Insecticidal Activity of Crude Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens(Bush Mint)on Anopheles Mosquitoes Collected from Lafia,Nasarawa State,Nigeria

Anopheles gambiae is a vector that is responsible for the transmission of malaria parasites which causes high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and the world at large.Human-vector contact can be reduced by the use of conventional repellents being sold in the market,though some of these repellent are not environmentally friendly and An.gambiae have developed resistance to some of these repellents.To this end,the phytochemical constituents and insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens(bush mint)was determined on adult An.gambiae mosquitoes collected from Lafia,Nasarawa State,Nigeria to evaluate its effect in controlling them.Here,70%ethanolic and diethyl ether fat crude extracts were made from H.suaveolens dried leaves and used to carry out the experiment.The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoid,saponins,tannins,steroids and reducing sugar.Glycoside was not detected in the ethanol extract.Only steroids was detected in diethyl ether extract the rest of the phytochemical tested were absent.An.gambiae larvae were collected from the field and were raised to F1 progeny adults that were used for the study.WHO protocol for carrying out human bait repellency cage test was used.Human hand treated with the extracts was exposed to a cage containing 30 female mosquitoes for each of the extracts respectively.The ethanolic crude extract treatment proved to be more effective in repelling mosquitoes with 0%(0/30)mosquito landing than diethyl ether extract which had 40%(12/30)mosquitoes landing and the control hand(untreated left hand)had the highest landing rate 63.3%(19/30)which showed very high significant difference(χ^(2)=27.2619,df=2,P<0.00001)in relation to the treatments.After 24 hours holding period,the mortality rate of exposed mosquitoes was observed to be highest in the ethanolic treatment 73.3%(22/30).In conclusion,H.suaveolens extracts have repellency potential in controlling adult An.gambiae.

Effect of Soy Isoflavone Crude Extract Supplementation on High Fat Diet-induced Insulin Resistance in Ovariectomized Rats

Female Wister rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into sham operation group, ovariectomized （OVX） control group, and 20VX groups fed with soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation. The rats had free access to high fat diet and water for 9 weeks. No significant difference was found in body weight （BW）, total abdominal fat, food intake and food utilization rate between OVX control group and 20VX groups. However, the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels were significantly higher in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test （IGTI＂） showed that the area under AUC was smaller in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. These findings showed that soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation can improve glucose tolerance and prevent high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats.

Larvicidal activity of endocarp and seed crude extracts of Dracaena loureiri Gagnep against Aedes aegypti(L.) mosquito

Objective: To evaluate the larvicidal activity of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the endocarp and seeds of Dracaena loureiri(D. loureiri) against the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti.Methods: Bioassays were performed by exposing late third-stage to early fourth-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti to various concentrations of the extracts from D. loureiri. The larval mortality was observed after 24-and 48-h exposure.Results: The larvicidal bioassay in this study demonstrated that the ethanolic endocarp extract was the most effective with the LC50 value of 84.00 mg/L after 24 h exposure and< 50 mg/L after 48 h exposure. Extracts from the other parts of the plant were significantly less effective as a larvicide.Conclusions: The ethanolic endocarp extract of D. loureiri demonstrated effective larvicidal activity. It is an alternative source for developing a novel larvicide for controlling this mosquito species.

Chemo-type of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.from DR Congo and relative in vitro antioxidant potential to the polarity of crude extracts

Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.Methods:The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.Results:A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O.basilicum produced 0.65%of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44%out of 99.98%as major compounds(> 1.5%).The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol.Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons(46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes(26.75%).With respect to the amount of components,methyl chavicol also known as estragole(35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool(21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol(8.02%),α-bergamotene(6.56%),eugenol(4.60%),1,8-cineole(4.04%),germacrene D(2.06%),thymol(1.64%),and(E)-citral(1.55%),respectively.Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC_(50) =(1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL.Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts.Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC_(50) values equal to(0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and(0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL,respectively.As concerns to IC50 values,essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity.Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values.These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.Conclusions:Essential oil and crude extracts of O.basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries.The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified,respectively in the methanol crude extract.

Crude Extract of Detergent⁃Like Gleditsia sinensis lam Exhibiting Self⁃Organization for Protection of Mild Steel in Harsh Hydrochloric Acid Solution:How to Seek Crude Natural Plant Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors

This study proposes a thought to employ detergent⁃like renewable low⁃cost crude extract of Gleditsia sinensis lam(GSL)as green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution.Crude Gleditsia sinensis lam extract(GSLE)was gained at mild conditions by simply refluxing in ethanol with a Soxhlet extractor.The target GSLE extract exhibited regular self⁃organization in mixed solvents of organic solvents/H2O such as ethanol/H2 O(v/v,50/50)at room temperature,which was evidenced by different means including scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and dynamic light scattering.The study demonstrates that the yielded assemblies of the crude extract of GSLE displayed chemical adsorption on the studied mild steel sample surfaces.Furthermore,the formed stable crude extract assemblies of GSL presented outstanding anti⁃corrosion capability in 1.0 mol/L HCl aqueous solution based on electrochemical measurements including polarization curves and impedance spectroscopy.It is discovered that the maximal corrosion inhibition efficiency could reach approximate 95%.The molecular modeling was performed to acquire the nature of frontier orbitals of the main representative chemical components of crude GSLE for deep understanding of chemical interactions with iron.The results presented herein would guide us to seek sustainable environmentally friendly low⁃cost detergent⁃like plant crude extracts for corrosion inhibition of various metals in aggressive acid environments.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa and Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Crude Extracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction method for R.to­mentosa and C.zeylanicum leaves and the evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude extracts.The results of the study showed that the active ingredients of crude extracts were clearly separated by Thin-layer chromatography and the presence of rhodomyrtone in R.tomentosa crude extract and cinnamaldehyde in C.zeylanicum crude ex­tract.R.tomentosa crude extract was antibacterial activity against Staph­ylococcus aureus with 13.1 mm of inhibition zone,but is not effective against Salmonella Typhimurium.C.zeylanicum leaf extract did not show antibacterial activity on both S.aureus and S.Typhimurium.At a dilution of 1/2 of the R.tomentosa crude extract can completely inhibit S.aureus growth.This study also indicated the presence of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids,tannins,phenols and terpenoids in C.zeylanicum and R.tomentosa crude extracts.The results showed that R.tomentosa and C.zeylanicum crude extracts should be used as a biotherapy alternative to antibiotic therapy.However,further study would be needed to investigate the antibacterial activity of crude extracts in vivo.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L

Objective:To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L(T.vulgaris)by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.Methanol crude extracts of T.vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.Results:Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds.Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important.Further,the T.vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T.vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.Conclusions:All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris are biologically active molecules.Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T.vulgaris might have some ecological role.

Chemical composition of essential oils and in vitro antioxidant activity of fresh and dry leaves crude extracts of medicinal plant of Lactuca Sativa L.native to sultanate of Oman

Objective:To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L.(L.sativa).Methods:The essential oils and volatile chemical constituents were isolated from the fresh and dry leaves of L.sativa(lettuce)grown in Sultanate of Oman by hydro distillation method.The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was carried out by well established free radical scavenging activity(DPPH)method.Results:About 20 chemical compounds of different concentration representing 83.07%and 79.88%respectively were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the essential oils isolated from the fresh and dry leaves asα-pinene(5.11%and 4.05%).γ-cymene(2.07%and 1.92%),thymol(11.55%and 10.73%),durenol(52.00%and 49.79%),α-terpinene(1.66%and 1.34%),thymol acetate(0.99%and 0.67%),caryophyllene(2.11%and 1.98%),spathulenol(3.09%and 2.98%).camphene(4.11%and3.65%),limonene(1.28%and 1.11%)representing these major chemical compounds.However,some other minor chemical constituents were also isolated and identified from the essential oil of lettuce including p-pinene,α-terpinolene,linalool,4-terpineol,α-terpineol,o-methylthymol,L-alloaromadendrene and viridiflorene.Conclusions:The chemical consliluents in the essential oils from the locally grown lettuce were identified in the following classes or groups of chemical compounds such as monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes volatile organic compounds and their oxygenated hydrocarbons.Therefore,the essential oils and the crude extracts from Omani vegetable species of lettuce are active candidates which would be used as antioxidant,antifungal or antimicrobial agents in new drugs preparation for therapy of infectious diseases.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Anti-schistosomal activities of Echinops kebericho Mesfin root and Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F Gmel flower part crude extracts in Swiss albino mice

Objective: To evaluate the in vivo antischistosomal activities of the crude extracts of Echinops kebericho Mesfin(E. kebericho) root and Hagenia abyssinica(Bruce) J.F. Gmel(H. abyssinica) flower. Methods: Mice were infected with(150 ± 10) Schistosoma mansoni cercariae by paddling technique. Crude extracts were administered orally for five consecutive days at doses of 300, 600 and 1 200 mg/kg/day along with 200 mg/kg/day praziquantel and 3% tween 80 given as a control. Results: E. kebericho root extract showed a statistically significant(P < 0.05) reduction in fecal egg count of 64.44%, 42.96% & 26.82% and worm burden of 65.71%, 47.86% & 31.43% at treatment doses of 1 200 mg/kg/day, 600 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day, respectively. Similarly, H. abyssinica flower extracts showed a significant(P < 0.05) reduction in fecal egg count up to 84.57%, 77.06% & 63.89% and worm burden of 91.43%, 81.43% & 70.71% at a respective dose levels. In addition, a significant(P < 0.05) reduction in liver granuloma score was observed in all H. abyssinica administered dose groups and E. kebericho at 1 200 mg/kg/day dose group as compared to infected untreated control group. Conclusions: H. abyssinica and E. kebericho crude extracts show a promising antischistosomal activity.

Anticancer Effects of Crude Extract from Melia toosendan Sieb.et Zucc on Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo

Objective： To investigate the anti-cancer effects of crude extract from Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc and its possible molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Methods： Transonic alcohol-chloroform extraction method was used to extract toosendanin from the bark of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc, and the content of toosendanin in the crude extract was measured by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Anti-cancer effects of crude extract from Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc were investigated in in vivo and in vitro studies. In the in vitro experiment, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines SMMC-7721 and Hep3B were co-incubated with toosendanin crude extract of different concentrations, respectively. In the in vivo experiment, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with mouse hepatocellular carcinoma H22 cells and treated with crude extract. Results： HPLC revealed the content of toosendanin was about 15%. Crude extract from Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc inhibited cancer cells growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration （IC50, 72 h） was 0.6 mg/L for SMMC-7721 cells and 0.8 mg/L for Hep3B cells. Both high-dose [0.69 mg/（kg·d）] and low-dose [0.138 mg/（kg·d）] crude extract could markedly suppress cancer growth, and the inhibition rate was greater than 50%. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed necrotic area in cancers and transmission electron microscopy displayed necrotic and apoptotic cancer cells with apoptotic bodies. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Bax and Fas increased and the expression of Bcl-2 reduced. Conclusions： Toosendanin extract has potent anti-cancer effects via suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of apoptosis involves in mitochondrial pathway and death receptor pathway.

Larvicidal efficacy of crude and fractionated extracts of Dracaena loureiri Gagnep against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles minimus mosquito vectors

Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of crude and fractionated extracts of Dracaena loureiri endocarp against Aedes aegypti,Aedes albopictus,Culex quinquefasciatus,and Anopheles minimus mosquitos.Methods:Larvicidal activity was tested according to World Health Organization standard protocol.The third-stage larvae of each mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations of Dracaena loureiri crude extract and six groups of Dracaena loureiri fractionated extracts(RC-DT 009-014).Larval mortality rates were observed after 24 h and48 h of exposure.Then,a computerized probit analysis of the mortality data was performed to determine lethal concentration 50(LC_(50))and lethal concentration 90 values.Results:Anopheles minimus larvae(24-h LC_(50)77.88 mg/L)had the highest susceptibility to crude extract,whereas others(Aedes aegypti,24-h LC_(50)224.73 mg/L;Aedes albopictus,24-h LC_(50)261.75 mg/L;and Culex quinquefasciatus,24-h LC_(50)282.86 mg/L)were significantly less susceptible.The most effective groups of fractionated extracts were RC-DT 012 and RC-DT 013.The mosquito species most susceptible to fractionated extracts was Culex quinquefasciatus,with 24-h LC_(50)values of 0.66 and 0.94 mg/L for RC-DT 012 and RC-DT 013,respectively.Conclusions:The larvicidal activity of fractionated extracts is more effective than that of crude extract against all tested mosquito species.For the most effective alternative larvicide,purification and a phytochemical constituent analysis must be performed.

Studies on free-radical scavenging activity and identification of active ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita collected from Sur,Sultanate of Oman

Objective:To determine free radical scavenging activity and active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita(M.piperita).Methods:The dried powder leaves of M.piperita were extracted with polar organic solvent by Soxhlet extractor.The crude extract and its fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts were prepared.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from M.piperita was carried out by DPPH method with minor modification,and the active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of M.piperita were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Results:Qualitative analysis of different polarities crude extracts by GC-MS found different types of active organic compounds.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts were found to be in the order of chloroform extract>butanol extract>ethyl acetate extract>hexane extract>methanol extract.Majority identified compounds in the plant crude extracts by GC-MS were biologically active.Conclusions:Therefore,the isolation,purification,identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from various crude extracts of M.piperita might have ecological significance.

Phytochemical studies of various polarities leave crude extracts of Omani Datura metel L.and evaluation of their antimicrobial potential

Objective:To identify the chemical constituents and evaluate antimicrobial potential of various crude extracts from leaves of Datura metel grown in Oman.Methods:The leaf samples were collected from the University of Nizwa and extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.The isolated crude extract was defatted with distilled water and extracted with solvents of different polarities including hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol.Chemical compositions of the crude extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and their antimicrobial potential was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method against one Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonus aeruginosa.Results:The crude extracts were composed of different organic compounds such as alkaloids,hydrocarbons,aromatic hydrocarbons,organic acids,terpenoids,vitamin etc.The methanol and its fractionated crude extracts showed antimicrobial potential with inhibition zone in the range of 0-13 mm.Conclusions:The selective crude extract from the leaves of Datura metel could be used as natural antibiotics.

Effects of the crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd on human sperm in vitro

The aim of the present study is to analyze sperm membrane changes and the spermicidal effect in treatment with the crude extract from Polygala tenuifolia Willd (PTW) in vitro.The root of PTW was extracted in distilled water.Normal human spermatozoa were used to assess the spermicidal activity (Sander-Cramer assay) of the extract from the PTW root.The hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test and the eosin Y (EY) staining were used to detect the integrity of sperm membrane and vitality.The sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was performed to determine sperm DNA integrity.N-9 was used as a reference standard and semen added to physiological saline was used as the control.Semen samples were donated by 42 healthy fertile men.The crude extract from the root of PTW could immobilize and kill 100% spermatozoa within 20 s in vitro at the concentrations of 20.0 and 10.0 mg/ml;at the concentration of 5.0 mg/ml,spermatozoa were immobilized in (39.5±3.2) s.In the groups of the crude extract from the root of PTW and N-9 solution,the rate of the normal HOS (tails swollen) and the white head (unstained) was 0%,and the rate of the abnormal HOS (tails unswollen) and red head (stained) was 100%.Sperm DNA fragmentation showed no change in exposure to the crude extract from the root of PTW and N-9 solution.The sperm revival test did not show any spermatozoa that recovered their motilities.The rapid spermicidal activity of the crude extract from the root of PTW in vitro may occur by the disruption of the sperm membrane integrity.

Extraction and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Crude Polysaccharides from Wild Lactarius volemus Fr. in Yunnan Province

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the optimal extraction process of crude polysaccharides from wild Lactarius volemus Fr. in Yunnan Province and preliminarily analyzed its antioxidant activity in vitro. [ Method ] With water extraction and alcohol precipitation method, the optimal conditions for extracting crude polysaccharides from wild L. volemus Ft. were screened by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The antioxidant activity of the extracted crude polysac- charides was determined with DPPH assay. [ Result ] The optimal conditions for pigment removal with activated carbon were： activated carbon amount of 20 g/L, water bath time of 40 min, water bath temperature of40 ℃ ; the optimal conditions for extracting crude polysaccharides from wild L. vo/emus Fr. with hot water ex- traction method were： hot water extraction time of 3 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1： 45, extraction frequency of twice. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the yield of crude polysaccharides was 21.33 mg/g. In addition, the antioxidant activity of 0. 665 mg/ml crude polysaccharides was 52.46% ; the amount of crude polysac- eharides was proportional to the antioxidant activity. [ Conclusion] Hot water extraction method can be used as a high-efficiency extraction technology of crude pol- ysaecharides from wild L. volemus Fr. with simple operation and low costs. Crude polysaccharides extracted from L. volemus Ft. exhibited certain antioxidant activi- ty in vitro.

A Study on the Pyrolytic Characteristics of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Husk and Its Crude Cellulose Extract

Huge amounts of Xanthoceras sorbifolia husks(XSH)are typically discarded after oil extraction.Since pyrolysis represents a promising solution to harness the bio-energy of XSH,in the present work the pyrolytic and kinetic characteristics of XSH and related crude cellulose extract(CCE)were studied considering different rates of heating(10,30 and 50℃ min^(-1)).The pyrolysis activation energy,pre-exponential factors and mechanism function were computed using different models namely Popescu,FWO(Flynn-Wall-Ozawa)and KAS(Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose).The pyrolysis process was articulated into three stages:dehydration(Stage I),primary devolatilization(Stage II),residual decomposition(Stage III).Marked variations in the average activation energy,thermal stability,final residuals and rate of reaction were noted.Stage II of XSH and CCE could be described by the Avramic-Erofeev equations.The average activation energies of XSH and CCE were found to be 269 and 296 kJ mol^(-1),respectively.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Total Crude Leaf Extract of <i>Phytolacca dodecandra</i>in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Pain is a common problem encountered in daily life among humans and animal and it is commonly managed conventionally using modern medicines and traditionally by use of medicinal plants. Phytolacca dodecandra is a common herb in Uganda, used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammatory conditions. However, its activity in alleviating pain and inflammatory diseases has not been fully scientifically evaluated. Aim of Study: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: It was a laboratory-based experimental study. Acetic acid-induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity and the histamine-induced paw edema formation for anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. Twenty eight animals were divided into 7 groups each with 4 rats and two (2) sets of data were obtained from each animal per group as per guidance of the refinement rule of 3Rs. For analgesic activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 150.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac sodium (Na) drug (positive control). For anti-inflammatory activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), Group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 300.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na. The percentage mean paw volume inhibition and percentage writhing protection were determined. Results: The mean percentage paw volume inhibitions were 29.1%, 74.2% and 32.3% at doses of 5.0, 40.0 mg/kg bwt and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. The mean percentage writhing protection was 8.9%, 10.4%, 78.5% and 98.7% at doses of 150.0, 600.0, 1000.0 mg/kg of extract and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. Conclusions: Total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity that may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic, saponins and many others phytochemicals that are present in the plant.

纳豆激酶粗提物泡腾片的制备及其质量评价

为开发功能性纳豆激酶粗提物泡腾片,本研究以感官评价为考察指标,采用单因素和Box-Behnken响应面试验对纳豆激酶粗提物泡腾片制备工艺进行了优化。结果表明:纳豆激酶粗提物泡腾片的最佳制备工艺为崩解剂比例(酸源碱源)1.2∶1、崩解剂添加量70%、纳豆激酶粗提物添加量15%、麦芽糊精添加量10%、甜菊糖苷添加量0.9%、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮添加量2.5%,聚乙二醇8000添加量2.5%。在此条件下,所制泡腾片片剂表面光滑、口感良好、具有纳豆激酶粗提物独特气味,感官评价分为92.5±0.012,纳豆激酶活力为(298.20±1.15)U/g,所有质量指标均符合中国药典规定。

4种植物叶提取液对青枯雷尔氏菌抑菌活性研究

青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum是一种毁灭性土传病害病原菌,防治困难,通过抑菌圈、抑菌率、最小抑菌浓度测定,探讨羊蹄甲、三裂蟛蜞菊、马缨丹、芒果叶提取液对青枯菌的抑制效果。结果表明:三裂蟛蜞菊叶提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈范围为15.00~18.13 mm,为高度敏感,在0.40 g·mL-1浓度处理下,其抑菌率达到79.63%,显著高于其他处理组;羊蹄甲和马缨丹叶提取液的抑菌圈范围为10.67~15.57 mm,为中度敏感,抑菌率分别为58.33%和60.37%;芒果叶提取液的抑菌效果最差。