会组织体量资质、起诉意愿、诉讼能力的局限,立法预期并未充分实现。检察公益诉讼制度的建立以及单行法中公益诉讼条款的增设,扩展了公益诉讼的领域范围,丰富了公益保护的实现形式,改变了民行公益诉讼的关系,重塑了公益诉讼的制度内容和运行态势。我国公益诉讼制度兼采执法逻辑和监督逻辑,并且检察院和法院在履职过程中都实行能动主义。执法逻辑决定我国公益诉讼在程序构造上呈现非讼化现象,监督逻辑决定我国公益诉讼在运行目标上呈现治理性理念。司法能动下的非讼化构造与治理性理念共同塑造了公益诉讼的中国模式。

提升税收领域检察公益诉讼办案质效的路径

税收作为国有财产的重要组成部分,对于增加财政收入推动社会经济发展,调节经济结构有着巨大作用。因案件线索少、办案难度大等问题,司法实务中,税收领域检察公益诉讼案件办理较少。检察机关应心怀“国之大者”,能动履职,发挥检察一体化办案及数字检察效能,适时开展“回头看”,积极在税收领域精准监督,提升公益诉讼办案质效。切实当好国有财产的“守门员”,努力维护国家和社会公共利益。

对检察机关开展未成年人司法救助工作的探索和思考

作为国家司法救助工作新的增长点,未成年人司法救助是检察机关应对新形势新任务的重要举措,其在保护未成年人合法权益方面发挥着重要作用。未成年司法救助工作自身的综合性、跨部门、跨专业等特点,使得进入司法领域的未成年人权益难以获得全面、妥善、充分地保障,亟待从源头上提高救助刚性,运用大数据打造“智慧救助”,并加强外部协作。

检察院主导下未成年被害人权益保护探究

刑事诉讼中对未成年被害人的保护存在检察院参与和检察院主导两种行为范式。当前,各地区的未成年被害人保护实践差异较大,检察院主导模式有助于未成年被害人保护工作的规范化和顺利开展,且未成年被害人权利保护具有紧迫性,检察院能利用其职能所带来的独特优势,在规范社会组织参与的同时使保护工作更加权威高效。为了实现有限资源的最大化利用、全面保护未成年被害人的合法权益,检察院应先主导推动未成年被害人保护工作,在专门保护体系形成之后再逐步转变为参与者。但是,检察院主导模式存在各地未成年人检察机构职责不统一且规范性差、隐私保护工作不到位、衔接不流畅、不重视社会化修复、未实现持续性保护等诸多问题,亟待进一步完善。

环境刑事合规中检察机关的角色定位研究

检察机关在环境刑事合规当中扮演着双重角色:一方面检察机关为涉案企业提供合规引导,并通过变更强制措施、合规不起诉等方式激励涉案企业主动建立环境合规计划体系;另一方面,为了保证涉案企业落实合规承诺、履行生态修复义务,检察机关对其进行直接或间接监管。预防是环境保护的最优解,基于此,检察机关应当积极参与到日常企业治理当中。考虑到第三方监督评估组织的适用成为合规监管的趋势,检察机关也应当对第三方监督评估组织的运行加以监督,规范合规监管程序。因此,可以完善环境污染预防机制、审查第三方监督评估机制、规范行使自由裁量权为路径对环境刑事合规中检察机关的角色定位进行延伸,以此构建有效的中国化环境刑事合规制。

结构功能主义视角下人工智能司法的张力与进路调适

在司法现代化和司法公正双重目标驱动下,人工智能司法需要国家力量和社会力量的共同参与和紧密配合。一方面,人工智能司法系统的建设需要科技企业提供人工智能技术;另一方面,公平正义仍是司法机关坚持的核心。人工智能司法系统在提升审判效率、实现司法便民等方面展现出独特的工具价值,然而,在现实运行中却面临着技术依赖掣肘能动司法、算法黑箱削弱司法公信力、算法自动化冲击正当程序三重障碍。从结构功能主义的视角进行分析后发现,数字权力向司法体制的结构性嵌入、算法规则对法律规则的功能吸纳以及法官主体地位被削弱共同导致上述的难题。为了更好地发挥人工智能司法实现司法正义、保证司法审判质效的功能,人工智能司法系统在设计过程中应当围绕“以人为本”的价值理念、法官主体地位的确定、技术与司法有效衔接的机制健全三方面展开,及时破除其隐性功能削弱司法体制改革成效的风险。

Cross-regional emergency scheduling planning for petroleum based on the supernetwork model

Petroleum, the most important energy source in the world, plays an essential role in securing economic development. If a petroleum shortage happens, it will severely disrupt production and life. Cross-regional emergency scheduling can effectively alleviate a petroleum shortage and further enhance the efficiency of the emergency response. Considering the general lack of focus on cross-regional petroleum dispatching management, we propose a three-layer emergency scheduling network for petroleum based on a supernetwork model that can increase the regional emergency correlation by adding a transfer management process. Then, we compare the total demand for petroleum and the emergency costs considered in the petroleum emergency scheduling supernetwork model（the single-region and the cross-region scenarios）.The result shows that the cross-regional emergency scheduling pattern can effectively enhance the efficiency of the emergency preparations and reduce the emergency costs in most cases. However, when the vulnerabilities in the crossregional link grow or the regional linkage decreases, the effect of single-regional scheduling is better. In addition, the advantages of the cross-regional emergency scheduling network will be strengthened with an increase in its maximum emergency capability. Nonetheless, this advantage will disappear when the petroleum demand in the crisis layer reaches the maximum emergency response capacity. Finally, according to the comparative analysis simulation among scenarios,certain strategic policy recommendations are suggested to improve the petroleum emergency scheduling ability in regions.These recommendations include strengthening the cross-regional coordination mechanism, increasing the modes of petroleum transportation and enhancing the carrying capacity of regional emergency routes.

Utilization of cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage for further introduction of solar PV in Japan

The amount of solar PV installed capacity has steadily increased to 44.5 GW at the end of FY2017,since the introduction of the Feed in Tariff(FiT)to Japan in 2012.On the other hand,since the first curtailment of solar PV was conducted on October 13th,2018 in the Kyushu area,the curtailment has been frequently executed including wind power after that.In this study,cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)are focused on mitigating curtailment.In Japan,there are 9 electric power areas which connected each other by cross-regional interconnectors.According to the historical operation,cross-regional interconnectors were secured as emergency flexible measures,but after the implicit auction was started from October 2018,it is used on merit order.Regarding a PHES in Japan,they have been built with nuclear power plants for several decades.Because the output of nuclear power generation is constant,so the PHES is used to absorb the surplus at nighttime when the demand declines.All nuclear power plants in Japan have been shut down after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11th,2011.There are several nuclear power plants that have been restarted(9 reactors,as of August 2019).In this study,the amount of curtailment for solar PV in the Kyushu area is sent to the Chugoku area using the cross-regional interconnector(Kanmon line).Then,the PHES in the Chugoku area is pumping with low price.Because the spot price in the market is low when the curtailment is executed.After that,the PHES is generating at night with high price when the solar PV is not generating.It makes a profit by the deference for the cost of pumping and the revenue of generating by the PHES.As a calculation result,for one week from May 2nd to 8th,2019,a profit becomes 152.2 million JPY(about 1.22 million EUR).For this purpose,it is necessary to raise the operation capacity of the cross-regional interconnector up to the rated capacity with the frequency control function of solar PV instead of the capacity to keep frequency in the event of an accident.This will allow the further introduction of solar PV in Japan.

从检察主导到法院参与:论涉案企业合规的检法协同模式

随着涉案企业合规改革的深入,法院是否需要参与其中并发挥对企业涉嫌犯罪的能动治理作用逐步成为司法实务中积极探索的一项内容,也得到了理论界的关注。实践中,涉案企业合规改革在取得显著成效的同时,也面临重罪案件的适用障碍、大型企业涉案合规考察的期限障碍、缺乏三方诉讼构造的制衡与监督等问题,以检察机关附条件不起诉为实践样态的检察主导模式尚不足以支撑构建中国特色涉案企业合规司法制度及其程序规范。基于法院在诉讼程序中的中立裁判者地位和对纠纷事项的终局裁决属性,推动法院参与涉案企业合规,探索构建涉案企业合规的检法协同模式,对于推进涉案企业合规制度的整体效能发挥具有积极意义。可以从对检察机关移送起诉案件进行审查、审判阶段开展合规与设立企业缓刑等方面探寻法院参与涉案企业合规的具体路径。

Procurator:Laws Are the Ultimate Guardian for Delinquent Minors

＂I＇ll never forget what hap- pened that afternoon,＂ Peng Yan said, with a grave look. ＂A womancame with her daughter and told me that if the teenage girl didn＇t want to live anymore, neither did she.＂

Implement Constitutional Principles to Uncover Tort Cases——An interview with Wang Zhenchuan, deputy chief procurator of the Supreme People's Procuratorate

EDITOR'S NOTE: Since May 2004, the people's procuratorates in China have concentrated their efforts on uncovering cases of encroaching upon human rights by government functionaries by abusing their power. The move has aroused extensive attention. On this, our staff reporter interviewed Deputy Chief Procurator Wang Zhenchuan, who is in charge of the campaign against human rights violations.