Detection of internal crack growth in polyethylene pipe using guided wave ultrasonic testing

Despite the success of guided wave ultrasonic inspection for internal defect detection in steel pipes,its application on polyethylene(PE)pipe remains relatively unexplored.The growth of internal cracks in PE pipe severely affects its pressure-holding capacity,hence the early detection of internal cracks is crucial for effective pipeline maintenance strategies.This study extends the scope of guided wave-based ultrasonic testing to detect the growth of internal cracks in a natural gas distribution PE pipe.Laboratory experiments and a finite element model were planned to study the wave-crack interaction at different stages of axially oriented internal crack growth with a piezoceramic transducer-based setup arranged in a pitch-catch configuration.Mode dispersion analysis supplemented with preliminary experiments was performed to isolate the optimal inspection frequency,leading to the selection of the T(0,1)mode at 50-kHz for the investigation.A transmission index based on the energy of the T(0,1)mode was developed to trace the extent of simulated crack growth.The findings revealed an inverse linear correlation between the transmission index and the crack depth for crack growth beyond 20%crack depth.

Lateral compression and energy absorption of foamed concrete-filled polyethylene circular pipe as yielding layer for high geo-stress soft rock tunnels

Foamed concrete as energy absorption material for high geo-stress soft rock tunnels has been proven to be feasible due to its high compressibility and lightweight.However,the lengthy curing and defoaming problems caused by the cast-in-place method of large-volume foamed concrete remain unsolved.In this study,we propose a novel energy absorber composed of foamed concrete-filled polyethylene(FC-PE)pipe and analyze its deformation and energy absorption capacity via quasi-static lateral compression experiments.Results show that FC-PE pipes exhibit typical three-stage deformation characteristics,comprising the elastic stage,the plastic plateau,and the densification stage.Furthermore,the plateau stress,energy absorption,and specific energy absorption of the specimens are 0.81–1.91 MPa,164–533 J,and 1.4–3.6 J/g,respectively.As the density of the foamed concrete increases,the plateau stress and energy absorption increase significantly.Conversely,the length of the plastic plateau and energy absorption efficiency decrease.Moreover,based on the vertical slice method,progressive compression of core material,and the 6 plastic hinges deformation mechanism of the pipe wall,a theoretical calculation method for effective energy absorption is established and achieves good agreement with experimental results,which is beneficial to the optimization of the composite structure.

Study on fracture characteristic of welded high-density polyethylene pipe

Crack opening displacement(COD) was applied to characterize the fracture initiation of the tough high density polyethylene. Normal single side notched three point bend specimens and silica rubber replica techniques were used to study the characteristic COD of high density polyethylene pipe and its butt fusion joints including the weld fusion zone and heat affected zone at different temperature from -78 ℃ to 20 ℃ . Testing results show that the characteristic COD appears to depend on the structural features that are determined by welding process and the testing temperature. As the temperature is lowered, the characteristic COD of all zones studied decreases. Because the welding process significantly changes some structural feature of the material, characteristic COD of the weld fusion zone is the smallest one among those of the three zones. The results can be used for the engineering design and failure analysis of HDPE pipe.

Study and Evaluation of Advanced TOFD Method for Inspection of Polyethylene Pipes but Welding

Polyethylene material has some specification that makes very difficult any kind of inspection based on ultrasonic. The acoustic impedance and sound velocity in this kind of material are near to the materials commonly used in ultrasonic wedges. Also this kind of materials are highly attenuative materials for ultrasound. To inspection of polyethylene circumferential but welds and overcome to all the problems mentioned, the especial technique of TOFD （Time of Flight Diffraction） method which employs low frequency probe and concentrate on the inspection area that longitudinal waves turn into transverse waves has been used. The purpose of inspection is determining the exact location of surface and internal welding defects. For this purpose, two separate polyethylene pipes with 10 inch in diameter, 15 mm thickness and also 25 inch diameter, 28 mm thickness, were selected. In total 40 artificial defects which involve 28 side drill holes in deferent depths and 12 surface and sub-surface notches were created. All artificially created defects were detected with very good accuracy. Unlike the conventional TOFD method which have 2 to 3 mm dead zone, by using the above method even surface notch with 0.5 mm has been detected.

The Interlayer Stress Analysis of Polyethylene-steel Composite Pipes

Polyethylene-steel Composite Pipes is widely used in conveying corrosive media occasions,but the pipe may lose effectiveness in the process of transporting hot and cold media,so the research of stress distribution and variation in polyethylene-steel composite pipes is very necessary.This article first assume that a thin adhesive layer is in between the polyethylene and steel,the adhesive layer along the axial shear stress is the major cause of the polyethylene layer and the steel pipe off sticky.Secondly,we use a method of finite element to computer simulation by ANSYS,and verify initial assumptions.Finally,based on simulation data,we analyse the adhesive layer stress distribution and the variation with different parameters to change.Through the above research,preliminarily summarize the variation and distribution of interlaminar stress,and provide technical support for future design and process improvement of polyethylenesteel pipe.

高强箍筋增强SRPE套管约束混凝土短柱轴压力学性能研究

针对东部沿海及西部盐渍土地区桥梁墩柱的钢筋混凝土腐蚀等问题,提出一种新型组合结构——高强箍筋增强钢骨架聚乙烯塑料复合管(SRPE)套管约束混凝土柱。设计制作了11根试件进行轴心受压试验,对其破坏形态、极限承载力和荷载-纵向变形曲线进行了研究,分析了箍筋屈服强度、SRPE套管压力等级和体积配箍率等对其轴压性能的影响规律,并给出轴心受压承载力计算方法。结果表明:在SRPE套管和高强箍筋的双重约束下,试件的承载力、延性和纵向变形得到显著提高;试件的极限承载力随SRPE套管压力等级、箍筋屈服强度和体积配箍率的提高而增大;箍筋屈服强度越高,极限承载力越大,但荷载-纵向变形曲线的下降段更陡峭。所建立的轴压承载力计算方法可为相关工程实践提供参考。

改进YOLOv5的高密度聚乙烯管热熔接头3D全聚焦成像缺陷识别分析

为保障聚乙烯管热熔接头缺陷识别效率和准确性,该文提出一种基于改进YOLOv5的高密度聚乙烯管热熔接头3D全聚焦成像缺陷识别方法。首先,在YOLOv5模型的特征提取网络中加入SE注意力机制模块,提高不明显缺陷的边缘特征提取,在预测网络中,将原始YOLOv5的损失函数改为SIoU损失函数,提高模型回归效率和收敛速度,更有利于模型的优化;其次,对高密度聚乙烯试块典型缺陷(ϕ1 mm、ϕ2 mm、ϕ3 mm)进行3D全聚焦成像检测实验,采集原始的3D全聚焦缺陷图谱,完成图像增广并建立数据集;最后,采用迁移学习策略对改进模型进行训练,获取最优模型并进行评价。结果表明:该方法与传统YOLOv5相比,其准确率提升了2.4%,召回率提升了3.1%,较好解决检测人员错检、漏检等情况,提高检测效率。

聚乙烯管道切口试验应力和变形分析

对聚乙烯管道在1~4 mm切口深度下水压试验中的应力和变形分布进行数值模拟和分析。研究得到,聚乙烯管道应力强度和变形量随着切口深度的增加而升高,聚乙烯管道变形量较大的区域对应的应力强度相对较低。切口深度为1 mm时,管道内表面应力和变形分布较为均匀,没有明显的变化梯度;而在切口深度为2~4 mm时,管道内表面应力和变形分布已经出现明显的变化梯度。

某采油厂柔性复合输送管泄漏失效原因分析

柔性复合输送管是由高分子复合材料制成的具有一定高强度、高压力、耐腐蚀、耐结垢、摩阻系数小、保温性好、柔性好、寿命长的一种石油天然气工业用管件。然而,其在使用过程中由于工况、环境及人为因素等原因会出现泄漏失效,这对输油系统的安全性和可靠性构成了威胁。以交联聚乙烯内衬层的复合管泄漏失效为研究对象,分析了管道破损部位的特征,并进行技术检测,探讨了泄漏失效原因,最后提出防范措施和生产管理建议,为进一步做好管线输油提供参考。

Mechanical Properties Study of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes Under A Tensile Load

This paper presents a study on the tensile properties of reinforced thermoplastic pipes(RTPs). A mechanical model of RTPs with an arbitrary number of reinforced layers under tensile action is constructed by combining the constitutive relationship of elastoplastic materials with the continuous displacement condition. On this basis, the effects of various parameters such as the winding angle, the number of structurally reinforced layers, and the inner polyethylene(PE) liner thickness on the tensile properties of the RTPs were analyzed, and a tensile test was carried out for validation. The results showed that the winding angle of the structurally reinforced layers was the main factor affecting an RTP's tensile performance— decreases in the winding angle significantly improved its tensile ability,especially the longitudinal strength. With ±45° as the demarcation point, the winding angle smaller than ±45° will result in higher strength in longitudinal direction, and the lifting effect on RTP's mechanical properties of the increasing number of reinforcement layers was better than that of the increasing thickness of the lining layer;when the winding angle was larger than ±45°, the opposite results were obtained. The fibre load was more sensitive to the winding angle than the PE load.

利用时域叠加的声学成像法定位埋地PE管道

针对现有埋地管道探测技术难以确定聚乙烯(PE)管道埋深且通常对管线走向的探测误差较大的问题,提出了优化的时域叠加声学成像法。利用该方法对仿真信号进行直达波与表面波消除、反射波提取和成像定位处理,验证了方法的可行性。最后,对埋深0.4 m和1.0 m的PE管进行定位测试实验,最大管线平面定位误差分别为0.179 m和0.240 m,说明该方法基本满足较好埋地条件PE管道探测的需求。

聚乙烯管焊接接头相控阵超声检测的优化设计

在管道工程应用中,由于良好的耐腐蚀性和韧性,聚乙烯(PE)管与其他材料相比具有显着优势,已广泛地应用在核电、油气输送领域;PE管焊接过程中,焊接参数、人员操作和环境等因素会影响聚乙烯管道的焊接情况,可能致使焊接接头内部形成缺陷,影响管道安全运行,而相控阵超声检测技术能够实现聚乙烯管道焊接接头内部结构的无损检测及评估;因此开展PE管焊接接头的相控阵超声实际检测工作,研究了聚乙烯材料的声衰减规律及声频散效应,优化了焊接接头的超声相控阵检测工艺,基于CIVA仿真软件实现了聚乙烯管道相控阵超声检测的声场模拟和缺陷仿真,通过研究检测参数及声学参量变化对检测结果的影响,获得了PE管焊接接头的最优检测工艺;通过加工带有典型缺陷的聚乙烯热熔对接接头试样,对前期基于仿真结果设计的检测工艺以及针对焊接接头相控阵检测研发的楔形耦合组件进行可靠性测试和工艺试验;研究结果为PE管接头缺陷的超声相控阵检测提供了工艺设计的理论支持和可靠的研究方法。

埋地燃气PE管道在地面沉降作用下的应力分析

为了研究在地面沉降作用下PE燃气管道的受力特性及失效原因,借助ANSYS软件,探究了在地面沉降作用下PE100、管径DN110、e=10的燃气PE管道的应力-应变响应情况,分析了管道失效影响因素以及失效原因,并得出管道的失效危险点、管道极限沉降位移及极限截面变化率。结果表明:在地面沉降作用下管道的失效危险点出现在沉降区与非沉降区交接处的管道内表面;且在地面沉降作用下,管道产生的压缩变形是导致管道失效的主要原因,管道弯曲变形的存在会使管道的压缩变形更加严重。这为防治埋地燃气聚乙烯管道在地面沉降作用下的管道安全评估提供理论参考。

点载荷作用下聚乙烯燃气管道的损伤分析

通过单轴拉伸试验获得了聚乙烯(PE)材料弹性及屈服参数。建立了点载荷下的管-土有限元模型,研究了埋地燃气PE在点载荷下的力学响应,分析了点载荷尺寸、管道内压及管道直径的影响。基于DFDI(ductile failure damage indicator)模型,结合有限元仿真结果,对点载荷下的PE管进行了定量损伤计算。结果表明,与无点载荷管道的损伤结果对比可知,点载荷的存在增大了管道损伤;管道内压变化时管道损伤变化较大;管道直径变化时对PE管损伤影响较小,各管径下的损伤值都比较接近。

聚乙烯管材中晶点的结构表征及分析

通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、分子量分布、差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等表征手段以及连续自成核退火热分级法对聚乙烯管材表面的晶点进行了详细的表征与分析,研究了管材表面晶点的组成和分子链结构,分析了晶点形成的原因。结果表明,聚乙烯管材表面的晶点呈现局域态的晶片堆积结构,同时有一些裂纹的产生,凸起的晶点区域由分子量较高的高分子链段构成,在加工过程中,高分子量链段部分移动较慢,容易缠结而形成晶点。相较于样品无晶点的区域,有晶点区域的结晶焓较低,结晶温度较低,熔融焓较低,结晶度也较低。热分级结果显示,样品有无晶点区域的差异主要体现在高温熔融区,样品有晶点区域的高温熔融峰位都较低,这表明晶点区域的分子链结构规整度低,所形成的片晶厚度较小。对比3种由不同管材专用料所制成管材样品表面晶点之间的区别,发现共聚单体链段结构越长,所形成的晶点较大,高分子量部分含量越高,所形成的片晶厚度也更大。

基于Struik模型的聚乙烯管道蠕变行为分析

结合聚乙烯管道长期负载的变形情况,对其蠕变行为进行研究。基于管道的Struik模型进行回归分析,求得时间硬化蠕变模型参数,建立了有限元模型。对管材在不同压力、不同壁厚下的蠕变情况进行了模拟,并在恒定压力下进行了试验,分析了管道的蠕变规律。结果表明,对于实验中研究的φ110×1.6 MPa型号的聚乙烯管道,蠕变随压力的增大而增大,压力每增大0.2P_(N),蠕变量增大约0.5%;增大聚乙烯管道的管壁厚度,环向蠕变逐渐减小,当管壁厚度由5 mm增大至10 mm时,100 h内的环向蠕变量减少了11%;有限元模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。采用时间硬化蠕变模型可以有效地进行聚乙烯管道蠕变有限元模拟,对聚乙烯管道设计与工程应用具有一定的指导作用。

PE管道外壁缺陷的微波可视化定量检测

服役中的聚乙烯(PE)管道外壁可能出现材料减薄、裂纹等缺陷,从而严重影响管道结构完整性及管路安全性,为此重点探究PE管道外壁缺陷的微波检测及可视化定量评估关键技术。通过数值仿真,研究Ka波段微波检测信号对不同尺寸外壁缺陷的响应特性。同时,搭建微波检测试验系统,并基于奇异值分解的杂波抑制方法和波谱重构算法实现缺陷高精度成像,对所获图像进行基于像素最大值的图像融合处理,最后基于图像阈值分割和Regionprops统计函数实现缺陷的定量评估。结果表明,所提检测处理方法可实现高精度的缺陷可视化定量评估,外壁缺陷的定位精度在1 mm内,平面尺寸评估精度达90%以上。

宽分布聚乙烯管材树脂结构与性能差异性

本文采用高温凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、万能拉伸试验机、冲击试验机和动态力学分析仪(DMA)等研究了Hostalen(两釜串联)和Hostalen ACP(三釜串联)淤浆聚合工艺制备的宽分布聚乙烯管材树脂GC1和GC2结构与性能的差异性。结果表明,三釜串联生产的GC2平均分子量更大,分子量分布更宽,高分子量级分(重均分子量M_(W)>10^(6))相对含量更高且共聚单体的含量更高。同时,GC2还具有更高的拉伸强度和冲击强度,耐蠕变性能更优异,高剪切速率下具有更好的加工流动性。

SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱轴压性能试验研究

针对西部盐渍土地区钢筋混凝土桥柱的腐蚀问题,提出“SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心柱”。为研究其轴心受压力学性能,设计制作了6根SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱并进行轴压试验,获得了试件的破坏形态和荷载-位移曲线,进而分析了SRPE管压力等级、空心率和钢管径厚比对试件轴心受压力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:试件的破坏形态为中下部剪切破坏;试件极限承载力随SRPE管压力等级提高而增大,随空心率和钢管径厚比增大而减小,且空心率影响大于钢管径厚比。最后给出了SRPE管-混凝土-钢双壁空心短柱的轴心受压承载力计算式,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。

深水夹层管准静态屈曲传播实验设计

针对海底管道发生整体失效破坏的主要模式之一屈曲传播,提出了以SS304不锈钢为内外管、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为夹层的夹层管准静态屈曲传播实验设计方案。设计并制作了夹层管缩尺模型,利用深水高压舱开展了准静态屈曲传播实验。结果表明,所设计的屈曲传播实验能够达到夹层管准静态屈曲传播压力测试要求。实验获得的屈曲传播压力数据可为夹层管基本结构设计和现场工程应用提供参考。