Electricity Carbon Quota Trading Scheme based on Certificateless Signature and Blockchain

The carbon tradingmarket can promote“carbon peaking”and“carbon neutrality”at low cost,but carbon emission quotas face attacks such as data forgery,tampering,counterfeiting,and replay in the electricity trading market.Certificateless signatures are a new cryptographic technology that can address traditional cryptography’s general essential certificate requirements and avoid the problem of crucial escrowbased on identity cryptography.However,most certificateless signatures still suffer fromvarious security flaws.We present a secure and efficient certificateless signing scheme by examining the security of existing certificateless signature schemes.To ensure the integrity and verifiability of electricity carbon quota trading,we propose an electricity carbon quota trading scheme based on a certificateless signature and blockchain.Our scheme utilizes certificateless signatures to ensure the validity and nonrepudiation of transactions and adopts blockchain technology to achieve immutability and traceability in electricity carbon quota transactions.In addition,validating electricity carbon quota transactions does not require time-consuming bilinear pairing operations.The results of the analysis indicate that our scheme meets existential unforgeability under adaptive selective message attacks,offers conditional identity privacy protection,resists replay attacks,and demonstrates high computing and communication performance.

Daily rolling estimation of carbon emission cost of coal-fired units considering long-cycle interactive operation simulation of carbon-electricity market

The high overlap of participants in the carbon emissions trading and electricity markets couples the operations of the two markets.The carbon emission cost(CEC)of coal-fired units becomes part of the power generation cost through market coupling.The accuracy of CEC calculation affects the clearing capacity of coal-fired units in the electric power market.Study of carbon–electricity market interaction and CEC calculations is still in its initial stages.This study analyzes the impact of carbon emissions trading and compliance on the operation of the electric power market and defines the cost transmission mode between the carbon emissions trading and electric power markets.A long-period interactive operation simulation mechanism for the carbon–electricity market is established,and operation and trading models of the carbon emissions trading market and electric power market are established.A daily rolling estimation method for the CEC of coal-fired units is proposed,along with the CEC per unit electric quantity of the coal-fired units.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through an example simulation,and the factors influencing the CEC are analyzed.

Pricing Mechanism of China’s Trans-regional and Trans-provincial Electricity Trading

With the large-scale development of Chinese electric power, the contradiction of China’s energy supply and demand that reverse distributed is very prominent, therefore, promoting electricity trading is one of the important measures to get optimized configuration of energy resources in nationwide. For the two kinds of trading method, the “power point to the grid” trading and the “grid to grid” trading, this paper designed pricing mechanism model, and took one area as an example, we analyzed the impact of the participants by using different pricing mechanism, and put forward reasonable policy proposals for China’s pricing mechanism of trans-regional and trans-provincial electricity trading.

Influences of uncertainties to the generation feasible region for medium- and long-term electricity transaction

For the implementation of power market in China,medium-and Iong-term security checks are essential for bilateral transactions,of which the electricity quantity that constitutes the generation feasible region(GFR)is the target.However,uncertainties from load forecasting errors and transmission contingencies are threats to medium-and Iong-term electricity tradi ng in terms of their in flue nces on the GFR.In this paper,we prese nt a graphic distortio n pattern in a typical threegenerator system using the Monte Carlo method and projection theory based on security constrained economic dispatch.The underlying potential risk to GFR from uncertainties is clearly visualized,and their impact characteristics are discussed.A case study on detailed GFR distortion was included to dem on strate the effectiveness of this visualization model.The result implies that a small uncertainty could distort the GFR to a remarkable extent and that different line-contingency precipitates disparate the GFR distortion patterns,thereby eliciting great emphasis on load forecasting and line reliability in electricity transacti ons.

CMC International Advertising & Exhibition Co.Ltd.-Bridging the Sino-foreign Mechanical and Electrical Trade

CMC International Advertising & Exhibition Co. Ltd.(CMC-IAE) is a specialized subsidiary of China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (CMC) with corporate status. In the past 47 years, the company has played a positive role in the conveyance of information and development of China’s mechanical and electrical trade with other countries in the forms of specialized advertising and exhibitions, contributing greatly to the bridging of Sino-foreign mechanical and electrical trade and expansion of international economic and trade exchanges. CMC-IAE deals mainly in and acts as agent for the advertising business of both Chinese and foreign enterprises, and trading companies. It sponsors large-scale exhibitions and promotional activities both at home and abroad; undertaking to design and produce various advertisements,pamphlets and printing matters; engaging in

China's Processing Trade Development for Mechanical and Electrical Products

Since the launch of the economic reform and opening to the outside world, China has seen rapid growth in its export of mechanical and electrical products, with its export

V2V Energy Trading Considering User Satisfaction under Low-Carbon Objectives via Bayesian Game

In response to the additional load impact caused by the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the grid or microgrids (MGs), as well as the issue of low responsiveness of EV users during vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) power exchange processes, this paper explores a multi-party energy trading model considering user responsiveness under low carbon goals. The model takes into account the stochastic charging and discharging characteristics of EVs, user satisfaction, and energy exchange costs, and formulates utility functions for participating entities. This transforms the competition in multi-party energy trading into a Bayesian game problem, which is subsequently resolved. Furthermore, this paper primarily employs sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of multi-party energy trading on user responsiveness and green energy utilization, with the aim of promoting incentives in the electricity trading market and aligning with low-carbon requirements. Finally, through case simulations, the effectiveness of this model for the considered scenarios is demonstrated.

不同碳减排政策交互影响下发电企业交易策略

在双碳目标和电力系统转型背景下,发电企业的交易策略会发生重要转变。基于可再生能源配额制的实施,综合考虑碳排放权市场和绿证市场,探究了发电企业参与电力市场的最优决策。首先搭建了在多政策情形下市场主体参与交易的市场架构,理清各市场中的供求关系。随后建立发电企业利润函数,以发电企业利润最大化为目标,并分别在非合作博弈和合作博弈两种情况下,建立发电企业的最优生产交易模型。最后通过算例分析检验该交易模型,为发电企业在多种政策影响下参加电力市场交易提供依据。

适应新型电力系统的电力互替品市场——(一)理念与构想

新型电力系统重塑了能源生产消费结构,电力市场机制也需随之改变。首先,分析指出提升系统调节能力是新型电力系统下市场机制设计的首要目标;围绕该目标给出了市场机制应具备的特点,包括利于激发调节动力、释放调节能力、接纳各种新型调节资源等。其次,对世界各国现货市场普遍采用的分时交易机制进行了分析,指出其与新型电力系统存在诸多不适应之处,包括市场主体调节贡献无法被量化表征,市场主体连续运行特性与分时交易机制相矛盾、调节能力难以完全释放,以及难以满足海量柔性资源直接参与电力市场的需求等。为此,文中舍弃分时交易的方式,转而提出整体交易机制与电力互替品概念,介绍了形成与交易电力互替品的主要思路,并以电力互替品为核心构想了新型市场机制。该机制可通过调节责任划分量化各主体调节贡献,激发市场主体的调节动力;同时,也能促进市场主体主动优化自身运行方式,释放调节能力;具有易于扩展的优势,可轻松接纳新型电力系统下层出不穷的各类新型主体。

考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型研究

近年来,随着我国电力现货市场和碳市场的逐步完善,如何更好地实现电力现货市场和碳市场深度耦合,推进电碳市场向竞争市场发展已经成为一个新的研究重点。该文提出了一个考虑碳交易的电力现货市场出清多阶段优化模型,并对该模型下的电力现货市场均衡问题进行了分析。在模型的第一阶段,建立了市场机组碳配额分配模型;在第二阶段引入阶梯碳交易机制,结合各机组的碳配额,建立考虑电能量成本最小和阶梯碳交易成本最小的电力现货市场出清模型;在第三阶段,结合前两个阶段确定的各机组碳配额和中标信息,建立以电能量成本最小为目标的电价追踪模型和机组碳成本计算模型。最后将该文模型在改进的PJM5节点系统(Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland 5-bus power grid)上实现,并从出清结果和市场均衡结果两个方面验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,该文所提模型能够实现市场出清经济目标与低碳目标之间的平衡,能够在不增加电碳耦合总成本的基础上实现最大的碳减排量,同时通过增强发电机组参与市场竞争的主观能动性,降低了用户侧用电成本。

欧盟对中国电动汽车实施反补贴调查的影响及对策

中国逐步掌握了全球汽车产业电气化和智能化转型话语权,对以美日欧为主的传统汽车产业格局产生了冲击,难免会遭遇各种形式的贸易保护主义。欧盟作为我国主要电动汽车企业出口目的地,已于2023年9月13日宣布对中国电动汽车展开反补贴调查。虽然此举无法从根本上阻止我国电动汽车产业全球化进程,但可能在短期内会破坏市场预期,干扰我国电动汽车企业的经营决策和业务布局并提高未来进入欧盟市场门槛和成本,需要警惕并在窗口期内做好应对准备。

多品种电力市场交易下负荷聚合商投标策略及市场均衡分析

中国新型电力系统建设正面临灵活资源短缺等问题,亟须发挥负荷侧调节能力。随着电网与负荷双向交互越发频繁,更多负荷聚合商通过整合辖区灵活资源参与市场交易,导致以往由发电侧占主导的市场均衡被打破。为研究多主体负荷聚合商博弈策略,构建了能量-备用电力市场下负荷聚合商双层投标模型,并引入多场景描述非决策者投标不确定性对市场均衡的影响。通过强平稳算法(SSM)将多个双层模型转化为带均衡约束的均衡问题(EPEC)模型,并采用大M法、二进制展开法等线性化方法进行线性化。算例结果验证了模型及求解算法的合理性和有效性,表明基于EPEC模型的负荷聚合商最优投标策略更加契合实际市场规则,有助于系统优化负荷曲线,缓解灵活资源供需紧张。

耦合碳-绿证-消纳量市场的日前电量市场交易交互式优化

随着“双碳”目标的提出,电力行业减碳步伐加快,碳交易、绿证交易与超额消纳量交易成为减少碳排放与促进新型电力系统发展的重要市场手段。首先,基于双边集中竞价模式,构建火电、风电、光伏企业与电力用户共同参与的耦合碳-绿证-消纳量的日前电量市场交易机制。其次,兼顾市场成员收益与电量市场社会福利最优目标,建立了上下层迭代交互式交易优化模型。最后,采用交替方向乘子法进行迭代求解,并在IEEE-30节点系统上分析碳配额基准、绿证比例及消纳量交易价格对电量市场出清结果、发电商收益及用户成本的影响。算例结果表明,与单一电能量市场交易机制相比,耦合碳-绿证-消纳量的电量市场交易机制能够显著降低火电企业的碳排放量,同时提高风电、光伏企业的中标电量,激励用户跟踪系统新能源出力,减轻系统弃风、弃光现象。

基于改进用电碳计量的绿电市场-碳市场联动交易

为充分发挥绿电消纳的减碳作用,从用电侧碳减排的角度提出用电碳排放核算与绿电交易的认证方法,构建实现碳交易与绿电交易联动的日前零售市场交易模型。首先,明确用电侧的碳排放责任,通过区分不同属性电力的用电碳排放因子改进用电侧的碳计量方法;然后,提出以绿色证书为纽带的绿电交易与用电碳排放的互认机制,通过绿色证书抵消碳排放实现碳市场与绿电市场的联动交易;最后,构建考虑绿电市场和碳市场联动的日前零售市场交易主从博弈模型,并给出求解方法。算例仿真表明,所提方法可以激励用户调整用电结构,主动促进新能源电力消纳,从而降低碳排放。

绿色电力消费与碳交易市场的链接机制研究

区别于国际碳市场仅纳入直接排放(范围1)的普遍设计,中国依据自身的国情除纳入直接排放(范围1),还纳入因外购电力、热力产生的间接排放(范围2)。随着绿证全覆盖制度的推进,企业绿色电力消费如何与碳市场链接成为争论的焦点。为避免重复计算、交叉补贴与“漂绿”风险,提出绿电在间接排放核算时直接扣减对应电量,剩余电量按火电处理。同时,依据绿证的成本额外性与效应额外性提出,不同类型绿电项目产生的绿证应设置不同的时间限制,存量项目6年内的绿证可用于碳市场链接,新增项目签发的绿证使用21个月原则。且需碳市场纳排企业绿电消纳比例超过所在省份可再生能源电力考核权重比例才可以进行链接。该方法较其他方法在简便性、公平性与避免重复计算方面都更优。该机制的提出可为中国电-碳市场耦合的高质量发展提供决策参考。

兼顾激励相容的水电富集电网中长期电力市场交易模型

针对我国水电富集地区梯级电站上下游中标电量与发电水量不匹配导致弃水和违约等问题,借鉴巴西电力市场中长期交易模式,提出兼顾激励相容的水电富集电网中长期交易模型。该模型以个体发电效益最大和电网侧购电成本最小作为激励相容的双重目标。首先以最小出力最大为目标对水电站群进行优化调度,所得各水电站每月发电量定义为其该月保证电量,并将保证电量拆分成基础电量、省内电量和西电东送电量。然后建立各级市场交易方法,基础电量按相似来水频率的历年平均电价收购,省内电量参与两轮拍卖,西电东送电量按剩余电量比重排序依次收购,采用强化学习确定各发电商份额和电价。最后利用改进的电量再分配机制对联盟内各水电站实发电量进行再分配。云南省5个流域52座电站群实例结果表明,所提模型能有效缓解当前梯级上下游电站弃水和违约等问题,促进了水电市场合理竞争和水资源充分利用。

考虑电动汽车共享储能特性的园区综合能源系统低碳运行

园区综合能源系统拥有高效的能源利用率,然而其储能设备前期投入较高等问题仍然明显。为此,提出了计及电动汽车集群共享储能特性的园区综合能源系统低碳调度模型。首先,介绍了园区综合能源系统的运行框架,分别建立了用户及含有碳排放权交易机制的微网运营商模型。其次,充分挖掘多类型电动汽车的集群可调度潜力,制定了利用电动汽车作为储能单元的运行策略。然后,为使园区中各主体利益最大化,构建了含多用户与微网运营商的主从博弈模型。最后,以某市园区综合能源系统为研究对象进行分析。结果表明,所建立的模型不仅能降低园区中用于储能设备的成本,而且可以有效减少碳排放,实现微网运营商与用户聚合商之间的双赢。

考虑电-氢一体化的微电网低碳-经济协同优化调度

针对微电网中缺乏对碳排放流特性的精确刻画,导致运行层面中微电网的低碳运行方式和经济运行方式之间矛盾凸显,低碳和经济难以兼顾的问题,构建了计及绿电制氢和多能耦合的电-氢一体化运行框架,提出了综合考虑碳排放流和低碳需求响应的微电网低碳-经济协同双层优化调度模型。上层优化调度模型中,以风光储氢一体化工业园区为典型微电网场景,以低碳性和经济性协调最优为目标,将源侧碳交易机制融入调度决策目标中,充分挖掘微电网低碳-经济协同运行方式,以此制定微电网最优低碳经济调度策略;下层低碳需求响应模型中,以微电网用户碳减排所节约的碳排放成本为激励信号,通过建立微电网能量流与碳排放流的映射关系,实现碳排放责任的转移和分摊以及对微电网运行中的碳排放特性精细化评估,进而建立由负荷碳排放强度时空差异性引导用户参与碳减排策略的低碳需求响应(demond response,DR)模型,深入挖掘微电网源-荷间的低碳性和经济性间的协同性。以某工业园区微电网为例,验证了所提模型能有效兼顾系统的低碳性和经济性。

考虑阶梯式碳交易机制的电化学储能与抽水蓄能协同调度优化

为了验证电化学储能与抽水蓄能协同调度下参与电力市场与碳市场的可行性,构建了包含火力发电、风力发电、光伏发电、抽水蓄能以及电化学储能的多能互补系统。考虑平准化度电成本(LCOE)和碳排放成本,以购能成本、LCOE、碳排放成本及弃风弃光成本之和最小为目标函数,调用MATLAB的Cplex求解器,进行调度优化求解。以西北某区域电网夏季典型日的数据为例,引入分时上网电价及阶梯碳交易机制,设置不同储能系统参与、不同碳交易机制等6种场景。结果表明:抽水蓄能与电化学储能协同调度下的电力市场收益和碳市场收益最高,系统碳排放量最低,验证了所提出的储能协同配置方案及调度优化方案的可行性。

基于P2P的碳市场交易模型及电碳联合出清方法

围绕电力行业的低碳发展需求,针对目前电力市场和碳市场所存在未能协调运行的问题,设计一种电碳联合P2P交易机制,通过引入电力P2P交易,给予用户和发电商调动自身灵活性的空间,为火电企业提供碳减排服务的同时,促进新能源消纳,提高各参与主体的效益。同时,分析了传统电力市场以及在引入P2P交易和碳市场机制的交易模式下参与主体的效益变化情况。根据设计机制的需求,建立电碳联合市场出清模型,并通过设计算例进行模拟,分析该交易机制的可行性和有效性。