Progress and Outlook on Technologies for Processing Inferior Crude Oil in China

The recent growth of the global petroleum refining industry and the main technologies and measures for China to process inferior crude oil were introduced. The main technologies and measures include the control over equipment corrosion induced by sour and acidic crude, in particular the corrosion of atmospheric and vacuum distillation units, the development of technology for processing inferior residue, and the development of desulfurization technology and sulfur recovery technology in the course of processing of petroleum products. In order to meet the needs for national economic development, China’s refining enterprises will uninterruptedly develop and prefect technologies for processing inferior crude, enhance the process and equipment management, sum up the experience for better processing of inferior crude, so as to provide high-quality oil products and petrochemical feedstocks to public with better economic return.

Prospect Analysis of the United States' Crude Oil Exports to the Asia-Pacific Region

At the end of 2015, the United States lifted a 40-year ban on crude oil exports, which has far-reaching implications for the global crude oil market and crude oil trade patterns. Since the release of crude oil exports, with the recovery of crude oil production and improved export infrastructure in the United States, U.S. crude oil exports have been growing rapidly, with an average of about one million barrels/day in 2017, making the U.S one of the major global crude oil exporters. Currently, the AsiaPacific region has replaced North America as the first major destination for U.S. crude oil exports. In light of future trends in the oil refining industry of the Asia-Pacific region, it will usher in a new wave of refinery operations around 2020 and crude oil imports will continue to grow rapidly. The American region, represented by the United States, will replace West Africa as the second largest source of crude oil imports to the Asia-Pacific region, and that energy trade cooperation between the Asia-Pacific region and the United States will continue to grow. In particular, for China, the United States will become an important source of crude oil imports for our country in the future, and the two countries will shift from the past of energy competition to energy cooperation. Sino-US energy trade will play a more active role in economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Vegetable Oil Refinery

Energy and exergy analysis was conducted for a vegetable oil refinery in the Southwest of Nigeria. The plant, powered by two boilers and a 500 kVA generator, refines 100 tonnes of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) into edible vegetable oil per day. The production system consists of four main group operations: neutralizer, bleacher, filter, and deodourizer. The performance of the plant was evaluated by considering energy and exergy losses of each unit operation of the production process. The energy intensity for processing 100 tonnes of palm kennel oil into edible oil was estimated as 487.04 MJ/tonne with electrical energy accounting for 4.65%, thermal energy, 95.23% and manual energy, 0.12%. The most energy intensive group operation was the deodourizer accounting for 56.26% of the net energy input. The calculated exergy efficiency of the plant is 38.6% with a total exergy loss of 29919 MJ. Consequently, the exergy analysis revealed that the deodourizer is the most inefficient group operation accounting for 52.41% of the losses in the production processes. Furthermore, a critical look at the different component of the plant revealed that the boilers are the most inefficient units accounting for 69.7% of the overall losses. Other critical points of exergy losses of the plant were also identified. The increase in the total capacity of the plant was suggested in order to reduce the heating load of the boilers. Furthermore, the implementation of appropriate process heat integration can also help to improve the energy efficiency of the system. The suggestion may help the company to reduce its high expenditure on energy and thus improve the profit margin.

Problems Confronting China’s Petroleum Refining Industry During the High Oil Price Period and Suggestions

This article has suggested that high oil price could loom many years in the future and has analyzed the impact of this trend on the oil product mix and petroleum refining industry in China. This article has also put forward measures for sharpening the international competitive edge of China’s petroleum refining indus- try to cope with the challenges of high oil price.

Oil Import and Export in China

Domestic economic growth slowed down and supply exceeded demand in oil market in 2015, so the growth of refineries' processing volume was limited. Nevertheless, the gradual decontrol of market and the storage requirement under low oil price, crude oil imports hit a record high of 335.5 million tons, with the growth rate approximating 9%. Refined oil exports soared and imports decreased, which made China become a net refined oil exporter for the first time for 24 years, and net imports reached 6.22 million tons. Robust requirement on chemical raw materials propelled imported liquefied petroleum gas market to go on expanding. Imports exceeded 12 million tons in 2015, thus China leaped into the world's largest liquefied petroleum gas importer. In 2016, oil consumption growth would be kept at lower level. However, China would further decontrol crude oil import and refined oil export permits and put incremental storage capacity into use. Therefore, crude oil imports would continue to rise up, and refined oil exports may hit a new historic high. Imported liquefied petroleum gas market will enter into a stage of stable growth after two years' rapid development.

Analysis of China's Oil Imports and Exports Situation

China's oil import dependence had risen to 72% in 2017, while its net imports of various oil products,including crude oil, refined oil, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and other products, had climbed to 418.8 million tons, an increase by10.7% over 2016. China's crude oil import reached 420 million tons, surpassed the United States for the first time, and China had become the biggest crude oil importing country in the world. Net export of the refined oil, mainly the diesel, continued to increase to 22.7 million tons, as driven by the oversupply situation of the domestic market. Last year, China's LPG import was 18.45 million tons, but its growth was diminishing.Oil price would continue to rise in 2018, while the domestic demand of refined oil would be maintained at a lower rate of growth. However, driving by new refining capacities to be brought online, it is estimated that the crude oil import would still be increased remarkably. LPG import would reach a new high due to the growth potential and strong demand for feedstocks in the petrochemical product market.

Evaluation and comparison of antibacterial activities of edible vegetable oils in China

To evaluate antibacterial activities of edible vegetable oils in China for healthy consumption, we investigated the antibacterial activities of extracts from 6 edible vegetable oils and rapeseed oils at different refining levels on 4 bactria (Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas strains) by disc diffusion test. Results showed that camellia oil had considerable antibacterial activity against E. coli with antibacterial rate of 108.3%. Perilla oil, sunflower seed oil, and flaxseed oil showed the highest antibacterial activities against B. subtilis with the antibacterial rates of 108.3%, 102.8%and94.4%respectively. Moreover, the extracts of rapeseed oils obtained by different processing technologies showed significantly different antibacterial effects. Two crude oils and grade4 rapeseed oil showed antibacterial rates of more than 40%, whereas grade 1 and 2 rapeseed oils showed antibacterial rates of less than 20%. Therefore, it was recommended to use rapeseed oil rather than refined rapeseed oil because of higher antibacterial activities. It was suggested that proper refining processes should be taken to obtain the edible oils with higher antibacterial activities.

Analysis of Environment for Development of Oil Refining Business in China

This articles focuses on analysis of the changing trend relating to crude supply and petroleum products demand inside China, while introducing the preliminary progress resulted from restructuring of China’s refining industry and dynamics of competition among Chinese refining enterprises. This article has made a preliminary judgment and analysis on the situation facing China’s refining industry and may serve as a reference to refiners intending to develop refining business inside China.

Study on Co-refining of Poplar Powder with Soybean Oil in Supercritical Methanol

Poplar powder co-refined with soybean oil or fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol in a high-pressure autoclave was studied to verify the promotion of poplar powder liquefaction and decomposition by oils & fats and methyl esters in the present work. It was shown that the decomposition rate of poplar powder was improved by the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the soy bean oil, and the efficiency of the latter was higher than the former. Further study showed that the decomposition rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was all improved by co-refining, while the relative decomposition rate of lignin increased most remarkably. After vacuum distillation under mild condition, the light components of the liquid products from biomass co-refining were removed, and then petroleum ether was used to separate the remains into two parts, viz.: the bio-light oil mainly composed of the derivatives of oils and fats and the bio-heavy oil mainly composed of poplar powder liquefaction products. When more unsaturated oils and fats were used in the biomass co-refining, more products in the boiling range of diglycerides were produced, which were mainly contained in the bio-light oil obtained from the condensation of oils and fats derivatives with the poplar powder liquefaction products. The yield of the bio-heavy oil originating from the biomass co-refining is far more than that from the direct liquefaction of poplar powder in supercritical methanol, with the possible reasons analyzed in the article.

能源转型及“双碳”目标背景下全球炼油行业发展新态势与前景展望

2023年,全球炼化项目建设稳步推进,炼油重心继续东移;全球新增炼油能力8617.5万吨/年,高于上年新增量,总炼油能力提升至51.8亿吨/年。全球原油加工量合计约8240万桶/日,恢复至疫情前水平,装置开工率持续回升,炼油毛利继续保持历史较高水平。炼油行业加快结构调整和转型升级,欧美炼油商加快投资生物燃料生产,中东非洲地区以新建项目推动炼油业转型升级。炼油技术在劣质重油加工、清洁燃料生产、炼油向化工转型等方面取得持续进展,原油直接制化学品技术成为重点方向。2024年全球有望新增炼油能力近1亿吨,全球炼化项目在2030年前仍将继续保持增长,增长中心集中在亚太和中东地区;2024年全球炼厂原油加工量同比增长约100万桶/日,增量主要来自中国、中东、非洲地区,世界炼油毛利有望维持较好水平;2030年前炼油结构调整和转型升级仍是炼油业发展的主基调,新兴经济体炼油行业将继续加快转型升级和绿色智能化发展进程。

Brent vs.West Texas Intermediate in the US petro derivatives price formation

In this paper,we apply the spatial panel model to explore the relationship between the dynamic of two types of crude oil prices(WTI and Brent crude oil)and their refined products over time.Considering the turbulent months of 2011,when Cushing Oklahoma had reached capacity and the crude oil export ban removal in 2015 as breakpoints,we apply this method both in the full sample and the three resultant regimes.First,results suggest our results show that both WTI and Brent display very similar behaviour with the refined products.Second,when attending to each regime,results derived from the first and third regimes are quite similar to the full sample results.Therefore,during the second regime,Brent crude oil became the benchmark in the petrol market,and it influenced the distillate products.Furthermore,our model can let us determine the price-setters and price-followers in the price formation mechanism through refined products.These results possess important considerations to policymakers and the market participants and the price formation.

期权套期保值在炼化企业应对价格风险中的应用探究

原油采购价格风险对炼化企业生产经营影响较大。传统期货套期保值虽然能够对冲价格波动风险,但也失去了现货价格向有利方向变动时的潜在收益。期权收益的非线性结构能够弥补期货套期保值的这一弊端。对于炼化企业,使用期权套期保值,可以组合多样化的交易策略。预期原油市场价格处于下跌阶段,采取保护性看跌期权策略,锁定现货市场收益;预期原油市场处于横盘整理阶段,采取备兑看涨期权策略,盘活库存资产;预期市场处于上行阶段,采取买进对敲组合策略,锁定原油采购成本。期权套期保值具有波动率风险、信用风险和流动性风险。中国原油期权市场已经起步,助力炼化企业应对价格风险。

炼油企业原油金融衍生品工具应用研究

原油贸易具有全球性特点,其交易金额巨大,影响因素较多,复杂性和不确定性显著。原油期纸货流通性强,期纸货交易量远大于原油实际贸易量,应用原油金融衍生品对冲炼油企业生产经营风险具备可行性。炼油企业可通过使用原油金融衍生品工具,从炼油全产业链的角度,充分降低原油采购、运输、库存运作和产品销售及出口等环节的经营风险,理论上可锁定炼油利润,有助于炼油企业生产经营优化及稳定创效。

运营中原油码头输油管线受损的整体更换工艺

文章介绍了运营中的原油码头受损输油管线进行整体更换的工艺。通过对受损管段的全面评估及采用先进的技术和方法,能够确保整个更换过程的高效和可持续性。在整个更换工程中,需结合先进的材料和施工技术,最大限度地减少对生态环境和运输系统的影响。并详细阐述更换工艺的步骤和关键技术,为类似工程提供有价值的经验和参考。

我国炼油行业面临的困境及对策

我国的炼油行业正面临着包括产能过剩、环境污染、市场竞争加剧以及全球能源转型的压力。为应对这些挑战,炼油行业需要采取多方面的策略,进行产能优化与升级,淘汰落后产能,提升现有设施的技术和效率;投资于先进的环保技术和清洁生产过程,以满足日益严格的环保法规要求;转向生产更高附加值和环保的石化产品,减少对传统炼油产品的依赖;通过国际合作和投资,进入新的国际市场,以分散国内市场的风险;加大对新能源和可再生能源的投资,逐步减少对传统化石燃料的依赖,适应全球能源转型的趋势等,以寻找新的增长点和发展方向。通过这些对策,我国炼油行业不仅可以应对当前的困境,还能在全球能源转型的大背景下实现可持续发展。

Processing of Liaohe Highly Sour Crude

In order to solve the problems related with processing low-quality Liaohe highly sour crude, the Liaohe Petrochemical Company has explored the possibility in optimizing the processing of highly sour crude by adopting different process schemes depending upon the properties of the highly sour crude. The Liaohe naphthenic-base crude oil with low freezing point is earmarked for manufacture of naphthenic lube oils and heavy traffic paving asphalt, while the extra-heavy Liaohe crude with high acid number is routed directly to delayed coking unit coupled with corresponding corrosion preventing measures, resulting in tackling the problem of equipment corrosion arising from refining of Liaohe highly sour crude to obtain light distillates from Liaohe heavy crude through a short process scheme.

我国沿海大型原油码头布局及能力适应性分析

我国原油对外依存度高,俄乌冲突以来能源安全问题引起国家高度重视。沿海大型原油码头在国家原油供应保障体系中具有重要作用。在梳理我国原油供需和外贸原油运输情况的基础上,分析沿海大型原油码头布局和能力适应性,提出大型原油码头总体适应我国石化产业发展及原油储备需求,但各区域不平衡特点突出,其中辽宁沿海能力充分;山东沿海能力偏紧;津冀沿海、长三角、东南沿海、西南沿海能力适度超前。结合原油供需形势变化和“十四五”期大型原油码头项目情况,判断未来沿海大型原油码头能力保障充分。

2018—2022年中国油气进出口状况分析

2018—2022年中国原油、天然气对外依存度分别稳定在70%和40%左右的水平。2018年中国原油进口量为4.62亿吨,2019年首次超过5亿吨,2020年达到历史最高点5.42亿吨。由于国内需求下降、国际油价上涨和进口配额调整等原因,2021、2022年中国原油实际进口量略有下降,分别为5.13亿吨和5.08亿吨。2018—2021年中国LNG进口量出现波动性上升趋势,从741.16亿立方米增长至1087.29亿立方米,增长达46.05%,2022年LNG进口量下降19.47%,降至875.50亿立方米。2022年中国油气进口总额高达2.9万亿元,同比上涨43%,油气进口成本大幅上升。预计2023年随着经济复苏,中国油气消费量与进口量将进一步增长。

原油接卸港区单线航道避让区选址与规模仿真研究

影响我国原油接卸港区通过能力的瓶颈正从泊位数量不足向航道通过能力制约转移,尤以大型油轮需要乘潮进港的单线航道为甚。本文以尚未被深入讨论过的原油接卸港区长距离单线航道建设港湾式避让区的选址和规模为研究对象,在对避让区尺度表征的基础上,采用离散事件系统仿真方法,选择Python编程语言构建仿真平台;以日照实华原油接卸港区(Rizhao Shihua Oil Terminal,RSOT)为案例,精细化设计相关作业模块,特别是潮汐和白天作业等混合时间窗口约束,通过求解港区服务台的服务时间和条件,分析避让区的选址、规模以及海事规则对于航道通过能力及服务水平等的影响,以明晰航道避让区的作用机制及机理。结果表明:“价值优先”的海事调度规则相较于传统的“先到先得”规则在一定程度上能提升港区的通过能力,最大通过能力提升可达2.35%;港湾式避让区的规模和选址与港区的最大通过能力分别呈正相关和部分相关;受限于原油港区特殊的安全规则,案例中,港湾式避让区选址越靠近港池侧,港区通过能力的提升越显著,与锚地侧相比,最大通过能力提升可达7.56%,且规模为仅能容纳1艘油轮时,最大通过能力即可达到拓宽为双向航道时的91.54%,表现出良好的经济性。

原油劣质化对炼油常减压装置腐蚀影响及防护措施探究

随着石油的开采及炼化,高品质原油的进一步消耗,大多炼厂不得不改炼或混炼劣质化原油,原油的劣化对生产装置及生产安全造成一定程度的影响。本文针对炼油第一道工序常减压蒸馏装置的腐蚀影响因素进行了分析,重点分析了盐含量、硫含量及环烷酸的影响。并针对常减压炼油装置的腐蚀现状,从加强工艺防腐、做好腐蚀监测管理及合理选材等几个方面介绍了当前常减压装置的腐蚀控制措施,为炼油设备的长期稳定安全有效运行提供一定参考。