Cement-lime stabilization of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay

The present study examines the effect of stabilization on the geo-environmental properties of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.Lime and cement were mixed in a ratio of 1:2 and added to the simulated crude oil contaminated kaolin clay at different percentages(5%,10%,15%,and 20%)as a stabilizing binder.Parameters investigated include consistency limits,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and direct shear,and compressibility and leaching characteristics of the untreated and stabilized soils.The experimental testing reveals a decrease in the consistency limits with addition of the stabilizing binder.Maximum UCS values occurred for 15%cement-lime stabilized kaolin clay at different curing periods(i.e.0 d,7 d,14 d,and 28 d).By increasing the cement-lime content from 5%to 15%,the UCS values of the stabilized clay increase from 185 kPa to 350 kPa and from 785 kPa to 1160 kPa for uncured and 28 dcured samples,respectively.Both the compression and recompression indices of the contaminated kaolin clay from the consolidation test decrease by 40%and 50%,respectively,with 20%stabilizing binder addition.The leachability of the contaminated clay also reduces with incorporation of cement and lime.According to the scanning electron microscope(SEM)test,addition of stabilizing binder transforms the dispersed structure of contaminated kaolin clay into a knitted flocculated structure.The study shows the effectiveness of cement-lime mix in stabilizing the contaminated kaolin clay and the possible use of stabilized contaminated kaolin clay as an alternative construction material.

基于二次回归正交旋转组合的原油稳定流程能耗优化研究

为降低联合站内原油稳定流程的能耗水平,基于工艺模拟软件建立了汽提负压闪蒸原油稳定流程,以工艺能耗为指标,以稳定塔压力、稳定塔温度和汽提气流量为变量,通过二次回归正交旋转组合实验建立了回归方程。结果表明,稳定塔压力与工艺能耗呈负相关,稳定塔温度、汽提气流量与工艺能耗呈正相关;回归方程的拟合效果较好,当稳定塔压力为70 kPa,稳定塔温度为55℃,日汽提气流量为350 m^(3)时,工艺能耗最低;优化前后的工艺能耗从2266 kW降低为1538 kW,降幅32.1%。

俄乌冲突背景下“一带一路”沿线原油海运网络结构特征及变化分析

国际地缘政治对运输网络格局的影响是经济地理和交通地理的重要议题之一,探究俄乌冲突背景下“一带一路”沿线原油海运网络结构特征变化,可为该领域研究提供新的论据。文章采用AIS船舶轨迹大数据和复杂网络分析法,分析了2019—2022年“一带一路”沿线原油海运网络整体特征、节点重要性与核心边缘和组团耦合结构的变化特征,并探究了海运网络结构变化对中国原油进口稳定性的影响。结果表明:1)海运格局发生了结构性演变。港口间的联系密度、强度和网络通达性均呈现先增后减趋势;网络无标度特性不断增强,原油海运向部分主要联系集聚,出口端更加明显;俄乌冲突后中国与中东原油海运联系取代了部分中俄原油海运联系。2)海运港口重要性格局与核心边缘结构处于动态变化中。出口港综合重要性先略有降低,俄乌冲突后大幅增加;网络结构经历了单核―多核―单核的转变,俄乌冲突后国际原油市场供需格局改变,较大规模的出口港对原油海运网络中广大进口港和其他中小规模出口港的控制力明显加强。3)海运网络核心边缘与组团耦合结构前期变化稳定,后期变化突出。俄乌冲突后核心边缘与组团耦合结构在核心港、地理分布和组团规模方面发生明显变革。4)海运网络变化对中国原油进口稳定性的影响显著且具有异质性。中国原油进口网络的稳定性先增后减,俄乌冲突后的降幅远大于冲突发生前的增幅;相比环渤海湾和长三角港口,东南沿海、珠三角和西南沿海港口的原油进口稳定性受俄乌冲突影响更大。

基于PID自控系统的原油稳定工艺关键设备参数动态模拟

针对原油稳定工艺在运行工况发生改变时,工艺参数波动大的问题,利用HYSYS软件,建立了负压闪蒸原油稳定动态模型,通过工程经验法,分析了比例系数、积分系数和微分系数对未稳定原油流量、原油稳定塔压力和缓冲分离器液位的影响规律,初步确定了参数整定范围和数值,并基于遗传算法对整定参数进行细化,解决了工艺系统的不稳定性和波动性。结果表明,在流量控制中,添加比例系数可明显缩短恢复时间,比例系数从0.5到2,恢复时间节省了53%,添加积分系数可减少系统静差,积分系数从3到0.1,恢复时间先减小后缓慢增大;在压力控制中,比例系数对于压力变化的敏感性较强,积分系数为5时的恢复时间较纯比例系数控制相比,节省了31.3%,且超调范围和最大超调量较小;在液位控制中,比例系数越大,对液位的影响越不明显,积分系数为1时,系统超调量最小;遗传算法优化后,各变量的恢复时间、超调量和稳态误差等均有不同程度下降。该研究结果可为原油稳定工艺中PID(比例-积分-微分)自控系统的参数设置提供参考。

浅谈渤海油田钻完井数据系统化智能化应用

渤海油田是中国海上最大油田,2021年起成功迈上全国第一大原油生产基地,目前已成为我国国内油气增产的主力军,是践行中海油能源报国的重要组成部分,渤海油田正在锚定世界一流目标全力推进渤海油田高质量发展之路上,数字化、智能化发展也是渤海油田高质量发展的必由之路,必须下大力气打通现有多系统数据孤岛达到一体化智能化应用要求,在数字化转型的浪潮下,钻完井也必须解决日益突出的系统性问题,在现有基础上搭建更为完善的数据应用平台,不断有效盘活数据资产,筑牢渤海油田长期健康高质量发展根基,助力渤海油田真正成为国民经济持续健康发展的“稳定器”、“压舱石”。

Influence of surfactants used in surfactant-polymer flooding on the stability of Gudong crude oil emulsion

The influences of an anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, used in surfactant-polymer flooding in Shengli Gudong oilfield, East China, on the interfacial properties of Gudong crude model oil and synthetic formation water was studied by measuring interfacial tension, interfacial viscoelasticity and Zeta potential. The in？ uence of the surfactants on the stability of Gudong water-in-oil （W/O） and oil-in-water （O/W） emulsions was evaluated by separating water from the W/O emulsion and residual oil in the aqueous phase of the O/W emulsion respectively. The results showed that the two kinds of surfactants, namely anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, are both able to decrease the interfacial tension between the oil phase and the aqueous phase and increase the surface potential of the oil droplets dispersed in the O/W emulsion, which can enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W crude oil emulsions. Compared with petroleum sulfonate, the anionic-nonionic composite surfactant is more interfacially active and able to enhance the strength of the interfacial film between oil and water, hence enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W emulsions more effectively.

Influence of polymers on the stability of Gudao crude oil emulsions

The influence of different types and concentrations of polymers on the stability of Gudao crude oil emulsion was investigated by measuring the volume of water separated from the emulsions and the interfacial shear viscosity of the oil/water interfacial film. Experimental results indicate that the simulated water-in-oil emulsion with 40 mg/L of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide （HPAM） 3530S could be easily broken by adding demulsifier C and was readily separated into two layers. However, HPAM AX-74H and hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer （HAP） could stabilize the crude oil emulsion. With increasing concentration of AX-74H and HAP, crude oil emulsions became more stable. Water droplets were loosely packed in the water-in model oil emulsion containing HPAM 3530S, but water droplets were smaller and more closely packed in the emulsion containing AX-74H or HAP. The polymers could be adsorbed on the oil/water interface, thereby increasing the strength of the interracial film and enhancing the emulsion stability.

Emulsification of Indian heavy crude oil using a novel surfactant for pipeline transportation

The most economical way to overcome flow assurance problems associated with transportation of heavy crude oil through offshore pipelines is by emulsifying it with water in the presence of a suitable surfactant.In this research,a novel surfactant,tri-triethanolamine monosunflower ester,was synthesized in the laboratory by extracting fatty acids present in sunflower（Helianthus annuus）oil.Synthesized surfactant was used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions of a heavy crude oil from the western oil field of India.After emulsification,a dramatic decrease in pour point as well as viscosity was observed.All the prepared emulsions were found to be flowing even at 1°C.The emulsion developed with 60%oil content and 2wt%surfactant showed a decrease in viscosity of 96%.The stability of the emulsion was investigated at different temperatures,and it was found to be highly stable.The effectiveness of surfactant in emulsifying the heavy oil in water was investigated by measuring the equilibrium interfacial tension（IFT）between the crude oil（diluted）and the aqueous phase along with zeta potential of emulsions.2wt%surfactant decreased IFT by almost nine times that of no surfactant.These results suggested that the synthesized surfactant may be used to prepare a stable oil-in-water emulsion for its transportation through offshore pipelines efficiently.

Production of Ca₂AlNbO₆Ceramics and Study of Their Stability in Crude Petroleum for the Conservation of Metallic Sensing Elements used in Petroleum Extraction

In the present work a niobium based complex cubic perovskite oxide Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic was produced, characterized and studied its stability in crude petroleum environment for inert ceramic embedding for temperature sensors used in petroleum extraction. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic powder was prepared through thermo-mechanical processing. Structural characteristics of calcined material was investigated by powder X-ray diffarctometry, which presented a single phase complex cubic perovskite structure with lattice parameter a = 7.6599 ?. Compacted discs of Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics were sintered in the temperature range 1250°C - 1350°C during 24 hours in ambient atmosphere. Microstructure of the sintered ceramics was studied by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical behavior was studied by Vicker’s microhardness testing. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics sintered at 1350°C presented best results in terms of microstructural homogeneity and mechanical hardness. Therefore these sintered ceramics were submerged in crude petroleum for 60 days. Ceramics were taken out from the petroleum periodically and subjected to structural, microstructural and mechanical characterizations. Results showed that ceramics submerged in crude petroleum did not suffer any change at any stage of submersion. These characteristics make this material suitable for inert ceramic embedding for sensors used in petroleum extraction.

原油起泡影响因素

采用降压法研究原油的性质、温度、原油含水量、溶解气体的类型对原油起泡性及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:原油中的胶质沥青质质量分数越高、黏度越大,其泡沫的稳定性越大,消泡速率越小;原油的泡沫体积随温度升高呈先升后降趋势,消泡速率随温度提高而增大;模拟气、CO_(2)和N_(2)具有不同趋势的泡沫衰减曲线;气体在原油中的溶解度越小,泡沫的稳定时间越长,且原油的黏度越高泡沫出现峰值的时间越晚,峰值维持时间越长。

基于HYSYS的原油稳定工艺模拟与运行参数优化

针对常规原油稳定工艺在稳定深度、能耗和收益上的不均衡,在HYSYS软件中建立了负压闪蒸原油稳定工艺模拟流程和经济模型,以现场实际工况为基准,对影响因素进行了敏感性分析,并引入汽提技术对原工艺进行优化。结果表明,降低稳定塔操作压力或提高稳定塔操作温度可以增加稳定深度,压缩机出口压力的变化对稳定深度没有影响;当稳定原油中要求C_(5)及以下的含量为0.05%时,必须采用汽提技术;汽提后,稳定原油中轻组分含量增加,而重组分含量降低,汽提气量与收益呈反比;在稳定塔操作压力60kPa、操作温度77℃、压缩机出口压力250kPa、汽提气量20m^(3)/h的条件下,对现场工艺进行调整,调整后不凝气产量增加了29.67m^(3)/h,液烃产量增加了4487.74kg/h,每年的收益增加5086万元。研究结果可为同类型原油稳定工艺的改进和优化提供参考。

关于富油盆地深层天然气来源与勘探前景的几点思考——以渤海海域渤中地区为例

渤海湾盆地烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型为主,是典型的富油裂陷湖盆。以渤海海域(渤海湾盆地海域部分)渤中地区为例,从天然气来源与成因判识剖析油型盆地干酪根的生气特征以及深层天然气勘探前景。结果表明,对于相同热演化程度的干酪根而言,其热解气的量与烃源岩的氢指数呈正相关关系,而且大部分干酪根热解气在R_(o)=1.5%之前已经生成。生气强度表明,即使对于热演化程度相对偏低的富油盆地,以干酪根热解为主的天然气生气量仍满足大中型气田形成的物质基础。高生产率主导的倾油型母质具有相对重的沉积有机碳同位素组成,因此乙烷碳同位素较重的天然气不一定是来源于偏腐殖型或者煤系烃源岩,也可能来自较高成熟度的倾油型母质。以R_(o)=1.5%为界,早期生成原油深埋裂解整体可分为两个阶段:第一阶段原油裂解轻质化,该阶段油裂解生成的天然气量相对少,第二个阶段轻质油大量裂解生成天然气,表明生油高峰期(浅层)充注的原油在深埋过程具有较高的热稳定性,深层仍可能富集规模轻质油或凝析油气。

顺北高温高压油井沥青质沉积规律研究

顺北区块SHB-X井埋深达8225 m,地层温度高达166.00℃、压力高达83.81 MPa、气油比高达491 m^(3)/m^(3),油井生产过程受温度、压力等因素影响,原油稳定体系破坏发生沥青质/蜡沉积堵塞井筒现象,制约了油田的上产工作。本研究采用固相沉积测试仪研究了温度、压力、气油比对SHB-X井沥青质沉积的影响,绘制了沥青质沉积包络线,预测沥青质初始沉积位置,并基于气-液逸度理论推导了沥青质沉积量、沉积速率计算模型,明晰了SHB-X井沥青质沉积规律。结果表明,SHB-X井原油在6900 m开始沉积,沥青质沉积量、沉积速率由模型计算得到在井筒深度200 m处达到最大,与现场遇阻位置偏差80 m,研究成果对顺北油田开展沥青质解堵作业具有重要指导意义。

栽培一枝蒿粗多糖混合口蹄疫疫苗乳化方法及稳定性分析

旨在探究栽培一枝蒿粗多糖(cultivated Artemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,CARCP)协同ISA-206油乳剂通过比较不同乳化方法与口蹄疫灭活抗原(inactivated foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen,FMD-Ag)制备FMD疫苗的效果异同,并观察不同储存条件对FMD疫苗稳定性的影响。通过搅拌和超声乳化分别制备不同疫苗组合,皮下免疫ICR小鼠后检测FMD特异性抗体及T细胞亚群比例。将搅拌乳化的不同疫苗组合在4、25℃条件下放置30、180 d后免疫ICR小鼠,检测体液和细胞免疫水平分析其稳定性。结果显示:与商品化FMD疫苗相比,搅拌和超声乳化制备的CARCP单独或协同ISA-206油乳剂的FMD疫苗组的特异性IgG水平和CD3^(+)CD4^(+)、CD3^(+)CD8^(+)T细胞比例无显著性影响(P>0.05)。4℃放置30、180 d后,与商品化FMD疫苗相比,CARCP单独或协同ISA-206油乳剂的FMD疫苗组的IgG水平和CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)CD44^(+)、CD8^(+)CD44^(+)T细胞比例无显著性差异(P>0.05)。25℃放置30、180 d后,与商品化FMD疫苗相比,免疫动物后FMD-Ag+ISA-206抗体水平及T细胞亚群比例显著降低(P<0.05),而FMD-Ag+ISA-206+CARCP抗体水平及T细胞亚群比例无显著性差异(P>0.05)。搅拌和超声乳化制备的不同FMD疫苗组合的抗体水平和T细胞水平的免疫效果没有差异;不同储存条件下,CARCP能够增强FMD疫苗的稳定性,这些研究结果为CARCP多糖佐剂的研究提供试验依据。

强水敏储层洗井过程的储层伤害及保护

G储层在油井热洗清蜡后滞留的洗井液易与原油乳化堵塞地层。该储层含有35%的伊/蒙混层,易发生膨胀导致强水敏。针对该现象利用水化膨胀实验定量分析黏土矿物在不同条件下的膨胀程度、利用试管法以及显微镜观察法测定了原油乳状液的析水率和乳状液形态,最后利用室内驱替实验测定了防膨剂和破乳剂在提高采收率方面的效果。研究表明,利用3%的AYL防膨效果最好且岩心伤害率最低,黏土膨胀率只有16.87%,远低于在地层水中的膨胀率29.6%;洗井液与原油形成的乳状液最稳定,浓度为1.5%的PRJ1破乳效果好于PRJ2;浓度为3%的AYL和1.5%的PRJ1岩心驱替后采收率从29.25%增至45%,说明该配方在一定程度上可以缓解洗井液渗入近井地带对储层造成的伤害。该研究对强水敏性储层的洗井清蜡操作具有重要的指导意义。

CO_(2)对长庆采出油水物性影响及乳状液稳定机理

二氧化碳(CO_(2))驱作为一项日益完善的采油技术,已经成为提高低渗油田采收率的重要手段,具有适用范围广、开采成本低和洗油效率高等优点。然而,由于CO_(2)特殊的物理和化学性质,其采出液稳定性较常规水驱明显增强,为采出液处理带来了困难。通过光学显微镜、动态光散射、流变学等方法,研究了在不同压力下CO_(2)处理对长庆原油和采出水的物性以及所形成的油包水(W/O)型乳状液稳定性的影响,探究了CO_(2)驱采出液乳化和稳定的影响因素。结果表明,随着CO_(2)压力的增大,CO_(2)驱采出水中Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)质量浓度均有所下降,而CO_(3)^(2-)与HCO_(3)^(-)总体含量有所增加,水相pH值略下降,从弱碱性转变为弱酸性。CO_(2)处理导致原油中轻质组分减少,胶质沥青质等重质组分的含量升高,原油极性增强。CO_(2)处理后油的反常温度和析蜡点均升高,原油黏度增加。CO_(2)处理后W/O型乳状液的液滴粒径变小,均一性增强,粒径由2.14μm减小至0.61μm。由于乳状液体系黏度上升以及胶质、沥青质和水中颗粒在油/水界面膜上吸附成膜,从而提高油/水界面膜强度,使得乳状液的稳定性增强。为CO_(2)驱采出液处理工艺提供理论指导和技术支撑。

上下层电导率差异法表征原油乳状液稳定性

建立了表征原油乳状液稳定性的上下层电导率差异法。根据原油乳状液上下层电导率的变化,结合光学显微镜观察,研究了利用原油乳状液上下层电导率差异值来表征原油乳状液稳定性的条件和方法。研究发现,当原油乳状液破乳分相时,上下层原油乳状液的组成、形态以及电导率出现差异,因而可利用上下层的电导率差异值作为原油乳状液稳定性的表征参数。通过测定不同电学频率(0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0 kHz)下的原油乳状液上下层电导率及其差异值,发现高电学频率时上下层原油乳状液电导率及差异值均大于低电学频率下的数值,且灵敏度更高;当上下层电导率差异值大于15%时,原油乳状液表现为不稳定。结果表明,该方法也同样适用于含阴离子型表面活性剂的原油乳状液。

聚合物及固体颗粒对原油乳状液稳定性影响机制研究

为了探明油田作业返排残液影响原油采出液脱水的原因,以返排残液中最常见的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)及瓜胶为聚合物代表,以石英砂为颗粒物代表,研究了单一聚合物、单一颗粒物及聚合物与颗粒物共存影响原油乳状液稳定性的机理。结果表明,单一聚合物对乳状液稳定性影响中,聚合物质量浓度增加至1 000 mg/L,乳状液脱水率降低至0%,粒径分布峰值均小于10μm,黏度成倍增长,含瓜胶乳状液黏度增加了2.80倍,含NPAM黏度增加了1.82倍,平衡界面张力下降,油水界面黏弹性增加且弹性模量是黏性模量的4~5倍,此时界面膜以弹性膜为主,界面膜强度增加,乳状液稳定性增加。单一颗粒物对乳状液影响为含固量增加至1%,乳状液脱水率降低了9.90%,黏度增加了46.36%,油水界面张力降低了9.10%左右。聚合物和固体颗粒叠加影响作用于乳状液,含固量1%且聚合物质量浓度增加时,脱水率从54.50%降低至0%,黏度增加了2.58倍,粒径分布峰值降低了74.97%;这些现象说明乳状液中聚合物和固体颗粒增多,脱水难度增加,乳状液稳定性增加。

原油储罐火灾次生SO_(2)扩散影响因素分析

由于原油闪点低的特性导致油罐可能发生火灾事故,而火灾的次生污染物对人体及周围环境影响较大,因此我国2018年发布的《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》中规定对火灾次生污染物的影响进行预测。而在实际应用中发现,次生污染物SO_(2)在不同温度下会出现两种气体状态,且预测结果有显著差异,但目前缺少对此进行系统的研究。因此,通过对比不同烟气温度下的模拟结果,发现不同烟气温度对SO_(2)扩散范围的影响没有较为规律的趋势,得出AFTOX模型和SLAB模型的参数设置对SO_(2)模拟结果影响最大的均为大气稳定度,地表粗糙度、风速次之,以期为炼化企业进行风险预测提供参考。

中俄原油管道漠大线冻土稳定性评价

中俄原油管道工程北起我国漠河,南到大庆,管道工程穿越大兴安岭多年冻土区和南部松嫩平原的季节冻土区。管道沿线冻土属于高温、高含冰冻土,土体稳定性差,对管道的灾害性评价具有一定的必要性。该文选取管道沿线松岭、加格达奇和喇嘛甸3个冻土区,将自然环境、冻土状况及管道扰动因素作为评价指标,运用可变模糊集对立统一定理的评价方法,进行多年冻土及季节冻土冻害破坏的稳定性评价。通过分析评价,松岭区为大片融区多年冻土,评价的计算值为3.41,属于Ⅲ级冻土,稳定性为不良;加格达奇为岛状多年冻土,计算结果为2.468,为Ⅱ级冻土,稳定性较好;喇嘛甸是管道沿线季节冻土区,土体受盐渍灾害影响,评价值为3.254,等级为Ⅲ级,为不良冻土。