Theoretical study on the synthesis reaction mechanism of trichlorogermyl crylic acid

The synthesis reaction of trichlorogermyl crylic acid has been studied systematically by using quantum chemistry methods for the first time.Geometries of reactants,transition states,and products have been optimized,respectively at the B3LYP/6-311G（d,p） level.Vibrational frequencies,IR intensities and relative energies for various stationary points have been determined.The reaction pathways are identified by intrinsic reaction coordinate（IRC）calculations.Theoretical analysis provided conclusive evidence that the process is completed through five pathways of addition reaction of double bond,and the transition states are found to be four- membered ring compounds.Solvent effects are taken into account with the PCM model at the same level.This preliminary study shows that the complex formation is favored by the use of polar solvent.

Reactivity Ratios of Diethyldiallylammonium Chloride with Acrylamide or Acrylic Acid

The compositions of copolymers of diethyldiallylammonium chloride （DEDAAC） with acrylamide （AM）, acrylic acid （AA） or sodium acrylic acid （NaAA） at low conversion were determined by elemental analysis, and the reactivity ratios of monomers in copolymerization were obtained by Kelen-Tudos method. The results showed that the reactivity ratios rDE and rAM are 0.31 and 5.27 for DEDAAC with AM, rDE and rAA are 0.28 and 5.15 for DEDAAC with AA, and roe and rNsAA are 0.40 and 3.97 for DEDAAC with NaAA, respectively. The copolymerizations for DEDAAC with AM, AA or NaAA are non-ideal copolymerization and the products are random copolymers.

Production of dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid from dimethylsulfoniopropionate during growth of three marine microalgae

We measured the concentrations of dimethylsulfide(DMS),acrylic acid(AA),and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) during growth of three microalgae:Prorocentrum micans,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,and Platymonas subcordiformis.The DMSP,AA,and DMS concentrations in culture media varied significantly among algal growth stages,with the highest concentrations in the late stationary growth stage or the senescent stage.In the stationary growth stage,the average DMSP concentration per cell in P.micans(0.066 5 pmol/cell) was 1.3 times that in G.oceanica(0.049 5 pmol/cell) and 20.2 times that in P.subcordiformis(0.003 29 pmol/cell).The average concentrations of AA were0.044 6,0.026 9,and 0.003 05 pmol/cell in P.micans,G.oceanica,and P.subcordiformis,respectively,higher than the concentrations of DMS(0.272,0.497,and 0.086 2 fmol/cell,respectively).There were significant positive correlations between cell density and AA,DMSP,and DMS concentrations.The ratios of DMS/AA and AA/(DMSP+AA) in the three algae differed significantly over the growth cycle.In all three microalgae,the DMS/AA ratios were less than 25%during the growth period,suggesting that the enzymatic cleavage pathway,which generates DMS,was not the main DMSP degradation pathway.The changes in the DMS/AA ratio indicated that there was a higher rate of enzymatic breakdown of DMSP in the early growth period and a lower rate during senescence.In all three microalgae,the AA/(DMSP+AA) ratio(degradation ratio of DMSP) decreased during the exponential growth phase,and then increased.The variations in these ratios can approximately indicate the cleavage mechanism of DMSP at different stages of algal growth.

Poly (Acrylamide-co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel Induced by Glow-Discharge Electrolysis Plasma and Its Adsorption Properties for Cationic Dyes

In this paper, poly （acrylamide-co-acrylic acid） （P（AM-co-AA）） hydrogel was pre- pared in an aqueous solution by using glow-discharge electrolysis plasma （GDEP） induced copoly- merization of acrylamide （AM） and acrylic acid （AA）, in which N,N＇-methylenebisacrylamide （MBA） was used as a crosslinker. A mechanism for the synthesis of P（AM-co-AA） hydrogel was proposed. To optimize the synthesis condition, the following parameters were examined in detail： the discharge voltage, discharge time, the content of the crosslinker, and the mass ratio of AM to AA. The results showed that the optimum pH range for cationic dyes removal was found to be 5.0-10.0. The P（AM-co-AA） hydrogel exhibits a very high adsorption potential and the ex- perimental adsorption capacities for Crystal violet （CV） and Methylene blue （MB） were 2974.3 mg/g and 2303.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of P（AM-co-AA） hydrogel for cationic dyes was also discussed.

Ultraviolet shielding property of crylic acid resin filled with nano-SiO_2

The present status and development trends of nano-composite coatings were briefly introduced. The nano-SiO2 was dispersed into crylic acid resin by ultrasonic wave and high-energy ball milling, the influence of nano-SiO2 on shielding property of coatings was investigated. Relation between particle size distribution of original nano-SiO2 and its dispersal in water and alcohol after treatment were analyzed, respectively. The ultraviolet permeation rate of coatings filled with nano-SiO2 was detected by ultraviolet spectral photometer. And the particle size distribution of coatings was examined by TEM. The results show that particle size distribution is comparative convergence and smaller one order of magnitude after dispersal treatment. The size of most nano-SiO2 in coatings is smaller than 100nm, which indicates that the amount of nano-SiO2 in the resin is 20% （solid content of resin）, the permeation rate of ultraviolet of composite coatings decreases to 20%. The research of its excellent ultraviolet shielding property mechanism indicates minor size and high surface energy of nano-SiO2 can produce different absorption, reflection and scatter actions to different wavelengths.

The Effect of Methacrylic Acid and Maleic Acid on the Isothermal Kinetics of Acrylic Acid Crosslinking Co-polymerization under Conventional and Microwave heating

The kinetics of free-radical crosslinking co-polymerization(FRCCP)of acrylic acid(AA)with both methacrylic acid(MA)(PAMA hydrogel)and maleic acid(MAL)(PAMAL hydrogel)was investigated under the conditions of isothermal conventional heating(CH)and under the conditions of microwave heating(MWH)with controlled cooling.The kinetics curves of FRCCP of PAMA and PAMAL hydrogels under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of second order chemical reaction,whereas the kinetics curves under the conditions of CH are described with the kinetics model of Polany-Winger.It is proved that MWH leads to the changes in the rate of FRCCP and to the changes in the values of the kinetic parameters activation energy(Ea)and pre-exponential factor(lnA).It was found the existence of relationship between the values of the kinetic parameters calculated for MWH and CH for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel synthesis process,which is well-known as compensation effect.The effect of MWH on the kinetics of FRCCP for PAMA and PAMAL hydrogel formation were explained by applying the model of activation by selective energy transfer(SET).The changes in kinetics model,rate of FRCCP and kinetics parameters,caused with the MWH can found wide application in designing novel technologies for obtaining polymers and for synthesis of polymers with novel physico-chemical properties.The suggested mechanism of activation for polymerisation under the conditions of MWH also enables development of novel reaction systems and technologies for polymers productions.

Geogenic Pollution of Groundwater Quality in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Groundwater Acidification from Rathupaswala

Over recent decades, Gampaha district, Sri Lanka, has experienced significant urbanisation and industrial growth, increasing groundwater demand due to limited and polluted surface water resources. In 2013, a community uprising in Rathupaswala, a village in Gampaha district, accused a latex glove manufacturing factory of causing groundwater acidity (pH < 4). This study evaluates the spatial and temporal changes in geochemical parameters across three transects in the southern part of Gampaha district to 1) assess the impact of geological formations on groundwater;2) compare temporal variations in groundwater;and 3) explain acidification via a geochemical model. Seventy-two sample locations were tested for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and anion concentrations (sulphate, nitrate, chloride and fluoride). Depth to the water table and distance from the sea were measured to study variations across sandy, peaty, lateritic, and crystalline aquifers. Results showed pH readings around 7 for sandy and crystalline aquifers, below 7 for peaty aquifers, and below 5 for lateritic aquifers, with significant water table fluctuations near Rathupaswala area. Principal component analysis revealed three principal components (PCs) explaining 86.0% of the variance. PC1 (40.6%) correlated with pH, EC, and sulphate (saltwater intrusion), while PC2 (32.0%) correlated with nitrates and depth to the water table (anthropogenic nutrient pollution). A geochemical transport model indicated a cone of depression recharged by acidic groundwater from peat-soil aquifers, leading to acidic groundwater in Rathupaswala area. Previous attributions of acidic pH to the over-exploitation of groundwater by the latex factory have been reevaluated;the results suggest natural acidification from prolonged water-rock interactions with iron-rich lateritic aquifers. Groundwater pH is influenced by local climate, geology, topography, and drainage systems. It is recommended that similar water-rock interaction conditions may be present throughout the wet zone of Sri Lanka, warranting detailed studies to confirm this hypothesis.

轮枝霉(Diasporangiumsp.)产生EPA、AA发酵条件的初步研究

对本实验室分离的轮枝霉 (Diasporangiumsp )发酵产生含EPA、AA等多不饱和脂肪酸的条件 ,如碳源种类、氮源种类、pH、菌种的接种量和种龄、培养温度、通气量进行了研究 ,摇瓶发酵结果表明 ,以玉米粉和葡萄糖混合作为碳源能获得最高的不饱和脂肪酸产量 ;有机氮源有利于菌丝不饱和脂肪酸的产生 ;低温有利于菌丝中长链不饱和脂肪酸的产生 ,发酵接种量宜大 ;pH对菌丝生物量、EPA和AA的含量均有显著的影响。发酵培养 6d后菌丝中的不饱和脂肪酸含量达到最大值。在初步优化培养条件下 ,EPA、AA分别达到 2 5 3 7mg/L和 5 49 8mg/L。

婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中DHA、EPA、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸(AA)的测定

建立了气相色谱法同时测定乳制品中的DHA,EPA,亚油酸,亚麻酸和花生四烯酸AA含量的方法。采用色谱柱为脂肪酸型色谱柱DB-23,氢火焰离子化检测器。优化了色谱条件。结果表明,DHA,EPA,亚油酸,亚麻酸和花生四烯酸AA分离效果很好。DHA的最低检出限为0.02 g/L,回收率为100.1%,变异系数(CV)为0.82%;EPA的最低检出限为0.01 g/L,回收率为99.8%,变异系数为1.04%;亚油酸的最低检出限为0.01 g/L,回收率为99.7%,变异系数为0.82%;亚麻酸的最低检出限为0.01 g/L,回收率为99.7%,变异系数为0.96%;AA的最低检出限为0.01 g/L,回收率为99.9%,变异系数为0.96%。

衍生气相色谱法同时检测分析亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、AA、EPA、DHA

目的 建立衍生气相色谱法同时检测分析亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、AA、EPA、DHA等六种不饱和脂肪酸。方法 采用KOH-CH3OH甲酯化衍生，利用HP-FFAP 30m×0．32mm×0．25μm毛细管柱分离，FID检测。结果 方法在0-400μg／mL间具有良好的线性（r〉0．999），检出限1μg／mL，回收率91％～103％。结论 本方法可用于食品中含亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、AA、EPA、DHA等六种不饱和脂肪酸成分的同时酯化衍生分离分析，方法简便，所得结果可靠、重现性好。

AMPS/AA二元共聚物的合成及阻垢性能评价

以水为溶剂，过硫酸盐为引发剂，合成了低分子量AMPS／AA二元共聚物，考察了合成条件与共聚物阻垢性能的关系。采用静态实验法评价了合成产物的阻垢性能。结果表明，AMPS／AA二元共聚物阻垢剂性能优良，可有效抑制Ca3（PO4）2、Zn（OH）2垢。

提取及培养条件对紫球藻AA与EPA的影响

研究了紫球藻脂肪酸提取过程中不同的预处理方法(碾磨处理、超声波处理及未预处理)及提取分析方法(KOH-甲醇法、乙醚-石油醚法、氯仿-甲醇法、乙醇法、HCl-甲醇法)对紫球藻二十碳四烯酸与二十碳五烯酸的影响,结果表明,碾磨预处理是紫球藻不饱和脂肪酸二十碳四烯酸(AA)及二十碳五烯酸(EPA)检测效果最好且简便经济的方法,而氯仿-甲醇法对紫球藻AA及EPA的气相色谱(GC)分析效果最优,在同等条件下其灵敏度高,所取得的长链不饱和脂肪酸甲酯的产物多,EPA达到1.159mg/g,AA达到2.062mg/g;其他方法依次按效果排序为:乙醚-石油醚法>乙醇法>KOH-甲醇法>HCl-甲醇法。同时研究了不同培养时间对紫球藻AA与EPA组成的影响,结果表明,对数前期第6d为收获EPA的最佳时间,含量达到10.671mg/g;对数期末第8d为收获AA的最佳时期,含量达到19.415mg/g。

MA-AA-AM三元共聚物的阻垢性能

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,在水相中聚合制备三元共聚物PMAA,从因素效应方面综合研究其阻垢性能。实验表明,PMAA对温度有较宽的适应范围,在中酸性和弱碱性条件下能较好地发挥阻垢性能,在高浓缩倍数下亦有良好的阻垢效果。在水样pH=7,温度为80℃,阻垢剂PMAA质量浓度为6mg/L时,恒温10 h,对碳酸钙阻垢率为97.38%,对磷酸钙阻垢率为85.69%;PMAA质量浓度为12 mg/L,对碳酸钙阻垢率可达100%,对磷酸钙阻垢率亦能达96.5%以上。

代谢有机酸对AA肉鸡生长和抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平代谢有机酸对AA肉鸡生长和抗氧化性能的影响,并确定其在饲粮中的适宜添加量。选取1日龄AA肉公鸡192只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加3.75‰、5‰和6.25‰代谢有机酸产品的试验日粮。试验期为42 d。结果表明:①同一日龄时,5‰组体重均高于其他各组,且在28日龄显著高于对照组;5‰和6.25‰组体重增加的幅度随着日龄的增加而增加,其中5‰组增加的幅度最大。②与对照组相比,试验组血清和肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)升高,其中28日龄时6.25‰组的肝脏中T-AOC显著高于对照组。因此,代谢有机酸能提高AA肉鸡体重,促进生长,且有助于提高机体抗氧化性能。综合本试验条件得出肉鸡饲粮中代谢有机酸的最适宜添加量为5‰。

固始鸡和AA肉鸡肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶基因表达及肌肉脂肪酸的比较研究

[目的]研究固始鸡和AA肉鸡肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因表达及肌肉脂肪酸的差异,为调控不同生长速度肉鸡脂肪代谢和日粮配制提供依据。[方法]取不同周龄固始鸡和AA肉鸡肝脏组织,用Trizol试剂提取肝脏总RNA,反转录后用RT-qPCR测定FAS mRNA表达水平;按照鸡FAS ELISA试剂盒说明处理肝脏样本,通过酶标仪测定吸光值,计算FAS活性;利用索氏抽提法测定胸肌和腿肌中肌内脂肪(IMF)含量;采用《食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪酸的测定:GB 5009.168—2016》第三法测定胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸组成。[结果]AA肉鸡肝脏中FAS mRNA表达水平显著高于固始鸡,品种与周龄互作对表达水平有显著影响,0、3和5周龄时,AA肉鸡肝脏中FAS mRNA表达水平显著高于固始鸡,而4和6周龄时两品种间没有显著差异,品种间的差异主要表现在生长前期。4周龄时AA肉鸡胸肌和腿肌中IMF含量显著高于固始鸡,6周龄时品种间没有显著差异;AA肉鸡胸肌和腿肌中IMF含量显著高于固始鸡,但这种差异主要体现在4周龄,6周龄时品种间差异不显著;与4周龄相比,6周龄AA肉鸡胸肌和腿肌中IMF含量显著降低,固始鸡胸肌中含量显著降低,而腿肌中含量没有显著变化。AA肉鸡、固始鸡胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸总含量没有显著差异;脂肪酸组成品种间呈现显著差异,固始鸡胸肌和腿肌中多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于AA肉鸡,特别是影响肉质风味的花生四烯酸含量;随着周龄增加,AA肉鸡胸肌和腿肌中多不饱和脂肪酸含量没有显著变化,固始鸡则显著降低,AA肉鸡花生四烯酸含量没有显著变化,固始鸡则显著增加。[结论]品种间FAS mRNA表达水平及FAS活性的差异可能是造成肉鸡前期IMF含量显著不同的原因之一;脂肪酸含量可能是影响固始鸡鸡肉风味的重要因素。

活细胞实时成像技术研究抗坏血酸(AA)协同砷剂抗人骨肉瘤MG-63的体外疗效

目的研究抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AA)和三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,As2O3)抗人骨肉瘤细胞MG-63的体外疗效。方法以MG-63细胞为体外模型,用62.5μmol/L AA与1μmol/L As2O3单独或联合处理细胞,利用新型连续活细胞图像采集和分析平台(continuous live cell imaging and analysis platform,Cell IQ)实时观察细胞的生长情况和形态学的变化。结果 1μmol/L As2O3和62.5μmol/L AA单独处理都可抑制MG-63细胞的生长并诱导细胞死亡。1μmol/L As2O3和62.5μmol/L AA联合处理细胞较单独处理组细胞抑制效果更明显。结论 AA和AS2O3抗人骨肉瘤细胞Mg-63可起到协同作用,这一结果为临床治疗骨肉瘤提供了新的思路和实验依据。

P(AA-co-DMMC)水凝胶的γ辐射合成及pH响应行为

研究了ＤＭＭＣ：ＡＡ不同单体比值时辐射合成的Ｐ（ＡＡ—ｃｏ—ＤＭＭＣ）水凝胶在不同ｐＨ值溶液中的行为，发现了该凝胶对ｐＨ值有响应，凝胶的响应还与其组成单体的比例有关，表现为当ＤＭＭＣ：ＡＡ为１：３、１：４、１：５、１：６时，其响应行为基本一致，在高和低ｐＨ值时，溶胀较小，在ｐＨ值等于７左右时溶胀较大，但当比例为１：２时，结果正好相反。

MA-AA-MAS三元共聚物的制备及其阻垢性能研究

以水为溶剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)和甲代烯丙基磺酸钠(MAS)为单体合成了三元共聚物.探讨了该共聚物转化率、平均分子质量、阻垢分散效果与单体配比、引发剂用量、反应温度、反应时间之间的关系.结果表明,当单体MA,AA,MAS物质的量比为3.0∶1.0∶0.6,引发剂质量分数为单体总量的14%,反应温度应控制在90℃,反应时间为4 h时,所制得的共聚物性能最佳,单体转化率为90.1%,对CaCO3和Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢率分别达到98.2%和92.1%.

复合酸化剂对中后期AA肉鸡消化道pH值的影响

研究不同水平的复合酸化剂对35、42日龄肉鸡腺胃、肌胃和十二指肠pH值的影响。结果表明:添加复合酸化剂组与对照组相比,均可有效降低35、42日龄肉鸡腺胃pH值(P<0.05);0.2%和0.3%添加组可有效降低35、42日龄肌胃pH值及35日龄十二指肠pH值(P<0.05),对42日龄十二指肠pH值有一定的降低作用(P>0.05)。

VAc/MA/AA三元无皂乳液共聚的研究

以过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,对VAc/MA/AA三元无皂乳液共聚进行了研究。探讨了引发剂用量、功能单体用量(AA)对乳液稳定性、胶乳粒子粒径、粒径分布及胶乳粘度、粘接强度等性质的影响。结果表明: 引发剂用量小于单体总质量的0．7％时,随着KPS用量的增加,胶乳粒子粒径减小,粒径分布变窄;引发剂用量大于单体总质量的0．7％时,随着KPS用量的增加,胶乳粒径及分布都增大,KPS用量为单体总质量的6％时,单分散性好;共聚乳液的粒径随AA用量的增加而增加,粒径分布则随AA用量的增加而减小,乳液粘度随AA用量增大而降低,而粘接强度随AA用量增大而增加,耐水性下降。