Cross-shelf variation of internal tides west of the Dongsha Plateau in the northern South China Sea

We examine the cross-shelf variation of internal tides(ITs)west of the Dongsha Plateau in the northern South China Sea based on observations from 4 moorings deployed between August 2017 and September 2018.On the slope,the amplitude of diurnal baroclinic current ellipses are 5 times larger than that of barotropic currents.The baroclinic energy quickly dissipates during cross-shelf propagation,and barotropic currents become dominant on the shelf outside of the Zhujiang River Estuary,with the amplitude of semidiurnal barotropic current ellipses being 10 times larger than that of the baroclinic ones.Dynamic modal decomposition indicates the first baroclinic mode is dominant for both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs.The total horizontal kinetic energy(HKE)of the first three baroclinic modes shows spatiotemporal differences among the 4 moorings.On the slope,the HKE for diurnal ITs is stronger in summer and winter,but weaker in spring and autumn;for semidiurnal ITs there is a similar seasonal variation,but the HKE in winter is even stronger than that in summer.On the shallow shelf,both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs maintain a certain intensity in summer but almost disappear in winter.Further analysis shows that only the upper water column is affected by seasonal variation of stratification on the slope,variation of diurnal ITs is thus controlled by the semi-annual cycle of barotropic energy input from the Luzon Strait,while the incoherent baroclinic currents make a major contribution to the temporal variation of semidiurnal ITs.For the shelf region,the water column is well mixed in winter,and the baroclinic energy largely dissipates when ITs propagate to the shelf zone despite of a strong barotropic energy input from the Luzon Strait.

Eddy-induced cross-shelf phytoplankton transport along the downwelling coast off Western Australia

Along the downwelling coast off Western Australia, late-austral-autumn/early-austral-winter chlorophyll a blooms are observed on the continental shelf south of the Shark Bay (26° S). The late-austral-autumn/early-austral-winter blooms are in phase with seasonal strengthening of the Leeuwin Current and its eddy field. From satellite altimeter and ocean color data , anticyclonic eddies are found to entrain the high phytoplankton biomass waters from the shelf and transport them offshore into the oligotrophic, subtropical marine environment. The late-austral-autumn/early-austral-winter blooms are highly linked with enhanced horizontal mixing by mesoscale eddies in the region, as derived from the finite-size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) of the surface geostrophic flow field obtained from satellite altimeter data. The pathways of cross-shelf exchanges, which are mostly driven by the mesoscale eddies, are revealed with coalescing of the FSLE of the surface geostrophic flow field and the satellite chlorophyll a images.

Cross-shelf transport induced by coastal trapped waves along the coast of East China Sea

Cross-shelf transport is important due to its role in the transport of nutrients, larvae, sediments, and pollutants. The role of coastal trapped waves(CTWs) and their contribution to the cross-shelf transport is presently unknown. The impact of wind-driven CTWs on the structure of the cross-shelf currents and transport is investigated in the East China Sea(ECS) starting from theory. The cross-shelf currents are divided into four terms: the geostrophic balance(GB) term, the second-order wave(SOW) term, the bottom friction(BF) term and Ekman(EK) term, as well as three modes: the Kelvin wave(KW) mode, the first shelf wave(SW1) mode and the second shelf wave(SW2) mode. Comparison among these decompositions shows that(1) for the four terms, the effect of the GB and EK terms is continual, while that of the BF term is confi ned to 60–240 km of fshore, and the contribution of the SOW term can be ignored;(2) for the three modes, the KW and SW1 modes are dominant in cross-shelf transport. The results show that the total cross-shelf transport travels onshore under idealized wind stress on the order of 10^(-1), and it increases along the cross-shelf direction and peaks about-0.73 Sv at the continental shelf margin. With the increase of linear bottom friction coeffi cient, the cross-shelf transport declines with distance with the slope becoming more uniform.

Cross-shelf carbon transport under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the East China Sea during winter

Based on Marx-Planck coupled model simulations and in situ hydrography measurements, the volume transport of ocean currents and associated carbon fluxes across the continental margin from the continental shelf to the deep ocean in the East China Sea during winter are estimated. Because cross-shelf currents in the Yellow and East China seas are much stronger in winter than in other seasons and are subducted into the subsurface Kuroshio, the cross-shelf burial of carbon takes place mainly in winter. The analyses show prominent cross-shelf transports during winter in the Yellow and East China seas, with annual mean offshore transport across a section from Taiwan to Cheju at 3.92 Sv(1 Sv=10~6 m^3 s^(-1)). Net transport across the section was0.82 Sv off the shelf, determined by the difference between Taiwan and Cheju strait transports. Net cross-shelf transports of dissolving inorganic carbon(DIC), dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and particulate organic carbon(POC) in winter were 98, 12,and 0.1 million tons, respectively. Under global greenhouse gas emission reduction(RCP4.5) and continuous increase(RCP8.5)scenarios, this cross-shelf transport has an increasing trend. The transports across the Taiwan-Cheju section in winter are predicted to increase by 0.54 and 0.65 Sv from 2006 to 2099, with rates of increase 15.3% and 19.6%, respectively. Associated with the transport increase, the cross-shelf fluxes of DIC, DOC and POC increase by as much as 15.4–25.2%. Cross-shelf carbon fluxes in the East China Sea during winter are evaluated for the first time under the global warming scenarios, showing the importance of cross-shelf transport in the carbon cycle of the China marginal seas.

春季东海营养盐的空间分布格局和控制机制

基于2017年5月所获取的温度、盐度、营养盐和叶绿素a(Chl a)等调查资料,本文从多学科交叉的视角分析了春季东海营养盐的空间分布格局及其与水文动力状况的关系,探讨了黑潮次表层水涌升和跨陆架输运对营养盐与Chl a分布的影响。结果表明:浙江近海和调查海域东北部为2个营养盐高值区,且浙江近海的Chl a质量浓度较高;调查海域东南部上层总体具有低营养盐、低Chl a的特征,而该海域底层水体中的磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度较高。调查海域的水团格局对营养盐浓度和分布具有重要的调控作用,其中浙闽沿岸水和黄海沿岸流的南下输运对应形成了2个营养盐高值区;受黑潮次表层水入侵的影响,调查海域东南部底层呈现出高PO4-P的特征。春季黑潮次表层水由台湾东北部向东海陆架的入侵和涌升不仅显著影响了研究海域的温、盐度场和流场格局,同时也是实现营养盐跨陆架输运的重要通道和途径。受浙闽沿岸水和黑潮次表层水对营养盐输运的影响,在杭州湾东南—浙江近海对应形成了Chl a高值区;富PO4-P且具有适宜N/P值的黑潮次表层水向陆架入侵所形成的上升流对维持近海的初级生产具有潜在的重要作用。本研究揭示了春季东海营养盐的空间分布格局及其与相关水文、生态过程的关系,为阐释该海域营养盐的控制机制和生态影响等提供了科学依据。

从陆架海到西太平洋:黄、东海悬浮体跨陆架输运通道与机制

黄、东海是亚洲大陆与西太平洋物质和能量交换的重要海域之一,在复杂的环流动力背景下,悬浮体的跨陆架输运是海洋地质学的研究热点。目前的研究表明,黄、东海物质跨陆架输运主要通过三条路径,包括苏北沿岸流作用下向济州岛西南搬运、浙闽北部向东输运和台湾暖流向东分支作用下跨陆架输运。其控制机制有水深地形、陆架环流、冬季风、水体斜压结构等研究结论,但尚未取得共识。且研究结论多基于叶绿素、水温等表层遥感分析获得,悬浮泥沙尤其是中下层高浓度泥沙跨陆架向深海输运的机制有待深入研究,此外,其季节变化、时空演变、输运通量等有待研究,台风、冬季风暴等的作用有待甄别。

夏季南黄海跨锋断面的生态环境特征及锋区生态系的提出

基于2006年夏季综合调查资料,分析和研究了南黄海陆架锋的分布以及跨锋断面的生态环境特征,并结合锋区的生物学和生态学现象,提出了锋区生态系的观点。结果表明:在南黄海西部冷水团边界附近海域存在因潮混合而形成的浅水陆架锋(潮汐锋),其中以长江口东北部至江苏北部外海、山东石岛外海和海州湾外侧的陆架锋最明显,而且与表层冷水区相对应;在跨锋断面上的陆架锋区,温度、DO、pH和营养盐等值线的抬升是下、底层冷水的涌升所致,锋区附近海域营养盐的积聚行为以及高营养盐水体的涌升对陆架锋附近海域出现的Chl a浓度高值现象起着重要的作用;各要素断面分布特征较好地佐证了黄海陆架锋与冷水团边界区域(锋区)所存在的锋面上升流现象;陆架锋区作为海洋生态系中的一个特殊的环境场,对锋区的生态行为具有重要的影响,与生物的密集分布也存在密切的联系;南黄海陆架锋区水文、化学和生物参数所具有的独特分布反映了锋区海域独特的生境,据此,提出了锋区生态系的观点。

东海陆架盆地伸展率和压缩率及构造跃迁

东海陆架盆地位于欧亚板块的东南缘和西太平洋活动大陆边缘,本文选取了东海陆架盆地主要凹陷的17条地震剖面,采用平衡剖面技术,计算了主要凹陷新生代不同演化阶段的伸展率和压缩率。分析表明,东海陆架盆地构造演化总体由西向东跃迁。晚白垩世至晚古新世东海陆架盆地裂陷中心在西部坳陷带,始新世东迁至东部坳陷带,上新世东迁至东海陆架盆地东侧的冲绳海槽盆地。古新世中后期东海陆架盆地西部坳陷带北侧昆山凹陷反转;中新世东部坳陷带的西湖凹陷反转。东海陆架盆地西部坳陷带与东部坳陷带构造演化不同,证明了东海陆架盆地的东西分带。西部坳陷带北部的长江坳陷和南部的台北坳陷构造演化不同,东部坳陷带北部的西湖凹陷和南部的钓北凹陷构造演化不同,证明了东海陆架盆地的南北分块。

不规则工作面高产高效实践

皖北煤电集团任楼煤矿通过采取优化设计施工、整体转架、跨采底板巷道超前加固等技术措施,成功实现了不等长工作面连续回采,最大限度地回收了煤炭资源,取得了良好的经济效益,其经验值得借鉴。

东海内陆架有机碳的源—汇过程及其沉积记录

大陆边缘海是不同来源、不同性质有机碳沉积和埋藏的主要场所,在全球碳的生物地球化学循环过程中具有重要地位。东海内陆架接收大量陆源有机碳,并且具有较高的海洋生产力,是研究沉积有机碳来源、输运和埋藏的理想场所,已取得大量研究成果。在对相关文献进行系统整理的基础上,以沉积学的视角对前人研究成果进行了梳理,旨在为后续相关研究提供参考。全样分析(如TOC/TN、δ^(13)C等)和生物标志化合物(如正构烷烃、甾醇类、木质素等)方法揭示东海内陆架有机碳的来源受沉积环境影响,由海向陆方向陆源组分整体显著增加,并具有季节性特征。东海内陆架沉积物在沿岸方向具有“夏储冬输”的宏观输运格局,该动力过程影响着陆源有机碳沿岸的输运路径和最终归宿;在东海29°N附近存在一个“舌形”的跨陆架输运通道,可能会存在陆源有机碳的跨陆架输运,影响深海有机碳的源—汇过程;另外,人类活动和极端气候事件也显著影响东海内陆架沉积物和有机碳的沉积过程和沉积记录,需要进一步研究。东海内陆架泥质区是陆源有机碳的重要埋藏区域,其埋藏效率受区域沉积有机碳含量和沉积速率控制,并与早期成岩过程中有机质矿化路径有关。沉积物中埋藏有机碳的地球化学特征可以用来重建长时间尺度的海平面变化、初级生产力、古海洋和古气候演化等,相关研究为理清东海内陆架地质历史时期的环境演化提供了依据。

秋季东海内陆架悬浮体分布特征

秋季是处于夏、冬季之交的过渡季节,夏季风减弱、冬季风增强的背景下海洋水文泥沙环境有独特特征,关于该时期悬浮体分布特征的研究较少。本文基于东海内陆架2016、2017与2018年秋季悬浮体及温盐数据,分析该海域秋季悬浮体浓度的水平和垂向分布特征。结果表明:悬浮体浓度近岸高于远岸,浓度等值线大致平行于等深线,近底层悬浮体浓度较高,特别是舟山群岛及浙闽沿岸河流入海口附近海域,底层悬浮体质量浓度普遍超过20 mg/L。此外,受到地形和台湾暖流东分支控制,在浙江北部(29°N附近)和台湾岛北部(27°N附近)海域存在向外海凸起的高悬浮体浓度舌,部分悬浮体通过跨陆架输运通道运移到124°E以东的东海北部外陆架海域。总体来看,秋季东海内陆架悬浮体浓度主要受入海河流和海洋环流影响,并且在地形和海洋动力作用下存在两个跨陆架输运通道。

汕尾外侧冷水跨陆架输送的形成机制

采用三维斜压非线性海洋模型(regional ocean modeling system,ROMS),设计1个标准模式和2个理想实验,研究汕尾外侧冷水跨陆架输送的影响因子并估算其量值.标准模式中汕尾外侧存在高密冷水团在陆坡处涌升并向内部陆架输运,且在等深线向岸辐聚凸起(等深线曲率变化显著)区域跨等深线运动最强.理想实验说明影响汕尾外侧冷水跨陆架输送的影响因子主要是对流和底部Ekman作用.采用理论公式分别估算对流和底部Ekman作用产生的跨陆架流速,结果显示等深线辐聚凸起区域的跨陆架输送受对流和底部Ekman作用共同控制,且对流的作用更大;等深线变化平缓区域的跨陆架运动主要受底部Ekman作用的影响.

南海东沙海区冬季跨陆坡运动的动力诊断分析

基于普林斯顿海洋模式(POM),利用全球海洋温盐集(WOA13)气候态温盐数据对南海环流进行诊断计算,分析东沙海区冬季气候态跨陆坡运动特征。诊断结果表明:跨陆坡运动的水平和垂向断面分布,反映出该海区跨陆坡运动存在反对称结构,即东沙岛以东向陆架方向运动、以西向外洋方向运动。根据正压涡度平衡方程逐项分析,探讨了东沙海区跨陆坡运动的动力机制,研究表明:地形与斜压联合效应项(joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief,JEBAR)和地转位势涡度平流项(advection of the geostrophic potential vorticity,APV)主导了涡度平衡,平流项和扩散项作用次之,且JEBAR、APV及平流扩散各项在东沙岛东西两侧均表现为正负号相反分布;相比而言,海表风应力项和海底摩擦力项的影响为小量。东沙海区密度场相对于地形的不均匀分布,使得东沙以东JEBAR分布为正、以西JEBAR分布为负,这种分布是导致反对称的跨陆坡运动发生的主要内在机制,且东沙岛地形和不均匀密度场分布是这种动力机制得以维持的主要原因。

2012年南海西北陆架冬季水文特征的观测分析

本文基于2012年12月南海西北部陆架海区的温盐和流速实测资料,分析了粤西和琼东陆架海区冬季三维温、盐结构和流场特征,给出沿陆架和跨陆架方向的水体和热盐通量。结果表明:(1)在50m以浅,粤西和琼东海区温度均由近岸向外海递增,深层则相反;冬季近岸海区混合层较深,外海密度跃层位于60—120m深度且层结较强,浮力频率大于10^(–2)/s;(2)海流大致沿等深线向西南流动,30m以深流速大小在0.03—0.40m/s之间,且随着深度增加而略有减小;琼东海区100m等深线附近在60m以浅水层观测到水体辐聚并有明显温度锋面存在;(3)沿陆架方向的水体和热盐输送均大于跨陆架方向,其中粤西单位面积沿/跨陆架水体通量平均值为0.13×10^(–6)/0.03×10^(–6)Sv/m^2,低于琼东海区的0.91×10^(–6)/0.56×10^(–6)Sv/m^2。

Onshore warm tongue and offshore cold tongue in the western Yellow Sea in winter:the evidence

A winter onshore warm tongue extending from the Yellow Sea Warm Current to the southern Jiangsu coast, and an of fshore cold tongue extending from the southern Jiangsu coast to the southwest of Jeju Island(South Korea), are newly identified based on the sea-surface temperature from satellite remote sensing, and further confirmed by the distribution of suspended sediments. In addition, there are two obvious thermal fronts associated with the onshore warm tongue and off shore cold tongue. The narrow gap between the two thermal fronts is supposed to be the pathway for the off shore transport of cold coastal water and suspended sediments. The concurrence of onshore warm and of fshore cold tongues suggests the concurrence of onshore and off shore currents in the western Yellow Sea in winter, which seems to be inconsistent with the previously accepted view that, in winter, the Yellow Sea Coastal Current flows from the Old Huanghe Delta to the southwest of Jeju Island. This distinctive phenomenon helps establish an updated view of the circulation in the western Yellow Sea in winter.

黑海西北部涡旋与环流对跨陆架水交换的影响

涡旋对海洋中的能量传递和物质交换有重要作用。黑海西北部陆坡边缘是长生命周期涡旋经常发生的海域,但涡旋引起的陆架和海盆之间水交换通量的季节性特征,以及海盆边缘环流对跨陆架水交换的作用等方面的研究还不是很充分。本文对黑海西北部陆架区与深海盆区间的跨陆架水交换进行了研究,利用高分辨率三维原始方程模式模拟的温、盐、流等资料,结合涡旋自动探测方法,统计了黑海西北部海域的涡旋活动,研究了涡致跨陆架水交换的季节性特征,计算对比了2002年到2010年间海盆边缘环流与涡旋对跨陆架水交换通量的各自贡献。结果表明:黑海西北部地区海盆边缘环流强度与跨陆架进、出通量的相关系数分别为0.57和0.67,海盆边缘环流位置与跨陆架交换量的相关系数为0.52;海盆边缘环流强度与位置的季节性变化导致了黑海西北部跨陆架通量的季节性变化。黑海西北部地区表层3月到8月之间涡旋所引起跨陆架交换量约占了跨陆架交换总量的16%～31%;涡致跨陆架通量也具有季节性特征。文中对单个涡旋进行了详细研究:2005年5月5日到2005年7月20日之间在黑海西北部存在一个直径最大值时达到120km的反气旋式涡旋,涡旋存在期间完成了从陆架区向深海区的水体传输,相当于黑海西北陆架区水体积的30.9%。

500kV六分裂大档距无跨越架不停电跨越220kV线路的攻关

随着我国经济社会的发展,用电量的增大和输电线路电压等级的提高,新建工程跨越电力线路随之增多和跨越地形复杂度增加。而目前针对输电线施工中的大档距、大高差的跨越多采用停电、搭跨越塔等方式存在的问题,探索超高压输电线路施工过程,采用不停电,不架跨越塔的方式,解决大档距、大高差跨越问题,以提高施工效率,节约施工成本。

黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段滨岸相沉积特征及其地质意义

沉积环境分析是古地理重建的核心内容,黔北地区寒武系明心寺组沉积环境研究存在较大争议,以致对中上扬子地区明心寺组沉积期古地理格局的认识不能统一。选取寒武系明心寺组发育齐全、出露良好的黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面为研究对象,通过野外剖面观察、室内薄片鉴定及碎屑岩粒度分析等方法对三丘田剖面明心寺组岩石学特征、沉积构造、沉积演化序列、沉积相类型进行了详细分析。结果表明:黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段发育大套的石英粉-细砂岩,沉积构造以低角度冲洗交错层理为主,碎屑颗粒的成分和结构成熟度均较高;三丘田剖面明心寺组上段砂岩以双次跳跃组分为主,悬浮组分含量较少,纵向剖面自下而上显示为浅水陆棚→临滨→前滨→后滨演化序列,呈典型的陆棚相向滨岸相变化。综上所述,黔北镇远地区三丘田剖面寒武系明心寺组上段的沉积相为滨岸相。黔北镇远地区明心寺组滨岸相沉积的出现,指示了黔北地区区域上重新认识明心寺组沉积相的必要性,将直接影响对黔北地区乃至中上扬子地区寒武纪古地理格局及其大地构造背景的认识。

用贝雷架拼装可横移式架桥机的设计与应用

介绍采用贝雷架组拼可横移式架桥机架设预制梁的施工技术及架桥机的主要结构、性能。这种架桥机优点很多 ,利用贝雷架或军用梁组装 ,可以拼成多种跨度 ,能架设重量 10 0t以内的预制梁 ,可用于架设曲线桥、直线桥、斜交桥。其走行轮设计成万向轮 ,可在任意方向转动 ,实现架桥机的横向移动 ,这大大加快了架梁速度 ,提高了工效 ,降低了施工成本。

Intrusions of Kuroshio and Shelf Waters on Northern Slope of South China Sea in Summer 2015

The northern slope region of the South China Sea(SCS) is a biological hot spot characterized by high primary productivity and biomasses transported by cross-shelf currents, which support the spawning and growth of commercially and ecologically important fish species. To understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that promote the high primary production of this region, we conducted a cruise from June 10 and July 2, 2015. In this study, we used fuzzy cluster analysis and optimum multiparameter analysis methods to analyze the hydrographic data collected during the cruise to determine the compositions of the upper 55-m water masses on the SCS northern slope and thereby elucidate the cross-slope transport of shelf water(SHW) and the intrusions of Kuroshio water(KW). We also analyzed the geostrophic currents derived from acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and satellite data. The results reveal the surface waters on the northern slope of the SCS to be primarily composed of waters originating from South China Sea water(SCSW), KW, and SHW. The SCSW dominated a majority of the study region at percentages ranging between 60% and 100%. We found a strong cross-slope current with speeds greater than 50 cms^(-1) to have carried SHW into and through the surveyed slope area, and KW to have intruded onto the slope via mesoscale eddies, thereby dominating the southwestern section of the study area.