Fluid property identification of the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs with complex oil-water contacts in Deseo Basin,Chad

Recently,exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Doseo Basin,but the identification of reservoir fluid property is difficult due to variable reservoir lithology,complex oil-water contact within and faint responses of the oil zone,which causes the lower accuracy of reservoir fluid property identification with conventional mudlogging and wirelogging techniques.Applying the geochemical logging,fluorescent logging,mud logging and cutting logging technology,in combination with formation test data,this paper distinguishes the crude oil types,analyzes the logging response characteristics of oil zone after water washing,and establishes the interpretation charts and parameter standards for reservoir fluid properties.The crude oil can be divided into two types,namely viscous-heavy and thin-light,based on total hydrocarbon content and component concentration tested by mud logging,features of pyrolysis gas chromatogram and fluorescence spectroscopy.The general characteristics of oil layers experienced water washing include the decrease of total hydrocarbon content and component concentration from mud logging,the decrease of S1 and PS values from geochemical logging,the decrease of hydrocarbon abundance and absence of some light components in pyrolysis gas chromatogram,and the decrease of fluorescence area and intensity from fluorescence logging.According to crude oil types,the cross plots of S1 versus peak-baseline ratio,and the cross plots of rock wettability versus fluorescence area ratio are drawn and used to interpret reservoir fluid property.Meanwhile,the standards of reservoir fluid parameter are established combining with the parameters of PS and the parameters in above charts,and comprehensive multiparameter correlation in both vertical and horizontal ways is also performed to interpret reservoir fluid property.The application in the Doseo Basin achieved great success,improving interpretation ability of fluid property in the reservoir with complex oil-water contact,and also provided technical reference for the efficient exploration and development of similar reservoirs.

Precipitation of Heavy Organics (Asphaltenes) from Crude Oil Residue Using Binary Mixtures of n-Alkanes

Two solvent mixtures: n-pentane/n-hexane and n-heptane/n-octane at ten different percentage ratios were used to dissolve 2.5 g of vacuum distilled Anthan crude oil residue (500°C). The crude oil/n-alkane mixture in different conical flasks was stoppered, shaked mechanically and allowed to stand overnight. The resultant solution was subsequently filtered using a vacuum pump to afford the different weights of the residue (asphaltenes). The result of the weights of asphaltenes obtained at the different ratios of solvent mixtures showed that the highest amount of precipitate was obtained at 100% n-pentane solvent. Also there was a sharp increase in the amount of asphaltenes precipitated when the percentage ratio of n-pentane to n-hexane precipitant was 40:60 and when the ratio of n-heptane to n-octane precipitant was 30:70. A good understanding of the contribution of the different n-alkane solvents in the precipitation of asphaltenes is very necessary to flow assurance of crude oils in terms of solid precipitation.

Ultrasonic method for measuring water holdup of low velocity and high-water-cut oil-water two-phase flow

Oil reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are in the middle and late exploitation periods in China＇s onshore oil fields are mostly in the high-water-cut production stage.This stage is associated with severely non-uniform local-velocity flow profiles and dispersed-phase concentration（of oil droplets） in oil-water two-phase flow,which makes it difficult to measure water holdup in oil wells.In this study,we use an ultrasonic method based on a transmission-type sensor in oil-water two-phase flow to measure water holdup in lowvelocity and high water-cut conditions.First,we optimize the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic sensor by calculating the sensitivity of the ultrasonic field using the finite element method for multiphysics coupling.Then we calculate the change trend of sound pressure level attenuation ratio with the increase in oil holdup to verify the feasibility of the employed diameter for the ultrasonic sensor.Based on the results,we then investigate the effects of oildroplet diameter and distribution on the ultrasonic field.To further understand the measurement characteristics of the ultrasonic sensor,we perform a flow loop test on vertical upward oilwater two-phase flow and measure the responses of the optimized ultrasonic sensor.The results show that the ultrasonic sensor yields poor resolution for a dispersed oil slug in water flow（D OS/W flow）,but the resolution is favorable for dispersed oil in water flow（D O/W flow） and very fine dispersed oil in water flow（VFD O/W flow）.This research demonstrates the potential application of a pulsed-transmission ultrasonic method for measuring the fraction of individual components in oil-water two-phase flow with a low mixture velocity and high water cut.

The Effect of Wheat Mixtures on the Powdery Mildew Disease and Some Yield Components

Mixtures composed of five wheat cultivars,Jingshuang 16,Jing 411,Jingdong 8,Lunxuan 987,and Baofeng 104,with different levels of resistance against powdery mildew were tested for their potential containment of the disease development in the field and for the influence on grain yield and the content of crude protein in the years 2007 and 2010.The plots were inoculated artificially with mixed isolates collected in the fields and propagated in the greenhouse and the disease was scored in 7 d interval during the two growing seasons.It was indicated that certain combinations,e.g.,Jingdong 8：Lunxuan 987,Jingdong 8：Baofeng 104,and Jing 411：Jingdong 8：Baofeng 104,showed positive efficacy on the mildew.The cultivar combinations tested in 2007 showed increase of grain yield,while most of the combinations tested in 2010 did not show the increase.The differences of the increases or decreases were not statistically significant except combinations Jing 411：Jingdong 8：Baofeng104,Jingshuang16：Jingdong8：Lunxuang 987 and Jingshuang 16：Jingdong 8：Lunxuan 987：Baofeng 104,which showed the decrease of the grain yield.The mixtures did not show influence on the content of crude protein in grain.More cultivar combinations need to be tested.

Effects of White-Rot Fungi Composting on Wood Powder-Chicken Manure Mixture

[ Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [ Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P. ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% （6.79 times as great as that of the control group）, 39.92% （6.54 times as great as that of the control group） and 32.26% （2.77 times as great as that of the control group）. The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.

Mixture temperature prediction of waxy oil–water two-phase system flowing near wax appearance temperature

Temperature sensitivity of waxy crude oils makes it difficult to study their flow behaviour in the presence of water especially near their wax appearance temperature （WAT）. In this study a method was proposed and implemented to mitigate such difficulties which was applied in predicting mixture temperatures （Tin） of a typical Malaysian waxy crude oil and water flow in a horizontal pipe. To this end, two analytical models were derived firstly from calorimetry equation which based on developed two correlations for defining crude oil heat capacity actualized from the existed specific heat capacities of crude oils. The models were then applied for a set of experiments to reach the defined three predetermined Tm （26 ℃, 28 ℃ and 30 ℃）. The comparison between the predicted mixture temperatures （Tin,1 and Tin,2） from the two models and the experimental results displayed acceptable absolute average errors （0.80% 0.62%, 0.53% for model 1; 0,74%, 0.54%, 0.52% for model 2）. Moreover, the average errors for both models are in the range of standard error limits （4-0,75Z） according to ASTM E230. Conclusively, the proposed model showed the ease of obtaining mixture temperatures close to WAT as predetermined with accuracy of ± 0.5 ℃approximately for over 84% of the examined cases. The method is seen as a practical reference point to further study the flow behaviour of waxy crudes in oil-water two-phase flow system near sensitive temperatures.

基于原油配比混合实验的显微荧光光谱特征研究（英文）

显微荧光光谱已经成为流体包裹体系统测试分析中较为成熟的一项技术,可用于区分不同类型的原油与油包裹体,从而为研究含油气盆地的油气成藏历史提供重要依据。不同来源的原油在运聚的过程中可能会发生不同程度的混合作用,为了有效识别这一类地质过程,基于不同比例的原油配比混合实验,研究原油混合后的显微荧光光谱的具体变化特征。结果表明：原油混源使得显微荧光光谱参数λmax ,QF-535和CIE-XY发生了非线性变化,具体表现为混源后原油的荧光光谱参数均介于两个端元油之间,混源油中某一端元油的比例越大,其荧光光谱参数越靠近这一端元油。在CIE-XY色品图中主要表现为非线性渐变的荧光颜色特征。光谱谱形的改变主要表现为谱形由“单峰型”变为“双峰型”和“三峰型”,同时主峰波长和次峰波长保留了两个端元油的信息；QF-535与混源比例可建立曲线用来定量计算两端元油的相对贡献度。综合上述荧光光谱参数和谱形的变化特征,利用原油和油包裹体的显微荧光分析,识别出东海盆地西湖凹陷 A 气田有三种不同类型原油充注,中间还发生了一次原油混源作用,即蓝绿色荧光原油和黄色荧光原油发生了混合,定量计算其混源程度为介于47%-55%。

单家寺稠油降粘剂SJ及其O/W型乳状液流变性研究

报道了乳化降粘剂SJ对单家寺稠油的乳化降粘作用。SJ为含少量无机碱和盐的石油磺酸盐、非离子表面活性剂的混合物 ,在 30 0℃、3.4 5MPa下热处理 2 4h后使用。实验油样为单家寺一口井所产超稠油 ,含胶质 31.9% ,含沥青质 9.1% ,酸值 1.83mgKOH/g油 ,5 0℃、1.2s-1粘度 6 3.4Pa·s。水样为该油田采出水 ,矿化度 19.5 g/L。在大范围内变化SJ加量和油水体积比 ,求得乳化剂在水中的最佳加量为 0 .3%～ 0 .5 % ,最佳油水比为 80∶2 0～70∶30 ,所得O/W型稠油乳状液 5 0℃、1.2s-1下的粘度为 4 2 0～ 180mPa·s,在 5 0℃放置 90min后脱水率 >92 %。SJ的乳化降粘性能和形成的乳状液稳定性均符合稠油生产要求。在 6 0℃、剪切速率 5 0～ 12 0 0s-1范围考察了SJ用量 0 .3%、油水比 80∶2 0～ 2 0∶80的 5个O/W乳状液的粘度 剪切速率关系 ,发现乳状液的粘度均随剪切速率增大而减小 ,在剪切速率 >10 0 0s-1后不再变化 ,但假塑性随油水比减小而减小。在 30～ 70℃范围乳状液流变性变化规律相似。图 1表 2参

二氧化碳溶解气对原油粘度的影响

利用高温高压油气水混合液粘度测量装置对原油及含二氧化碳气原油的粘温特性进行了实验研究,测量了不同气油比条件下油气混合液的粘度,分析了二氧化碳溶解气对原油粘度的影响。结果表明,在相同压力下,原油及其混合液粘度与温度存在指数关系,原油粘度与压力基本呈线性关系。在同一温度下,油气混合液的粘度在达到泡点压力之前随着压力的升高而降低;在达到泡点压力之后,随压力的升高而增大;油气混合液的粘度随气油比增加而减小;油气混合液的泡点压力随着含气量的增加和温度的升高而增大。

超声清洗石油污染海滨土的效果与影响因素

土壤的石油类有机污染物污染是近几年继农药和重金属之后的又一大污染。石油主要是由烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃组成的混合物,具有致癌、致畸、致突变的潜在性。常规技术净化酸性的落地油泥的效果并不理想,而声化学处理以前就被认为是修复碳氢化合物污染土的一个有效方法。基于此,本研究对石油污染的海滨土开展了以声化学为技术手段的修复实验。在本实验研究中,泥浆浓度、清洗时间、温度、泥浆pH值、投加碱性添加剂与微量自由基试剂H2O2等因素对石油烃从细粒海滨土中的解吸效果的影响得到考虑。根据实验结果,在采用声化学工艺净化海滨细粒土时,建议工艺操作参数控制在液固比6∶1、超声作用时间5 min、常温20℃、pH值9、Na2CO3的投加量为0.15%。另外,在处理过程中有必要采取措施及时避免清洗过程油泥造成的固结现象。

落地油泥污染及油土分离处理的工艺研究

对落地油泥的组成、性质及其对环境的污染进行了调查和分析;根据落地油泥油土分离小型试验的结果,进行了 0.5t/h油土分离的放大试验。

银杏酸单体化合物的制备

目的 研究银杏酸单体化合物的制备方法 ,为银杏酸的应用研究提供参考 ,为银杏提取物中银杏酸的定量分析提供单体对照品。方法 银杏外种皮用石油醚回流提取 ,提取物通过硅胶柱色谱分离 ,得银杏酸混合物 ,再经制备柱反复分离 ,得银杏酸单体。结果 石油醚回流提取法所得银杏酸得率为 4 .0 6 % ,纯度 84 .5 9% ,提取率达 6 2 .9%。银杏酸混合物经制备色谱多次分离后 ,得到 6种银杏酸单体 ,其中一种为新发现的化合物 ,纯度均达 95 %以上。结论 单体制备方法较为简便 。

薄层色谱法鉴别紫地合剂及四种止血方剂中的地稔

目的建立紫地合剂中地稔药材的薄层色谱鉴别方法,制定紫地合剂的质量标准之一——鉴别项。方法采用薄层色谱法对紫地合剂中的主要成分地稔进行鉴别,并以同是止血经典方的十灰散、小蓟饮子、咳血方、黄土汤四个方剂为辅助鉴别,检验方法的普遍性。结果本文所建立的方法稳定、可靠,无干扰,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法之一。该方法对于鉴别复方制剂中的地稔具有普遍意义。

井筒中油水混合物粘度的实验室测定

分析了已有的确定井筒中油水混合物粘度方法的不足 ;提出了用细管流变仪测定井筒中油水混合物粘度的方法。实例计算结果表明 。

甲基丙烯酸高碳醇酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物的合成及降凝作用的研究

作者对原油降凝剂进行了研究,以甲基丙烯酸和高碳醇为原料,通过酯化反应制得甲基丙烯酸高碳醇酯,所得酯化产物和醋酸乙烯酯聚合得到目标产物。通过实验得出酯化反应最优工艺条件为:n(酸)∶n(醇)=1.2∶1;w(催化剂)=1%;w(溶剂)=46%～51%;酯化时间为2h。聚合反应最优工艺条件为:w(醋酸乙烯酯)=30%;引发剂w(BPO)=0.75%;聚合温度为70℃;聚合时间为4h。凝点测定结果表明,将产品加入到原油中,凝点最大可下降7℃。

落地油泥及其处理研究

落地油泥是油田地面生产或储运过程中产生的一种含油固体废物,组成复杂,油中轻组分挥发,沥青质与胶质重组分增多,处理困难。本文分析了落地油泥的物化特性,采用调质-离心分离工艺作为落地油泥预处理工艺。在最优参数下,该工艺处理后离心出口污泥含油小于2%,达到离心分离目标。其可作为深度处理工艺的预处理工艺,提高油泥处理效果。

白腐真菌处理木粉鸡粪混合物效果的研究

[目的]探讨白腐真菌处理畜禽粪便的可行性。[方法]选取3种具有代表性的白腐真菌处理木粉鸡粪混合物,测定其各自处理木粉鸡粪混合物过程中,木质素、纤维素、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和粗多糖含量的变化以及菌丝体生长状况。[结果]白腐真菌处理木粉鸡粪混合物的效果明显优于对照组。平菇的效果最好,处理后混合物的减重,木质素、纤维素的降解率分别达到15.68%、32.92%和32.26%,分别是对照组的6.79、6.54和2.77倍;蛋白质和脂肪分别增加了31.68%和146.58%;粗多糖含量达到2.43%。对照组处理后不但不存在粗多糖,蛋白质与脂肪还分别减少了21.96%和70.99%。[结论]利用白腐真菌生物技术处理畜禽粪便具有可行性。

塔河原油生产SBS改性沥青的研究

以塔河原油生产的70号沥青为基质沥青,通过对不同改性剂、稳定剂和相容剂等的研究,筛选出制取改性沥青的方案,并在工业装置上生产出满足JTG F40—2004要求的SBSⅠ-C改性沥青。该SBSⅠ-C改性沥青产品性能分级为PG76-28,具有软化点高、针入度指数高和抗老化性能好等优点,塔河原油SBSⅠ-C改性沥青混合料的高温性能、低温性能和水稳定性等主要指标均满足交通部JTG F40—2004要求。

稠油低温乳化降粘剂BL-1的研制及应用

乳化降粘剂BL 1的主剂是阴离子 非离子混合表面活性剂 ,在矿场应用时加入适量碱 (NaOH) ,是针对大庆黑帝庙低温 (15℃ )稠油油藏的开采而研制的。以黑帝庙稠油 (2 0℃密度 0 .918g/cm3 ,15℃粘度 2 6 80mPa·s,酸值 0 .818mgKOH/ g)为油相 ,混合表面活性剂在地层水 (矿化度 44 5 6mg/L)中的 5 g/L溶液为水相 ,油水体积比 70 / 30～ 5 0 / 5 0 ,研究了该混合表面活性剂 15℃时的乳化降粘性能。根据不同静置时间的脱水率和稳定性评分测定结果 ,油水比 70 / 30时形成相当稳定的O/W乳状液 ,其粘度比稠油粘度降低 94%。油水比 6 0 / 40和 5 0 / 5 0时粘度降低率更高 ;该混合表面活性剂不影响破乳剂 (SP 16 9和F 6 8)对稠油乳状液的破乳脱水效果。该混合表面活性剂也适用于新疆克拉玛依K1稠油 (30℃ )和胜利临盘S74 11井稠油 (6 0℃ ) ,乳化降粘率为 95 .1%～ 99.8%。在现场应用时 ,该混合表面活性剂的碱水溶液连续地通过油套环空注入油井 ,使井内表面活性剂浓度不小于5 g/L ,油水体积比不小于 70 / 30。在黑帝庙油田的一口处于注汽后采油后期的蒸汽吞吐稠油井进行了为期各 15天的两轮乳化降粘剂BL 1注入试验 ,试验期间停止掺 6 0～ 70℃的热水 ,生产正常进行 。

落地油泥污染及油土分离处理的工艺研究

对落地油泥的组成、性质及其对环境的污染进行了调查和分析;根据落地油泥油土分离小型试验的结果,进行了0.5t/h油土分离的放大试验。