Interplay between polarization rotation and crack propagation in PMN-PT relaxor single crystals

Investigations on the interconnection between the polarization rotation and crack propagation are performed for [110J-oriented 74Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）O3- 26PbTiO3 relaxor ferroelectric single crystal under electric loadings along [001] direction. The crystal is of predominantly monoclinic MA phase with scatter dis- tributed rhombohedral （R） phase under a moderate poling field of 900 V/mm in [00l] direction. With magnitude of 800 V/ram, a through thickness crack is initi- ated near the electrode by electric cycling. Static electric loadings is then imposed to the single crystal. As the applied static electric field increases, domain switch- ing in the monoclinic MA phase and phase transition from MA to R phase occur near the crack. The results indicate that the crack features a conducting one. Whether domain switching or phase transition occurs depends on the intensity of the electric field component that is perpendicular to the applied electric field.

Crack growth behavior of SRR99 single crystal superalloy under thermal fatigue

The thermal fatigue behavior of a single crystal superalloy SRR99 was investigated. Specimens with V-type notch were tested at the peak temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100℃. The crack growth curves as a function of the number of cycles were plotted. With the increase of peak temperature, the crack initiation life was shortened dramatically. Through optical microscopy （OM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation, it was found that multiple small cracks nucleated at the notch tip region but only one or two of them continued to develop in the following thermal cycles. The primary cracks generally propagated along a preferential direction. Microstructure changes after thermal fatigue were also discussed on the basis of SEM observation.

THE NEAR TIP STRESS AND STRAIN FIELDS IN CRACKED SINGLE CRYSTALS

The numerical analyses of stationary mathematically sharp Mode I crack in FCC and BCC crystals with elastic-ideally plastic(EIP)and fast hardening saturation(FHS)law are carried out in the present paper.From the calculated re- sults,it is shown that:for the cases of small strain,EIP crystal cracks,the features of concentrated deformation patterns and the stress state in near-crack tip deforma- tion fields are identical to the earlier analytical solutions,but along the angular sector boundaries,there exist narrow complex stress zones.The overall characteristics of de- formation patterns for the cases of EIP and FHS are similar.The behaviours of crack tip opening can be characterized by crack-tip-opening-displacement(CTOD).For the case of FHS,finite deformation BCC crystal crack,our calculations are qualitatively in agreement with recent experimental observations.

Real-time quantitative optical method to study temperature dependence of crack propagation process in colloidal photonic crystal film

A real-time quantitative optical method to characterize crack propagation in colloidal photonic crystal film（CPCF）is developed based on particle deformation models and previous real-time crack observations. The crack propagation process and temperature dependence of the crack propagation rate in CPCF are investigated. By this method, the crack propagation rate is found to slow down gradually to zero when cracks become more numerous and dense. Meanwhile, with the temperature increasing, the crack propagation rate constant decreases. The negative temperature dependence of the crack propagation rate is due to the increase of van der Waals attraction, which finally results in the decrease of resultant force. The findings provide new insight into the crack propagation process in CPCF.

IN-SITU OBSERVATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN PST CRYSTALS OF Ti-49% AlALLOY

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Exact analytic solutions for an elliptic hole with asymmetric collinear cracks in a one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal

Using the complex variable function method and the technique of conformal mapping, the anti-plane shear problem of an elliptic hole with asymmetric colfinear cracks in a one-dimensional hexagonal quasi-crystal is solved, and the exact analytic solutions of the stress intensity factors （SIFs） for mode Ⅲ problem are obtained. Under the limiting conditions, the present results reduce to the Griffith crack and many new results obtained as well, such as the circular hole with asymmetric collinear cracks, the elliptic hole with a straight crack, the mode T crack, the cross crack and so on. As far as the phonon field is concerned, these results, which play an important role in many practical and theoretical applications, are shown to be in good agreement with the classical results.

Effect of Lamellar Orientation on Crack Paths in PST Crystals of γ-TiAl BasedAlloys

The effect of lamellar orientation on crack paths in PST crystals of y-TiAl based alloys was investigated by in-situ SEM technique. The results indicate that the crack paths in PST crystals of y-TiAl based alloys are strongly dependent on lamellar orientation ofPST crystals, and the differently oriented PST crystals show different nucleation and propagation mechanisms of crack, resulting in different levels of fracture toughness.

Growth of Casting Microcrack and Micropore in Single-crystal Superalloys Analysed by Three-Dimensional Unit Cell

Finite element （FE） analysis was employed to investigate the casting microcrack and micropore growth in nickel-base single-crystal superalloys DD3. Based on the finite deformation rate-dependent crystallographic constitutive equation, the simulations of casting microcrack and micropore growth in three-dimensional unit cell model were carried out in a range of parameters including stress triaxiality, Lode parameter and type of activated slip systems. The FE results show that the stress triaxiality has profound effects on growth behavior, and the Lode parameter is also important for the casting microcrack and micropore growth. The type of operative slip systems has remarkable effect on casting microcrack and micropore growth, so the life of single- crystal component is associated with the type of activated slip systems, which is related to Schmid factor and the number of activated slip systems. The growth comparison between microcrack and micropore reveals that when the material is subjected to large deformation, the growth rate of microcrack is faster than that of micropore, i.e. microcrack is more dangerous than micropore; the microcrack is easier to result in brittle fracture than micropore. The stress triaxiality and Lode parameter have strong influence on the growth of microcrack and micropore.

Dislocation Behaviour near the Crack Tip in Bulk Fe-3% Si Single Crystal

An investigation has been made of the disloca- tion distribution and dislocation free zone near the crack tip in bulk Fe-3% Si single crystal during deformation in SEM.It has been found that a number of dislocations were emitted from the crack tip during deformation.After that,the dislocations moved rapidly away from the crack tip,which indi- cated that they were strongly repelled by the stress field at the crack tip.Between the crack tip and the plastic zone there is a region of dislocation-free, which is referred to as dislocation-free zone (DFZ). The length of DFZs is roughly estimated 100 μm which is much longer than that found in thin foil specimen.The variation of dislocation density as a function of the distance from the crack tip was measured,which showed that the dislocations are inversely piled up in the plastic zone.The length of DFZs increased with both the length of pre-crack and the amplitude of applied stress.

考虑应力梯度的缺口疲劳分散性研究

针对缺口部位的微观结构及尺寸导致的疲劳分散差异较大的问题,为准确预测缺口件的疲劳分散性,以矩形截面缺口件为例,采用宏观Chaboche循环塑性本构模型与细观晶体循环塑性本构模型相结合的有限元子模型方法,并考虑缺口效应,提出了以应力梯度影响因子、等效应力与纵向应变为变量的统计标准差作为疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)。在不同位移载荷、位移载荷比和缺口直径大小情况下将疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)与经典的Fatemi-Socie疲劳指示因子FIP FS进行疲劳分散性的比较与分析。结果表明:疲劳指示因子FIP_(notch)均能很好地预测不同位移载荷、位移载荷比和缺口直径下的缺口疲劳分散性,且比经典的FIP FS方法有更高的精度与适用性。

火电厂锅炉水冷壁焊缝泄漏失效分析

某12Cr1MoV水冷壁对接焊缝中部出现周向裂纹导致泄漏失效,为调查泄漏失效原因,对焊缝进行了宏观检查、磁粉检测、硬度检验、金相分析、全元素分析和能谱分析,并建立模型分四个阶段讨论了水冷壁焊缝泄漏失效的原因。研究表明:焊缝中夹杂的S元素是焊缝泄漏失效的主要因素,收缩拉应力为偏析在晶界的低熔点共晶物提供了形成沿晶热裂纹的条件,氧气的介入造成热裂纹的局部氧化,实际运行的综合应力使氧化的沿晶热裂纹多点扩展、融合,形成宏观裂纹,最终导致焊缝泄漏失效。

TP321焊接过程产生层间结晶裂纹和表面液化裂纹的原因和预防措施

加氢装置因为高温、高压、临氢的特殊环境,使加热炉进出口、反应器进出口、高压换热器进出口管线不得不选用TP321或者TP347材质。但在装置建设过程中,工期紧、焊接环境差、焊工水平层次不齐、焊材成分和可焊接操作性差、对热输入和层间温度控制较苛刻等原因,使得在焊接过程中出现热裂纹等焊接质量问题。为保证TP321材质管道焊接质量,对产生以上质量问题原因进行简要阐述,保证焊接过程合适的热输入、应用合格焊材、保证焊缝组织铁素体含量,从而保证装置试压、开停工过程的安全与稳定性。

基于声子晶体的声发射波源检测概率研究

声发射(acoustic emission,AE)检测就是利用采集和分析声发射现象所产生的信号从而实现对材料进行无损评价的技术,该技术具有实时监测并定位破坏源的能力但是由于检测过程中声发射源信号未知,因此评价检测可靠性的检测概率(probability of detection,POD)研究仍然是空白。进一步来说,在利用声发射监测损伤过程时,声发射波源直接决定其检测结果的可靠性,因此波源的检测概率可以成为量化声发射检测有效性的一个重要指标。为了确定声发射波源的检测概率,利用声子晶体(phononic crystals,PCs)的特性,通过部署声子晶体形成物理带隙,滤除噪声信号,从而获得铝合金试件在紧凑拉伸试验下由于疲劳裂缝活动而引起的声发射信号,最终确定声发射源的检测概率及其影响因素。结果表明,检测概率会随着疲劳裂缝扩展而提高,但裂缝长度达到一定值后开始下降,最终趋于一个平稳值,另外通过设置阈值和选择适当的滤波器,能有效提高检测概率,保证声发射评价结构损伤的有效性。该研究对声发射源识别和检测可靠性评价具有重要意义。

工艺参数对高温高压合成Ⅱa型培育钻石的影响

针对国内采用六面顶压机利用高温高压法合成Ⅱa型培育钻石存在成核晶种粒数少、优晶占比小、生长缺陷多等问题,对合成前期和合成结束后的工艺参数曲线进行了优化。通过调控合成腔体内部的压力和温度,使其在合成腔体中的生长环境稳定,从而提高晶种形核生长数和优晶率。结果表明,最优工艺方案为:培育钻石生长阶段的前20h,在低温高压环境下缓慢升温并采取一段时间的保温措施,然后恒功率升温至设定温度,在高温高压下生长3d;在合成结束的2h内,采取分阶段带加热功率低速卸压,能够有效控制裂纹、金属包裹体等缺陷的产生,提高合成晶体品质。最终晶种形核生长数为25颗,优晶占比为92%。

高岭土微球内置导向剂法制备原位晶化催化裂化催化剂

在高岭土微球预成形过程中引入Y沸石导向剂,再以原位晶化法制备了NaY高岭土复合微球,并采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N_(2)吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行了表征。XRF和XRD表征结果显示,与常规方法相比,引入导向剂后所制备的NaY高岭土复合微球的硅铝比从1.61上升到1.70,Y沸石结晶度从21%增加到29%。N_(2)吸附-脱附表征结果显示,常规方法制备的NaY高岭土复合微球的比表面积为311.8 m^(2)/g,孔体积为0.28 cm^(3)/g,而引入导向剂后复合微球的比表面积和孔体积分别增加到521.8 m^(2)/g和0.41 cm^(3)/g,同时介孔孔径从4~25 nm增加到10~150 nm。与常规方法制备的催化剂相比,在引入导向剂所制备原位晶化催化剂作用下,重油催化裂化的油浆收率下降3.78百分点,汽油收率增加3.48百分点,总液体收率增加3.11百分点。

REPRESENTATION OF PLASTICITY AT AN INTERFACE CRACK BY INCLINED STRIP YIELD SUPERDISLOCATION MODEL

The basic equations of the representation of plasticity at an interface crack by an inclined strip yield superdislocation model are derived. With a special combination of the material properties and small-scale yielding case, the problem is reduced to an algebraic equation in an unknown, the ratio of the plastic zone size. Some discussions on the limitations of this model are presented.

高分子及表面活性剂对ZSM-5分子筛形貌调控

采用高通量水热合成设备,在分子筛合成过程中使用水溶性高分子(甲基纤维素、淀粉和聚乙二醇400)及表面活性剂(十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠)作为特殊添加剂,对ZSM-5分子筛形貌进行调控;采用XRD和SEM方法对分子筛的尺寸和形貌进行表征,探索了不同添加剂对晶体生长的作用以及对分子筛形貌的影响;研究了不同粒径分子筛对苯分子的吸附性能及其在C4烯烃催化裂解反应中的性能。实验结果表明,加入不同添加剂会制备出不同形貌及粒径大小的分子筛,使用十二烷基苯磺酸钠可以得到小粒径纳米级分子筛。TG和吸附结果表明,小粒径分子筛中有机模板剂或添加剂含量更高,失重更明显,具有更高的苯饱和吸附量。同时纳米分子筛会暴露出更多的外表面活性位,与反应物/中间体/产物产生过强的吸附作用力,扩散速率较低。在C4烯烃裂解反应中,纳米分子筛催化剂由于具有更多的活性位而表现出较高的初始转化率及优良的稳定性。

中薄板坯角部纵向边裂的原因与措施

分析了中薄板坯角部纵向边裂的影响因素,采取优化结晶器振动台控制系统和同步精度,优化结晶器锥度,提高结晶器整备精度,适当减小结晶器冷却水量,提高扇形段辊缝和接弧精度标准等措施后,中薄板坯角部纵向边裂发生率由3.5%降至1.0%,保证了中薄板坯产品的质量。

单晶合金中裂纹演化的有限元分析

对DD6合金在有裂纹和无裂纹缺陷的条件下,对其进行蠕变性能的测试、组织形貌的观察并采用ABAQUS软件对在裂纹附近的应力分布进行有限元分析。研究了单晶合金的蠕变行为和组织形貌受存在缺陷的影响。结果表明:试样的蠕变寿命由于受到组织缺陷的影响明显降低。近裂纹区域的应力较大值出现在与施加应力轴成45°角的方向,并且应力呈现出蝶形分布的特征。合金裂纹缺陷附近的应力较小值在其上下区域,最大值在两侧极点处,在极点处试样沿壁厚方向两端的应力比中部大,当裂纹沿[010]方向时应力稍大于沿[110]方向。随着蠕变的继续,应力值进一步增大,使裂纹长大,其扩展方向垂直于应力轴,导致合金蠕变寿命降低。

水性渗透结晶材料对混凝土裂缝修复性能的影响研究

为研究水性渗透结晶材料对裂缝修复性能的影响,测试了不同养护湿度、龄期及预制裂缝宽度下混凝土的跨缝超声声速和沿缝劈裂抗拉强度,并对裂缝处混凝土进行SEM和XRD测试。结果表明,水性渗透结晶材料对混凝土裂缝具有较好的修复性能。随着养护龄期延长,试件的超声声速和劈裂抗拉强度均有所提高,其中养护湿度越大提高越明显,混凝土裂缝处修复效果越好;在相对湿度较高(85%、100%)时,水性渗透结晶材料能有效修复0.3 mm以内的裂缝;在相对湿度较低(40%)或裂缝宽度≥0.5 mm时的修复效果不显著;该材料使预制裂缝处形成了大量针状和线状的碳酸镁钙晶体,结晶机理与沉淀反应结晶机理类似。