Plastic deformation modelling of tempered martensite steel block structure by a nonlocal crystal plasticity model

The plastic deformations of tempered martensite steel representative volume elements with different martensite block structures have been investi- gated by using a nonlocal crystal plasticity model which considers isotropic and kinematic hardening produced by plastic strain gradients. It was found that pro- nounced strain gradients occur in the grain boundary region even under homo- geneous loading. The isotropic hardening of strain gradients strongly influences the global stress-strain diagram while the kinematic hardening of strain gradi- ents influences the local deformation behaviour. It is found that the additional strain gradient hardening is not only dependent on the block width but also on the misorientations or the deformation incompatibilities in adjacent blocks.

Origins of high ductility exhibited by an extruded magnesium alloy Mg-1.8Zn-0.2Ca:Experiments and crystal plasticity modeling

Low ductility and strength are major bottlenecks against Mg alloys’wide applications.In this work,we systematically design the composition and fabrication process for a low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Ca alloy,showing that it can be extruded at low temperatures(~250℃)and high speeds(~2 mm/s).After the extrusion,this alloy exhibits a substantially weakened basal texture,relatively small grain size,very high tensile elongation(~30%),and good strength.The origin of the considerably improved ductility was studied using a combination of three-dimensional atom probe tomography(3D-APT),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)in conjunction with surface slip trace analysis,in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction,and elasto-plastic self-consistent(EPSC)modeling.Co-segregation of Zn and Ca atoms at a grain boundary is observed and associated with texture weakening and grain boundary mediated plasticity,both improving the ductility.While basal slip and prismatic slip are identified as the dominant deformation systems in the alloy,the ratio between their slip resistances is substantially reduced relative to pure Mg and most other Mg alloys,significantly contributing to the improved ductility of the alloy.This Mg-Zn-Ca alloy exhibiting excellent mechanical properties and low fabrication cost is a promising candidate for industrial productions.

Analysis of the mechanism of orientations evolution during hot rolling and mechanical properties of TiBw/TA15 composites based on crystal plasticity finite element model

An in-depth understanding of the crystal orientation evolution during hot rolling of TiB whisker(TiBw)/TA15 composites and the anisotropy of the as-rolled plates can help fully utilize the material proper-ties.In this paper,the crystal plasticity finite element models of high-temperature(HT)β-phase and room-temperature(RT)α-phase were constructed from electron backscattering diffraction data.Based on this,the orientation evolution during hot rolling in the single-phase region and the effects of the matrix texture on the mechanical properties of the as-rolled plates were analyzed.The effect of TiBw on the anisotropy was studied by the composites finite element model.Results showed that theα-fiber texture of theβ-phase was formed during HT rolling.This texture was converted to the T-texture of theα-phase at RT during cooling according to the Burgers orientation relationships.The TiBw had little effect on the matrix texture composition.The TiBw and matrix texture caused the matrix to have higher strength along the rolling direction and the transverse direction,respectively.The matrix texture dominated the difference in mechanical properties because its effect exceeded that of TiBw.The effect of the matrix on the mechanical properties was caused by the Schmid factors(SFs)and the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)of the slip system together.The slip mode was influenced by SFs determined by the angular rela-tionship between the crystal orientation and the loading direction.The CRSS of the activated slip system determined the yield strength.

Texture evolution and slip mode of a Ti-5.5Mo-7.2Al-4.5Zr-2.6Sn-2.1Cr dual-phase alloy during cold rolling based on multiscale crystal plasticity finite element model

The complex micromechanical response among grains remains a persistent challenge to understand the deformation mechanism of titanium alloys during cold rolling.Therefore,in this work,a multiscale crystal plasticity finite element method of dual-phase alloy was proposed and secondarily developed based on LS-DYNA software.Afterward,the texture evolution and slip mode of a Ti-5.5Mo-7.2Al-4.5Zr-2.6Sn-2.1Cr alloy,based on the realistic 3D microstructure,during cold rolling(20%thickness reduction)were systematically investigated.The relative activity of the■slip system in theαphase gradually increased,and then served as the main slip mode at lower Schmid factor(<0.2).In contrast,the contribution of the■slip system to the overall plastic deformation was relatively limited.For theβphase,the relative activity of the<111>{110}slip system showed an upward tendency,indicating the important role of the critical resolved shear stress relationship in the relative activity evolutions.Furthermore,the abnormally high strain of very fewβgrains was found,which was attributed to their severe rotations compelled by the neighboring pre-deformedαgrains.The calculated pole figures,rotation axes,and compelled rotation behavior exhibited good agreement to the experimental results.

Stress-controlled LCF experiments and ratcheting behaviour simulation of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation

Uniaxial ratcheting behaviour and low cycle fatigue(LCF)failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD6 with[001]orientation are investigated through the stresscontrolled LCF tests with stress ratio of-1.Then the deformation behaviour during the wholelifetime from the beginning of the experiment to the fracture of the specimen,as well as the fractographic/metallographic morphology,are compared with the strain-controlled LCF experimental results.Through the scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations,it is shown that the failure characteristics under stress-controlled LCF loading are similar with those under strain-controlled loading.Nevertheless,unlike strain-controlled LCF loading,even under fully reversed cycle loading for stress-controlled LCF,DD6 shows significant ratcheting behaviour due to the tensioncompression asymmetry.In addition,the LCF lifetimes under stress control are significantly shorter than the LCF lifetimes under strain control,and the culprit might be the detrimental effect of ratcheting strain on LCF lifetime.Based on these phenomena,an improved crystal plasticity constitutive model on the basis of slip-based Walker constitutive model is developed through modifying the kinematic hardening rule in order to overcome the inaccurate prediction of decelerating stageand stable stage of ratcheting behaviour.Furthermore,combining the continuum damage mechanics,a damage-coupled crystal plasticity constitutive model is proposed to reflect the damage behaviour of DD6 and the accelerating stage of ratcheting behaviour.The simulation results for the stress-controlled LCF deformation behaviour including the whole-lifetime ratcheting behaviour show good agreement with the experimental data.

Developments of New Sheet Metal Forming Technology and Theory in China

Developments of new sheet metal forming technology and theory in China are reviewed in detail in this paper.Advances of crystal plasticity on the deformation mechanism of Mg alloy are firstly described, especially its applications on the prediction of sheet forming process. Then, a new macroscopic constitutive model is introduced, which possesses an enhanced description capacity of tension/compression anisotropy and anisotropic hardening. In order to take into account the twinning process of hexagonal close-packed material, a modified hierarchical multi-scale model is also established with adequate accuracy in a shorter computational time. The advanced forming limit of sheet metal, mainly about aluminum alloy, is also investigated. Besides the above theory developments, some new sheet metal forming technologies are reviewed simultaneously. The warm forming technology of Mg alloy is discussed. New processes to form sheet parts and to bend tubes are proposed by using hard granules. On the other hand, a new kind of ultra-high-strength steel based on typical22 Mn B5 by introducing more residual austenite and Cu-rich phase to increase the elongation and strength and its novel forming method that integrates hot stamping and quenching participation are proposed. Progresses in sheet hydroforming,press forging and electromagnetic forming of sheet metal parts are also summarized.