Mechanical model of water inrush from coal seam floor based on triaxial seepage experiments

In order to study the mechanism of confined water inrush from coal seam floor,the main influences on permeability in the process of triaxial seepage experiments were analyzed with methods such as laboratory experiments,theoretical analysis and mechanical model calculation.The crack extension rule and the ultimate destruction form of the rock specimens were obtained.The mechanism of water inrush was explained reasonably from mechanical point of view.The practical criterion of water inrush was put forward.The results show that the rock permeability "mutation" phenomenon reflects the differences of stress state and cracks extension rate when the rock internal crack begins to extend in large-scale.The rock ultimate destruction form is related to the rock lithology and the angle between crack and principal stress.The necessary condition of floor water inrush is that the mining pressure leads to the extension and transfixion of the crack.The sufficient condition of floor water inrush is that the confined water’s expansionary stress in normal direction and shear stress in tangential direction must be larger than the internal stress in the crack.With the two conditions satisfied at the same time,the floor water inrush accident will occur.

Experiments and 3D DEM of Triaxial Compression Tests under Special Consideration of Particle Stiffness

Discrete element modelling is commonly used for particle-scale modelling of granular or particulate materials. Developing a DEM model requires the determination of a number of micro-structural parameters, including the particle contact stiffness and the particle-particle friction. These parameters cannot easily be measured in the laboratory or directly related to measurable, physical material parameters. Therefore, a calibration process is typically used to determine the values for use in simulations of physical systems. This paper focuses on how to define the particle stiffness for the discrete element modelling in order to perform realistic simulations of granular materials in the case of linear contact model. For that, laboratory tests and numerical discrete element modelling of triaxial compression tests have been carried out on two different non-cohesive soils i.e. poorly graded fine sand and gap graded coarse sand. The results of experimental tests are used to calibrate the numerical model. It is found that the numerical results are qualitatively and quantitatively in good agreement with the laboratory tests results. Moreover, the results show that the stress dependent of soil behaviour can be reproduced well by assigning the particle stiffness as a function of the particle size particularly for gap graded soil.

Experimental investigation on deformation characteristics and permeability evolution of rock under confining pressure unloading conditions

Deformation behavior and hydraulic properties of rock are the two main factors that influence safety of excavation and use of rock engineering due to in situ stress release.The primary objective of this study is to explore deformation characteristics and permeability properties and provide some parameters to character the rock under unloading conditions.A series of triaxial tests with permeability and acoustic emission signal measurement were conducted under the path of confining pressure unloading prior to the peak stress.Deformation behavior and permeability evolution in the whole stress–strain process based on these experimental results were analyzed in detail.Results demonstrate that,under the confining pressure unloading conditions,a good correspondence relationship among the stress–axial strain curve,permeability–axial strain curve and acoustic emission activity pattern was obtained.After the confining pressure was unloaded,the radial strain grew much faster than the axial strain,which induced the volumetric strain growing rapidly.All failures under confining pressure unloading conditions featured brittle shear failure with a single macro shear rupture surface.With the decrease in deformation modulus during the confining pressure unloading process,the damage variable gradually increases,indicating that confining pressure unloading was a process of damage accumulation and strength degradation.From the entire loading and unloading process,there was a certain positive correlation between the permeability and volumetric strain.

Mutual impact of true triaxial stress, borehole orientation and bedding inclination on laboratory hydraulic fracturing of Lushan shale

Unconventional resources like shale gas has been the focus of intense research and development for two decades. Apart from intrinsic geologic factors that control the gas shale productivity (e.g. organic matter content, bedding planes, natural fractures, porosity and stress regime among others), external factors like wellbore orientation and stimulation design play a role. In this study, we present a series of true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments conducted on Lushan shale to investigate the interplay of internal factors (bedding, natural fractures and in situ stress) and external factors (wellbore orientation) on the growth process of fracture networks in cubic specimens of 200 mm in length. We observe relatively low breakdown pressure and fracture propagation pressure as the wellbore orientation and/or the maximum in situ stress is subparallel to the shale bedding plane. The wellbore orientation has a more prominent effect on the breakdown pressure, but its effect is tapered with increasing angle of bedding inclination. The shale breakdown is followed by an abrupt response in sample displacement, which reflects the stimulated fracture volume. Based on fluid tracer analysis, the morphology of hydraulic fractures (HF) is divided into four categories. Among the categories, activation of bedding planes (bedding failure, BF) and natural fractures (NF) significantly increase bifurcation and fractured areas. Under the same stress regime, a horizontal wellbore is more favorable to enhance the complexity of hydraulic fracture networks. This is attributed to the relatively large surface area in contact with the bedding plane for the horizontal borehole compared to the case with a vertical wellbore. These findings provide important references for hydraulic fracturing design in shale reservoirs.

基于修正剑桥模型三轴剪切实验数值模拟

为了进一步拓展三轴剪切实验课教学内容,丰富实验教学方法,基于修正剑桥模型,构建三轴固结不排水实验数值模型,采用应力场与渗流场耦合模拟分析CU实验过程;分析CU实验应力路径、塑性体积应变、孔隙水压力的变化规律,推导出破坏时孔压系数公式,以及罗斯柯线归一化方程式。数值模拟实验允许实验参数或土性参数的改变,可以设计更全面的实验工况,得到更丰富的实验数据,再进行实验结果分析,得出的结论更准确。实验教学过程中引入数值模拟实验,可让学生不仅学会实验原理相关理论知识,还能将理论知识应用于实验过程,激发学生的学习兴趣,引导学生从被动学习实验理论知识向主动设计实验方向转变。

超深碳酸盐岩储层岩石三轴压缩实验与数值模拟研究

为了研究超深碳酸盐岩储层的岩石力学特性,文中以取自埋深约8350 m的顺北油气田奥陶系储层碳酸盐岩真实岩样为研究对象,按热处理与无热处理,在110 MPa围压范围内进行三轴压缩实验,从而得到高围压下的岩石力学特性。实验结果表明:高围压下,岩石表现强烈的塑性流动,加热处理会使得岩石强度降低,但随着围压等级的升高,不同温度下的岩石峰值应力又趋于一致。基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则,发展了塑性硬化参数与等效塑性应变之间的关系,对2种温度下的岩石三轴压缩实验进行数值模拟,结果很好地再现了三轴压缩应力-应变曲线。作为拓展应用,采用所建立的弹塑性本构对单条裂缝压裂过程进行模拟,发现在本岩样所在的储层条件下,压裂过程中的裂缝扩展不受岩石塑性的影响,这一点与裂缝闭合过程完全不同,这为目标储层压裂改造提供了有意义的借鉴。

Effect of stress-dependent microannulus aperture on well leakage

Debonding at the cement-casing interface is recognized as a principal failure mechanism leading to CO_(2) leakage in wells.This detachment gives rise to a microannulus,which notably possesses greater permeability than undamaged cement,undermining its sealing efficacy.Conventionally,the permeability of the microannulus is regarded as a uniform value throughout the well.However,fundamentally,a microannulus is one type of fracture,and its gap or aperture size is affected by the effective stress.In this work,we developed a unique experimental apparatus.This equipment facilitates the curing of cement inside a steel casing,the formation of a microannulus between the casing and the cement,and the investigation of the fluid flow dynamics along the microannulus under laboratory-replicated in situ conditions.The microannulus was formed by injecting fluid from one end of the setup,and receiving similar amount of fluid on the other end signified the development of the leakage channel.Additionally,strain gauges affixed to the casing’s external surface yielded key information on the microannulus’s opening and closure.We observed a noticeable decline in microannulus hydraulic aperture(or permeability)in relation to effective stress and an exponential equation fits their relationship.Our findings also indicate a distinct behavior when comparing liquid CO_(2) with water.Specifically,it is easier for liquid CO_(2) to create the microannulus.However,the hydraulic aperture range for this microannulus(0.7-6 mm)is considerably smaller than that created by water flow(2-17 mm).Finally,we integrated the stressdependent microannulus aperture size into the combined analysis of well mechanical integrity and well leakage.The outcomes consistently demonstrated that when factoring in the stress-dependent aperture sizes,the leakage rates are 3e5 times compared to a fixed aperture model.The traditional assumption of a constant aperture significantly underestimates fluid leakage risks.

射孔参数对砂砾岩储层压裂的影响

砂砾岩油藏具有应力差大、破裂压力高的特点,导致造缝难度大,如何降低破裂压力是安全压开储层的关键。将水泥与石英砂按3∶1混合并随机混入不同直径的鹅卵石和细碎石粒,制作边长300 mm的人造砾岩,使用水力喷砂射孔枪进行射孔,通过改变角度0~90°、深度1.5~6 cm模拟现场不同射孔方位角和炮眼深度,根据现场数据设置实验三向应力分别为9.4、19.3、24.8 MPa,排量为50 mL/min,压裂液黏度为45 mPa·s,开展室内水力压裂实验,分析射孔角度和射孔深度对裂缝起裂及破裂压力的影响。研究结果表明,射孔方向与最大水平主应力夹角为0°时破裂压力最低,为11.9 MPa,减小射孔方位角能够降低破裂压力3.55 MPa;射孔深度由1.5 cm增加至6.1 cm,破裂压力降低了4.63 MPa;当射孔孔眼附近存在砾石,破裂压力异常增高约10 MPa。建议通过合理优化射孔方位角,适当增加射孔深度,同时遴选砾石粒径较小且分选性较好的层段进行施工,提高压裂改造成功率。研究成果为制定玛湖射孔方案提供了参数优选的依据。

原煤与型煤损伤破坏的应力声发射变化特征对比研究

在研究声发射特征与煤样和断裂的关系时,原煤和型煤都可用作实验样本。大多煤层材质较软,制造标准的原煤试样较为困难,因此使用型煤作为研究样本的实验较普遍,但型煤改变了煤的原始结构,影响了其物理和力学性质,使用型煤替代原煤作为实验样本的适用性一直是学术界讨论的焦点。此外,目前对于原煤和型煤在假三轴压缩实验中表现出的声发射特征差异的研究相对有限。针对上述问题,开展了原煤和型煤假三轴压缩声发射实验,从力学性能、断裂模式和声发射时空演化、频带能量分布、非线性特征等方面着重讨论和分析。结果表明:加载过程中释放的声发射能量和峰值应力总能量与煤样强度密切相关,原煤主要为剪切和拉伸混合破坏模式,型煤主要为拉伸轴裂破坏模式;煤样的声发射位置分别对应其宏观破裂形态,但发生时间和空间分布不同;在峰前加载阶段,原煤的声发射信号相对较少,而型煤的声发射响应剧烈,并在峰值应力时刻达到最大值;通过小波包分析得到型煤的声发射频带能量分布范围小于原煤,原煤的声发射信号频率主要集中在10~120 kHz,而型煤的声发射信号仅在0~100 kHz频率范围内活跃,说明型煤的微破裂规模大于原煤;原煤和型煤的波形能量90%活跃在0~150 kHz;当加载试样接近失稳破坏时,即加载应力为峰值应力的99%左右时,原煤和型煤声发射信号的Hurst指数均大于0.5,表明声发射时间序列与加载过程具有长期相关性。

真三轴多面快速卸荷岩爆多余能量特征实验研究

利用自主研发的真三轴岩爆实验系统,进行了一系列真三轴高压加载下水平方向不同快速卸荷面数的滞后性岩爆实验。基于能量理论,实验研究了不同卸荷面数下的岩爆储能特征、多余能量(ΔE)、多余能量释放速度(EERR)以及AE裂纹演化特征。实验得出了以下主要结论:1)岩爆的发生相较于岩石单轴加载静态破坏,主要是由于多余能量ΔE的产生,多余能量ΔE取决于岩石在岩爆前所存储的弹性应变能、峰后设备输入的能量以及残余弹性应变能,随着卸荷面数的增加,ΔE逐渐减小,但多余能量释放速度EERR却增大,导致岩爆现象变得更为剧烈;2)在真三轴高压加载条件下进行快速卸荷,会使应力应变曲线出现卸荷平台,卸荷损伤主要以张拉破坏为主,并主要集中在临空面附近,随着卸荷面数的增加卸荷损伤逐渐增大;3)在砂岩的损伤演化过程中,拉伸裂纹占据主导地位,而在最终临近岩爆阶段,剪切裂纹曲线的斜率大于拉伸裂纹,表明剪切裂纹是导致试样失稳破坏的关键因素。

循环冲击层理煤岩动力学行为及破坏规律研究

为研究复杂地况下含特征层理煤岩的动态力学行为,采用50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,对含层理(0°、30°、45°、60°、90°)煤岩进行动态三轴循环冲击实验研究,并结合3D轮廓扫描仪量化其断裂界面,分析层理效应和围压效应对煤岩动态力学特性及其损伤破坏规律的影响。研究表明:围压的施加使煤岩应力-应变曲线出现弹性后效现象;较无围压状态,抗压强度提高3.9~4.2倍,失效应变增大2.59~3.05倍。随着层理角度的增大,煤岩的动态抗压强度、弹性模量和能量透射率均呈现先降低后升高的U形分布,在层理角为45°时均达到最小值;能量吸收率和断面粗糙度呈现先增大后减小的∩形分布,损伤变量呈现N形分布,在层理角为45°时达到最大值。煤岩的损伤破坏特征随层理角度的变化可概括为张拉破坏(0°)-剪切破坏(30°、45°和60°)-劈裂破坏(90°)的演变过程,所得特征规律可为实际复杂环境下煤层气资源安全高效开采提供理论支持。

不同三维应力条件下硬岩巷道围岩的破坏特征及能量分布

为了研究开挖巷道围岩在不同三维应力条件下的破坏特征,采用TRW3000岩石真三轴电液伺服试验系统对含圆孔花岗岩试件进行三轴加载试验,并利用微型高清摄像系统实时记录圆孔附近的失效过程。结果表明,低应力条件下,圆孔内壁主要发生层裂破坏;高应力条件下,圆孔周边主要发生岩爆破坏。增加水平方向的应力可以抑制围岩发生岩爆。进一步数值模拟不同应力条件下圆孔周边的应变能密度(SED)演化过程。模拟结果表明,随着水平应力的增加,圆孔周边的SED分布逐渐减小;圆孔周边SED分布与实验记录的损伤分布基本一致,主要表现为蝶形、耳形和环形分布。

温-压耦合作用下深层盐岩盖层封闭能力演化特征

为了研究温-压耦合作用对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响,选择中国金坛盐洞的盐岩样品,利用高温-高压三轴岩石力学测试系统实验装置,设计开展恒温变压、恒压变温以及温-压耦合3组实验,模拟温度、压力条件对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响。研究结果表明:①温-压耦合作用导致盐岩短期强度大幅减弱,塑性大幅增强,缩短了脆-塑性转化时间,其中,由温度引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(T_(i))大于35.06%;压力引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(p_(i))最大只有38.25%,表明埋藏过程中,盐岩力学性质主要受控于温度。②单一压力作用下,盐岩裂缝具有逐渐减少、愈合的趋势;而温-压耦合作用下,盐岩会出现“裂缝再次发育”现象,其中,低温阶段(温度<90℃),压力占主导地位,高温阶段(温度≥90℃),温度占主导地位,盐岩出现蠕变损伤。③建立“深层盐岩”“脆性—脆-塑性—塑性—蠕变损伤—损伤愈合”演化模式,其中,蠕变损伤阶段对于盐下油气藏的保存极为不利。因此,准确厘定盐岩封闭能力的演化特征可为深层盐下油气藏的富集规律分析提供理论依据。

冲击载荷作用下Q345钢失效应变与单元尺寸关系研究

冲击载荷作用下结构的损伤破坏仿真计算中,材料的失效应变取值与单元尺寸具有很大的关系。为建立冲击载荷作用下结构失效应变与单元尺寸之间的关系,本文以开展的Q345B钢各类力学性能试件(压缩、扭转、拉伸等)获取的材料失效应变为依据,借助数值仿真手段,研究各类试件网格尺寸对失效应变影响关系,并进一步依托开展的弹体穿甲试验、简单方板冲击试验、近场爆炸下舰船毁伤破坏试验,建立三类典型冲击问题中单元失效应变取值与尺寸之间的对应关系。计算结果表明:网格尺寸对单元失效应变的影响主要在于单元尺寸可改变结构变形过程中局部塑性变形分布区域的分布度;不同冲击载荷作用下,由于所使用的单元类型及受力状态存在一定的差异,需针对各类冲击问题分别建立单元失效应变与网格尺寸之间的关系。研究成果可为后续数值仿真计算中单元失效应变的选取提供指导。

炭质泥岩粗粒土动态回弹模量及预估模型研究

【目的】为研究炭质泥岩粗粒土动态回弹模量在荷载、级配和含水率影响下的变化规律,【方法】开展室内三轴试验,探究不同应力状况、分形维数和含水率条件下炭质泥岩粗粒土的动回弹特性。【结果】试验结果显示:炭质泥岩粗粒土动态回弹模量随体应力的增大而增大,随动偏应力和含水率的增大而减小;含水率对动态回弹模量影响较大,在含水率较小时,回弹模量随分形维数的增大而减小,随着含水率的增大,回弹模量逐渐随分形维数的增大而增大。【结论】采用三参数复合模型对试验结果进行回归分析,试验结果与模型有较好的拟合效果,并提出了基于含水率和分形维数的三参数经验预估模型,可有效预估炭质泥岩粗粒土动态回弹模量。

土石坝粗粒料的湿化动力特性试验研究

采用大型静动力三轴试验仪对筑坝粗粒料做了常规和湿化三轴试验,研究了粗粒料在湿化变形后动力特性的变化情况,并与常规三轴动力试验结果进行对比。结果表明,粗粒料的动力特性受湿化变形的影响较大,粗粒料的动力性能参数发生了一定程度的衰减,对比分析两种试验的Hardin-Drnevich模型参数,发现湿化变形对k_(2)、λ_(max)影响较为明显,数值发生衰减,但对n、k_(1)的影响不明显。

井内液柱压力对井壁稳定性的影响

为探究液柱压力对井壁稳定性的影响,研究井壁围岩在井内液柱压力及地应力作用下的受力特征及裂纹扩展模式,采用三轴围压水压试验的方法,改变围压以及井内水压的方式对细砂岩进行室内试验,并通过CT扫描的方法进行内部裂纹观察。研究表明:(1)围压一定时,细砂岩的偏应力-应变曲线的各阶段变化趋势受孔内水压的影响较大,且峰值强度、残余强度、轴向峰值应变与围压、孔内水压均呈正相关。孔内水压的作用延缓了细砂岩的压缩屈服阶段受力破坏的过程,增加了细砂岩的延性破裂程度。(2)CT扫描发现一定围压作用下,细砂岩的主剪切破裂面与轴向的夹角呈现出随着水压的增大而减小的规律,且剪切裂纹轨迹由岩样外侧逐渐向中心孔壁靠近偏转;(3)随着水压的增加,孔内岩块塌落方式由集中塌落转变为零散塌落;水压越大,孔内的岩块塌落面积和塌落度越小。提升水压到合适强度,可以提升井壁稳定性,减小井壁失稳发生的可能。

煤层中瓦斯渗流规律的技术研究

针对目前煤炭开采逐步转化为深部开采,瓦斯问题也日趋严重的现状,以预制裂隙煤体为研究对象,进行了三轴加载压缩试验和三轴渗流试验,研究了不同裂隙面积煤体在应力作用下的力学特性与渗流规律。试验结果表明:不同裂隙面积煤体在应力加载下的应力变化曲线基本趋于一致,试样在加载压缩阶段、压密阶段与弹性阶段几乎密不可分,在围压加载阶段已经完成试样的压密;根据测得的压力梯度与流速拟合结果发现,裂隙渗流有明显的非线性特征;随着有效围压的增大,渗透率K逐渐减小,非达西渗流因子β增大;随着裂隙面积的增加,渗透率K逐渐减小,非达西渗流因子β也逐渐减小。

泥岩蠕变行为的实验研究及其描述

利用自行研制的岩石三轴蠕变仪,对泥岩进行了系统的三轴蠕变试验。试验中考虑了轴压σ1和围压σ3对蠕变的影响。结果表明,当围压σ3一定时,轴向应力σ1增加,蠕变加快,在稳态蠕变阶段的应变率增大,试件的寿命缩短。而当应力差?σ=σ1–σ3保持不变时,围压σ3增加,蠕变减慢,稳态蠕变阶段的应变率也减小,试件的寿命增加。利用非经典粘塑性损伤本构模型对试验现象进行了分析,得到了较为满意的结果。

冻融循环作用对青藏粘土物理力学性质的影响

为研究冻融循环作用对土物理力学性质的影响,以青藏粘土为研究对象,通过对室内制备的粘土试样在经历0～21次完整冻融循环过程后,进行不同围压下三轴压缩试验,研究经多次冻融作用后,高度、试样含水量、应力–应变行为、破坏强度、弹性模量、抗剪强度指标等物理力学性质的变化。试验结果表明:冻融过程是使土体从不稳定态向动态稳定态的发展过程,反复的冻融循环改变了土体的性状,使得土体向新的动态稳定平衡状态发展。