Exploring the association of paid sick leave with healthcare utilization and health outcomes in the United States:a rapid evidence review

Objective:Paid sick leave(PSL)laws mandate employers give workers paid time off when they are sick or injured.This current study aims to examine whether access to PSL is associated with healthcare utilization and health outcomes and to summarize the types of utilization and outcomes which have been reported to be associated with PSL.Methods:We conducted a rapid evidence review.Our search of seven databases,including Medline,Embase,PsycINFO,Cochrane Library,CINAHL,Scopus,and JSTOR,on September 21,2020,identified 757 studies,30 of which were retained.Results:Previous evidence is mostly provided by cross-sectional studies with survey data.In this study,evidence suggests that PSL is significantly associated with some types of healthcare utilization and health outcomes.In terms of healthcare utilization,findings indicate PSL is associated with an increase in the use of some preventive sendees and a decrease in the use of emergency care;while findings are mixed regarding associations of PSL with health provider visits and the use of mammograms and pap smears.As for health outcomes,findings suggest PSL is associated with improved mental and self-rated health,decreased incidence of influenza-like illness,and lower occupational injuries and mortality rates.Conclusion:PSL may be an effective tool in improving some healthcare utilization and health outcomes.Future research could help identify mechanisms through which PSL access works and identify what policy components lead to better outcomes.

Health awareness and lifestyle toward healthcare-seeking behavior among students in Universitas Advent Indonesia

Objective:Healthcare-seeking behavior(HSB)would affect the prevalence of morbidity and mortality.There are various factors that affect one's HSB.This study aimed to determine if health awareness and lifestyle might relate to HSB.Methods:A cross-sectional study was applied by using three questionnaires to determine par ticipants'health awareness,lifestyle,and HSB.This study took place in Universitas Advent Indonesia and the students were recruited to be par ticipants.Results:There were 39 par ticipants joined in this study.Most of the par ticipants were females,third-year students,and from Accounting major.Almost all participants were aware of their low risk of health issues,had a fine lifestyle,and had moderate HSB.Conclusions:One's urge to seek health care facilities was not related to their health awareness and lifestyle.There was no fur ther study to contradict with this finding at this moment.

Healthcare Resource Utilization and Associated Costs in Patients with Advanced Melanoma Receiving First-Line Ipilimumab

Background: To describe healthcare costs, excluding ipilimumab drug costs, in patients with advanced melanoma receiving ipilimumab in the US community practice setting. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of unresectable stage III/IV melanoma patients who received first-line ipilimumab monotherapy between 04/2011 and 09/2012. Healthcare resource utilization included inpatient, emergency, specialist and hospice visits, laboratory tests, radiation, surgeries, and nursing home stays. Publicly available US unit costs were applied to each resource type to estimate costs, which were analyzed by time periods: during ipilimumab treatment, post-ipilimumab treatment (post-regimen), and within 90 days prior to death (pre-death). Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore cost predictors during the treatment period, on a per-dose-interval basis, defined as the time between ipilimumab doses. Results: Data were abstracted from 273 patient charts at 34 sites. Excluding ipilimumab drug costs, total monthly costs during the treatment regimen, post-regimen, and pre-death periods were $690, $2151, and $5123, respectively. Total healthcare costs were 27 times higher during dose intervals with a grade 3/4 adverse event compared with intervals without a grade 3/4 adverse event. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (vs 0) was also associated with significantly higher cost per dose interval. Conclusions: In this population, monthly costs exclusive of drug were significantly lower during the treatment period than in subsequent periods. Unfavorable ECOG PS was associated with significant increases in cost per dose interval. Grade 3/4 adverse events were associated with a marked increase in healthcare costs, but occurred in a small proportion of dose intervals.

The effect of broadening the definition of generalized anxiety disorder on healthcare resource utilization and related costs in outpatient psychiatric clinics

Background: Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are among the highest users of healthcare resources. The broadening of the DSM-IV criteria for GAD has been a subject of controversy in the literature, but its consequences have not been analyzed to date. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze how the broadening of the DSM-IV criteria affects healthcare resource utilization and related costs. Methods: A multicentre, prospective, observational study was conducted in randomly selected outpatient psychiatric clinics between October 2007 and April 2008. Patients diagnosed according to DSM-IV or broader criteria (1 month of excessive or non-excessive worry and only 2 associated DSM-IV symptoms) for the first time were consecutively enrolled. Socio-demographic data, healthcare resources and corresponding costs were collected over a 6-month period. Results: A total of 3549 patients were systematically recruited, 1815 in the DSM-IV criteria group (DG) and1264 inthe broad criteria group (BG). Treatments prescribed were similar for antidepressants in both groups (77.0% in the DG vs. 75.3% in the BG, p = 0.284), and slightly higher in the DG for benzodiazepines (71.5% vs. 67.2% respectively, p = 0.011) and anticonvulsants (72.1% vs. 67.0% respectively, p = 0.002). Healthcare resource utilization was statistically reduced to a similar extent in both groups as a consequence of treatment, yielding a reduction in the cost of illness of €1196 (SD = 1158) and €1112 (SD = 874) respectively;p = 0.304, over a 6-month period. Conclusion: The broadening of the GAD criteria could lead to earlier diagnosis not necessarily associated with an increase in healthcare resource utilization or costs to the National Health System in the six-month follow-up.

The Development of Community-Based Family Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study in Haidian, Beijing, China

The outbreak of Covid-19 affects China’s health delivery system, and the current status of primary health services after the Covid-19 pandemic is not yet clear. To further explore the current status of demands of family health services, we conducted a cross-sectional survey, in the community of Haidian District, Beijing. Chi-square test analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors influencing residents’ demands for family healthcare services. Results show that population of married (OR = 3.108), living with parents (OR = 2.171), degree of Junior high school and above (OR = 7.250) and high school (OR = 7.670), Annual income: 0 - 56,000 (OR = 3.680) and 72,001 - 88,000 (OR = 1.690) have significant demands for family health care. The approach to building primary health services in Haidian District is worth promoting, but it is also important to pay attention to the health inequalities that can occur when patients are moved down to the grassroots level. .

Healthcare and economic impact of diarrhea in patientswith carcinoid syndrome

AIM To examine healthcare resource utilizationpatterns and costs accrued by carcinoid syndrome （CS）patients with and without diarrhea.METHODS： We conducted a retrospective cohort studyusing MarketScan data from 1/1/2002-12/31/2012.Newly diagnosed CS patients had 1 medical claim forCS （ICD-9-CM code 259.2） plus either ≥ 1 additionalclaim for CS or for carcinoid tumors （ICD-9-CM 209.x）, and had no evidence of CS for 1 year prior to index CS diagnosis, in commercially-insured patients 〈 65years old. Patients were required to have continuousenrollment one year prior and after index date （firstclaim with CS diagnosis in the ID period）. We identifiedpatients with evidence of non-infectious diarrhea （ICD-9-CM codes 564.5 and 787.91） within one year from theindex date. Overall and CS-related healthcare resourceutilization and costs were compared between patientswith and without non-infectious diarrhea during theone year period after the index date.RESULTS： There were 2822 newly diagnosed CSpatients; 534 （18.9%） had evidence of non-infectiousdiarrhea. Compared to patients without non-infectiousdiarrhea, non-infectious diarrhea patients morecommonly had at ≥ 1 CS-related hospitalization（13.7% vs 7.2%）, ≥ 1 CS-related ED visit （11.0% vs4.4%）, and CS-related office visits in one year （6.9 vs4.1; all p 〈 0.001）. After adjusting for demographics,region, number of chronic conditions and the CharlsonComorbidity Index, the proportions of patients withany and with CS-related hospitalizations were 9.7%and 6.8% higher, respectively, among non-infectiousdiarrhea patients compared to those with without noninfectiousdiarrhea （p 〈 0.001）. Unadjusted costs weresignificantly higher among non-infectious diarrheapatients vs those without non-infectious diarrhea. Thenon-infectious diarrhea group was also more costly,with adjusted mean annual costs of $81610, comparedto $51719 in the group without non-infectious diarrhea（p 〈 0.001）.CONCLUSION： Diarrhea is burdensome and costlyin CS patients. Reduction of CS-related healthcareexpenditures may be achievable through preventivetreatment and appropriate management of diarrhea inCS.

Healthcare for Patients with Hepatitis B Virus:Analysis of 367381 Inpatient Cases in China

Objective Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,which has been recognized as an international public health challenge,has caused significant morbidity for the entire world.This research focused on patients with HBV in China to examine health utilization and expenses.Methods Patients hospitalized with HBV from 2017 to 2019 in tertiary hospitals in Hubei,a province located in central China,were selected as the study population.Healthcare information was collected from the provincial inpatient electronic system database.Univariate and regression analyses were performed to describe the basic situation of healthcare services and determine the influencing indicators of inpatient service expenditure.Results A total of 367381 cases of HBV infection were identified in the study area.Most of these cases were patients who were married(90.2%)and males(63%).With the great efforts by the universal coverage of the basic medical insurance(BMI)in China,the increasing rate of inpatient hospitalization for HBV was 3.5 times higher than that of the total inpatient health service cases in the study area.The average age of this group was 52.84±14.10 years and 11.1%of patients paid for their own medical expenditures without insurance.The average length of stay(LOS)was 11.10 days,and the average cost per patient was 15712.05 RMB.Both values were higher than the average level in study area.Gender,marital status,career,payment type,and kind of hospitals significantly influenced healthcare utilization.Males and the elderly might incur higher healthcare costs than their counterparts.Conclusion The BMI operated by government has played a role in the utilization release of health services for HBV carriers.However,researchers must pay more attention to the continuing increase in the medical expenses of this group.

Disease-wide accessibility of the elderly in primary care setting: The relationship between geographic accessibility and utilization of outpatient services in Tokushima prefecture, Japan

In Japan, a rapid pace of aging coupled with the lower birth rates causes the decrease of the population especially in rural area, which leads to the problems with the delivery of healthcare services. We investigated the relationship between the geographical accessibility (time and distance) and the utilization rate of outpatient services in the elderly by major disease groups in Tokushima prefecture, Japan. Distances and driving times to the nearest facilities from residential sites in major disease categories were measured by using geographic information system. Utilization data was obtained from the claim data. In diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99), diseases of the digestive system (K00-K93), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90), diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59) and diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99), there were moderate negative correlations (around –0.4 to –0.6) both in distance and time. Distance and time to the nearest facilities were important factors for the utilization of outpatient services of major disease categories in Japanese elderly. Comprehensive approach which include socio- economic factors is needed to mitigate access problems in aging Japanese society.

Healthcare Overuse： A Literature Review and Taxonomy Proposal

Healthcare overuse is the provision of care in which the benefits do not justify the harms and/or costs. Overuse literature is poorly categorized thus impeding research, practice, and policy to reduce overuse and improve healthcare quality. We developed an overuse taxonomy and searched for and reviewed the healthcare overuse literature in an attempt to better understand and categorize research on overuse practice and patterns. We found that more than two-thirds of articles were observational （70%）, the most prevalent purpose of overuse was treatment/secondary prevention （69%）, the most common type of overuse was overtreatment （73 %）, drivers of and methods to reduce overuse were each discussed in about 40% of abstracts, and the most frequently mentioned clinical area was pharmacy. A high volume of overuse literature exists. However, the majority of overuse research is observational, descriptive, and focuses on overtreatment and overprescribing rather than methods to reduce overuse. Some overuse is not labelled as such. Our taxonomy adequately organized the existing literature and identified areas where additional research efforts are most needed. A common taxonomy, such as ours, could help researchers categorize their work, assist clinicians and policymakers in identifying and implementing findings, and guide future research to improve healthcare quality.

Veterans utilizing a federally qualified health center: a clinical snapshot

Dear Editor,Te Veterans Health Administration(VHA)provides healthcare for over 9 million enrolled veterans with approximately 2.7 million of those residing in rural areas[1].Te MISSION Act of 2018 emphasizes VHA collaboration with Federally Qualifed Healthcare Centers(FQHC)to serve rural residing veterans and nearly all existing collaborations involve arrangement of payment for community-based care by VHA to FQHCs.Unfortunately,there is a paucity of descriptive clinical data on existing cross-system collaborations which may help characterize these veterans and aid understanding of conditions for which they may receive treatment across systems.Such data has implications for workforce training,development,and resource allocation[2].Te objective of this report is to describe diferent clinical profles between two mutually exclusive samples:veterans engaged in FQHC only use,and VHA-enrolled veterans engaged in dual VHA and FQHC use.

医疗机构药品使用风险管理研究进展

本文通过梳理药品使用风险管理的概念和内涵,分析医疗机构药品使用风险管理在理论和实践中与药品上市许可持有人药物警戒的对应关系,明确药品使用风险管理与药物警戒的异同点,阐述包括药品不良反应监测、合理用药、药品上市后评价等方面的药品使用风险管理制度的实施方向和实施路径,提出关于医疗机构与药品上市许可持有人相互配合、共同践行药品使用风险管理的具体建议和措施,以期为医疗机构药品使用风险管理制度和规范的建立奠定基础,促进药品在医疗机构的安全使用。

隔代照料孙辈对老年人医疗服务利用的影响研究

目的探讨隔代照料孙辈对老年人医疗服务利用水平的影响,并分析这种影响在不同的老年人群体中是否存在异质性。方法利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据库中2018年全国追踪调查数据,筛选出4069名老年人的样本,采用处理效应模型和IV-Probit模型实证研究隔代照料孙辈与老年人医疗服务利用的关系。结果老年人照料孙子女的行为具有自选择性,隔代照料显著降低了老年人门诊(Z=−1.85,P<0.1)和体格检查(以下简称“体检”)服务利用水平(Z=−3.67,P<0.01),对住院服务利用的影响无统计学意义。提供隔代照料使老年人体检和门诊服务利用水平分别降低35.2%和16.5%,每周照料时间增加1.0%,老年人体检和门诊服务利用水平会相应下降4.4%和3.6%。亚组分析显示隔代照料对低龄老年人和农村老年人医疗服务利用的影响大于高龄老年人和城市老年人,对老年人的体检和门诊服务利用的影响不存在显著的性别差异,但对住院服务利用的影响存在性别差异。结论隔代照料降低了老年人医疗服务利用水平,需从多方面优化隔代照料支持政策,增强医疗服务供给能力,提高老年人健康福利水平。

2017-2019年中国基层医疗机构处方用药分析

目的 分析2017-2019年中国基层医疗机构的处方用药现状,为进一步改善我国基层医疗机构合理用药提供依据。方法 通过二阶段结构性抽样方法设计并实施全国基层医疗机构门诊处方调查。采用WHO/INRUD用药评价指标,应用描述性统计、Wilcoxon秩和检验、卡方检验分析方法,分析基层医疗机构用药现状和变化趋势。结果 研究共纳入2017-2019年6个省、31个地市的269家基层医疗机构的64.2万张门诊处方。处方分析结果显示,2017-2019年,除每处方药物费用呈显著上升趋势外,每处方药品数、抗菌药物处方率、注射剂处方率和激素处方率均呈显著下降趋势;所有抗菌药物处方中包含共计25.6万个抗菌药物,其中82.2%为广谱抗菌药物;城乡间用药指标值差异较小。结论 中国基层医疗机构用药整体情况持续改善、城乡差距缩小,但药物使用合理性和抗菌药物种类选择方面仍有待进一步改善。

健康医疗数据权利归属制度构建:现状、必要性与关注点

分析了健康医疗数据在市场利用、制度规范和学术理论3个方面的现实状况,总结了健康医疗数据因权利归属制度缺失所导致市场发展过程中的问题,进而得出建立健康医疗数据权利归属的必要性。结合学术界对数据权利配置相关的理论成果以及健康医疗数据所具有的强敏感性与隐私性、法律及伦理要求的特殊性、参与者身份特定、数据排他性4个方面的特点,从隐私与敏感信息保护、数据归属原则设计以及配套的数据利用机制建设等方面对健康医疗数据权利归属制度建设提出了建议。

生成式人工智能技术赋能档案资源开发利用的逻辑理路与实践策略——以大型公立医院智慧医疗为例

本文探讨了生成式人工智能技术赋能档案资源开发利用逻辑理路,包括以数据驱动为基础、以算法为核心,以应用为导向等,并以大型公立医院的智慧医疗为例,从档案角色转变、智能管理、智慧辅助系统、个性化健康管理、医学研究与教育支持等方面分析了技术赋能档案价值开发与应用的实践创新策略,为促进档案智慧化治理和智慧医疗协同发展提供建设思路。

Prevalence of malignant neoplasms in celiac disease patients-a nationwide United States population-based study

BACKGROUND Celiac disease(CeD)is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the immune response to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals.Recent research has unveiled a heightened risk of developing specific malignant neoplasms(MN)and various malignancies,including gastrointestinal,lymphomas,skin,and others,in individuals with CeD.AIM To investigate the prevalence of MN in hospitalized CeD patients in the United States.METHODS Using data from the National Inpatient Sample spanning two decades,from January 2000 to December 2019,we identified 529842 CeD patients,of which 78128(14.75%)had MN.Propensity score matching,based on age,sex,race,and calendar year,was employed to compare CeD patients with the general non-CeD population at a 1:1 ratio.RESULTS Positive associations were observed for several malignancies,including small intestine,lymphoma,nonmelanoma skin,liver,melanoma skin,pancreas myelodysplastic syndrome,biliary,stomach,and other neuroendocrine tumors(excluding small and large intestine malignant carcinoid),leukemia,uterus,and testis.Conversely,CeD patients exhibited a reduced risk of respiratory and secondary malignancies.Moreover,certain malignancies showed null associations with CeD,including head and neck,nervous system,esophagus,colorectal,anus,breast,malignant carcinoids,bone and connective tissues,myeloma,cervix,and ovary cancers.CONCLUSION Our study is unique in highlighting the detailed results of positive,negative,or null associations between different hematologic and solid malignancies and CeD.Furthermore,it offers insights into evolving trends in CeD hospital outcomes,shedding light on advancements in its management over the past two decades.These findings contribute valuable information to the understanding of CeD’s impact on health and healthcare utilization.

Protective effects of long term antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),with its rising prevalence rates is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events.Antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants agents are often prescribed but the literature on the impact of long-term anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet use among patients hospitalized with IBD is scarce.The aim of this study is to assess the outcomes of patients hospitalized with IBD on antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents.AIM To investigate the effects of long-term use of antiplatelets/anticoagulants on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with IBD.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database,including all adult IBD patients hospitalized in the United States from 2016 to 2019.Patient cohorts were stratified based on antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy status.Multivariate regression analysis was done to assess outcomes,adjusting for potential confounders.The primary outcome was mortality,whereas length of stay(LOS),total parenteral nutrition,acute kidney injury,sepsis,shock,gastrointestinal bleeding,need for colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy,abdominal surgery and total hospitalization charges were secondary outcomes.RESULTS Among 374744 hospitalized IBD patients,antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy alone was associated with significantly lower in-hospital mortality and reduced healthcare utilization,including shorter LOS and decreased hospitalization costs.Combined therapy was associated with a protective effect on mortality,but did not reach statistical significance.Notably,therapy did not exacerbate disease severity or complications,although higher odds of gastrointestinal bleeding were observed.CONCLUSION Our study highlights the potential benefits of long-term anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy in hospitalized IBD patients,with improved mortality outcomes and healthcare utilization.While concerns regarding gastrointestinal bleeding exist,the overall safety profile suggests a role for these agents in mitigating thromboembolic risks without exacerbating disease severity.Further research is needed to look at optimal treatment strategies and addressing limitations to guide clinical decision-making in this population.

Association between acute peripancreatic fluid collections and early readmission in acute pancreatitis:A propensity-matched analysis

BACKGROUND Patients with acute pancreatitis(AP)frequently experience hospital readmissions,posing a significant burden to healthcare systems.Acute peripancreatic fluid collection(APFC)may negatively impact the clinical course of AP.It could worsen symptoms and potentially lead to additional complications.However,clinical evidence regarding the specific association between APFC and early readmission in AP remains scarce.Understanding the link between APFC and readmission may help improve clinical care for AP patients and reduce healthcare costs.AIM To evaluate the association between APFC and 30-day readmission in patients with AP.METHODS This retrospective cohort study is based on the Nationwide Readmission Database for 2016-2019.Patients with a primary diagnosis of AP were identified.Participants were categorized into those with and without APFC.A 1:1 propensity score matching for age,gender,and Elixhauser comorbidities was performed.The primary outcome was early readmission rates.Secondary outcomes included the incidence of inpatient complications and healthcare utilization.Unadjusted analyses used Mann-Whitney U andχ2 tests,while Cox regression models assessed 30-day readmission risks and reported them as adjusted hazard ratios(aHR).Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests verified readmission risks.RESULTS A total of 673059 patients with the principal diagnosis of AP were included.Of these,5.1%had APFC on initial admission.After propensity score matching,each cohort consisted of 33914 patients.Those with APFC showed a higher incidence of inpatient complications,including septic shock(3.1%vs 1.3%,P<0.001),portal venous thrombosis(4.4%vs 0.8%,P<0.001),and mechanical ventilation(1.8%vs 0.9%,P<0.001).The length of stay(LOS)was longer for APFC patients[4(3-7)vs 3(2-5)days,P<0.001],as were hospital charges($29451 vs$24418,P<0.001).For 30-day readmissions,APFC patients had a higher rate(15.7%vs 6.5%,P<0.001)and a longer median readmission LOS(4 vs 3 days,P<0.001).The APFC group also had higher readmission charges($28282 vs$22865,P<0.001).The presence of APFC increased the risk of readmission twofold(aHR 2.52,95%confidence interval:2.40-2.65,P<0.001).The independent risk factors for 30-day readmission included female gender,Elixhauser Comorbidity Index≥3,chronic pulmonary diseases,chronic renal disease,protein-calorie malnutrition,substance use disorder,depression,portal and splenic venous thrombosis,and certain endoscopic procedures.CONCLUSION Developing APFC during index hospitalization for AP is linked to higher readmission rates,more inpatient complications,longer LOS,and increased healthcare costs.Knowing predictors of readmission can help target high-risk patients,reducing healthcare burdens.

互联网使用对居民卫生服务利用的影响研究

目的:探讨互联网使用与居民就医行为之间的关系,为政府进一步发挥互联网优势、优化卫生服务体系提供实证依据。方法:利用2021年中国综合社会调查数据,以安德森卫生服务利用模型为理论依据,采用二元Logistic回归、稳健性检验、异质性影响、Bootstrap检验探讨互联网使用对居民就医行为的影响机制。结果:互联网使用通过就医需求判断显著影响居民就医行为,且对年纪较轻、文化程度较高、在婚、非当地户口、经济发达地区居民的影响更为明显。结论:互联网使用对居民卫生服务利用具有正向影响,应加强对互联网信息的监管,加快偏远地区的互联网基础设施建设,推进互联网产品适老化、简单化,不断提升居民的互联网使用能力。

Resources Allocation and Utilization Effi ciency in China’s Healthcare Sector

The reasonable allocation of healthcare resources across different levels of healthcare facilities is the key to promoting the tiered diagnosis and treatment approach.The sudden outbreak of COVID−19 underscores the shortage of resources and service capability of China’s primary healthcare facilities.From the perspective of the vertical division of labor in the healthcare service system and based on the quality adjustment and quantitative correction of healthcare workers,this paper comprehensively calculates and analyzes the evenness of resources allocation between hospitals and primary healthcare facilities;and then,combining the theoretical model derivation with China’s empirical data test,this paper demonstrates how the misallocation of healthcare resources affects their utilization efficiency.The results are as below.(1)There are varying degrees of quantity and quality imbalance in various healthcare resources between hospitals and primary healthcare facilities.(2)When other conditions remain unchanged,the more misallocated healthcare resources are,the lower the“actual”utilization efficiency after quality adjustment is.(3)Compared with the absence of price regulation,government price regulation has led to a relative“overtreatment equilibrium”in the healthcare service market.Therefore,measures should be taken to optimize the structure of healthcare resources allocation and improve the efficiency of resources utilization,such as strengthening the government’s healthcare financing function,formulating policies that favor primary healthcare facilities,and encouraging social capital to invest at the community level.