Constructing long-cycling crystalline C_(3)N_(4)-based carbonaceous anodes for sodium-ion battery via N configuration control

Carbon nitrides with two-dimensional layered structures and high theoretical capacities are attractive as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries while their low crystallinity and insufficient structural stability strongly restrict their practical applications.Coupling carbon nitrides with conductive carbon may relieve these issues.However,little is known about the influence of nitrogen(N)configurations on the interactions between carbon and C_(3)N_(4),which is fundamentally critical for guiding the precise design of advanced C_(3)N_(4)-related electrodes.Herein,highly crystalline C_(3)N_(4)(poly(triazine imide),PTI)based all-carbon composites were developed by molten salt strategy.More importantly,the vital role of pyrrolic-N for enhancing charge transfer and boosting Na+storage of C_(3)N_(4)-based composites,which was confirmed by both theoretical and experimental evidence,was spot-highlighted for the first time.By elaborately controlling the salt composition,the composite with high pyrrolic-N and minimized graphitic-N content was obtained.Profiting from the formation of highly crystalline PTI and electrochemically favorable pyrrolic-N configurations,the composite delivered an unusual reverse growth and record-level cycling stability even after 5000 cycles along with high reversible capacity and outstanding full-cell capacity retention.This work broadens the energy storage applications of C_(3)N_(4) and provides new prospects for the design of advanced all-carbon electrodes.

Biodegradation of Crystalline Chitin:A Review of Recent Advancement,Challenges,and Future Study Directions

Chitin is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide on Earth.The degradation of chitin into soluble and bioactive N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides(NCOSs)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(GlcNAc)has emerged as a pivotal step in the efficient and sustainable utilization of chitin resources.However,because of its dense structure,high crystallinity,and poor solubility,chitin typically needs pretreatment via chemical,physical,and other methods before enzymatic conversion to enhance the accessibility between substrates and enzyme molecules.Consequently,there has been considerable interest in exploring the direct biological degradation of crystalline chitin as a cost-effective and environment-friendly technology.This review endeavors to present several biological methods for the direct degradation of chitin.We primarily focused on the importance of chitinase containing chitin-binding domain(CBD).Additionally,various modification strategies for increasing the degradation efficiency of crystalline chitin were introduced.Subsequently,the review systematically elucidated critical components of multi-enzyme catalytic systems,highlighting their potential for chitin degradation.Furthermore,the application of microorganisms in the degradation of crystalline chitin was also discussed.The insights in this review contribute to the explorations and investigations of enzymatic and microbial approaches for the direct degradation of crystalline chitin,thereby fostering advancements in biomass conversion.

Synthesis of crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) with rock/molten salts for efficient photocatalysis and piezocatalysis

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is emerging as a promising visible-light photocatalyst while the low crystallinity with sluggish charge separation/migration dynamics significantly restricts its practical applications.Currently,synthesizing highly crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) with sufficient surface activities still remains challenging.Herein,different from using alkali molten salts which is commonly reported,we propose an approach for synthesis of highly crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) with FeCl3/KCl rock/molten mixed salts.The rock salt can serve as the structure-directing template while molten salt provides the required liquid medium for re-condensation.Intriguingly,the synthesized photocatalyst showed further enhanced crystallinity and improved surface area along with high p/p*excitation compared with crystalline C_(3)N_(4) prepared from conventional molten-salt methods.These catalytically advantageous features lead to its superior photocatalytic and piezocatalytic activities with a high reactivity for overall water splitting that is not commonly reported for C_(3)N_(4).This work provides an effective strategy for structural optimization of organic semiconductor based materials and may inspire new ideas for the design of advanced photocatalysts.

Three-dimensional topological crystalline insulator without spin-orbit coupling in nonsymmorphic photonic metacrystal

By including certain point group symmetry in the classification of band topology,Fu proposed a class of threedimensionaltopological crystalline insulators(TCIs)without spin-orbit coupling in 2011.In Fu’s model,surface states(ifpresent)doubly degenerate atГandM when time-reversal and C_(4) symmetries are preserved.The analogs of Fu’s modelwith surface states quadratically degenerate atM are widely studied,while surface states with quadratic degeneracy atГare rarely reported.In this study,we propose a three-dimensional TCI without spin-orbit coupling in a judiciously designednonsymmorphic photonic metacrystal.The surface states of photonic TCIs exhibit quadratic band degeneracy in the(001)surface Brillouin zone(BZ)center(Гpoint).The gapless surface states and their quadratic dispersion are protected by C4and time-reversal symmetries,which correspond to the nontrivial band topology characterized by Z_(2)topological invariant.Moreover,the surface states along lines fromГto the(001)surface BZ boundary exhibit zigzag feature,which is interpretedfrom symmetry perspective by building composite operators constructed by the product of glide symmetries with timereversalsymmetry.The metacrystal array surrounded with air possesses high order hinge states with electric fields highlylocalized at the hinge that may apply to optical sensors.The gapless surface states and hinge states reside in a cleanfrequency bandgap.The topological surface states emerge at the boundary of the metacrystal and perfect electric conductor(PEC),which provide a pathway for topologically manipulating light propagation in photonic devices.

Effect of high-energy Ne ions irradiation on mechanical properties difference between Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5)metallic glass and crystalline W

In this paper,high-energy Ne ions were used to irradiate Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5) metallic glass(MG)and crystalline W to investigate their difference in mechanical response after irradiation.The results showed that with the irradiation dose increased,the tensile micro-strain increased,nano-hardness increased from 7.11 GPa to 7.90 GPa and 8.62 GPa,Young’s modulus increased,and H3/E2 increased which indicating that the plastic deformability decreased in crystalline W.Under the same irradiation conditions,the Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5) MG still maintained the amorphous structure and became more disordered despite the longer range and stronger displacement damage of Ne ions in Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5) MG than in crystalline W.Unlike the irradiation hardening and embrittlement behavior of crystalline W,Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5) MG showed the gradual decrease in hardness from 6.02 GPa to 5.89 GPa and 5.50 GPa,the decrease in modulus and the increase in plastic deformability with the increasing dose.Possibly,the irradiation softening and toughening phenomenon of Zr_(63.5)Cu_(23)Al_(9)Fe_(4.5) MG could provide new ideas for the design of nuclear materials.

Shock-induced energy localization and reaction growth considering chemical-inclusions effects for crystalline explosives

Chemical inclusions significantly alter shock responses of crystalline explosives in macroscale gap experiments but their microscale dynamics origin remains unclear.Herein shock-induced energy localization,overall physical responses,and reactions in a-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(a-RDX)crystal entrained various chemical inclusions were investigated by the multi-scale shock technique implemented in the reactive molecular dynamics method.Results indicated that energy localization and shock reaction were affected by the intrinsic factors within chemical inclusions,i.e.,phase states,chemical compositions,and concentrations.The atomic origin of chemical-inclusions effects on energy localization is dependent on the dynamics mechanism of interfacial molecules with free space volume,which includes homogeneous intermolecular compression,interfacial impact and shear,and void collapse and jet.As introducing various chemical inclusions,the initiation of those dynamics mechanisms triggers diverse decay rates of bulk RDX molecules and hereby impacts on growth speeds of final reactions.Adding chemical inclusions can reduce the effectiveness of the void during the shock impacting.Under the shockwave velocity of 9 km/s,the parent RDX decay rate in RDX entrained amorphous carbon decreases the most and is about one fourth of that in RDX with a vacuum void,and solid HMX and TATB inclusions are more reactive than amorphous carbon but less reactive than dry air or acetone inclusions.The lessdense shocking system denotes the greater increases in local temperature and stress,the faster energy liberation,and the earlier final reaction into equilibrium,revealing more pronounced responses to the present intense shockwave.The quantitative models associated with the relative system density(RD_(sys))were proposed for indicating energy-localization mechanisms and evaluating initiation safety in the shocked crystalline explosive.RD_(sys)is defined by the density ratio of defective RDX to perfect crystal after dynamics relaxation and reveals the global density characteristic in shocked systems filled with chemical inclusions.When RD_(sys)is below 0.9,local hydrodynamic jet initiated by void collapse dominates upon energy localization instead of interfacial impact.This study sheds light on novel insights for understanding the shock chemistry and physical-based atomic origin in crystalline explosives considering chemical-inclusions effects.

Organic Compounds Possessing the Plastic Crystalline Phase: Calculation of Their Fusion Enthalpies

For the first time, for different organic and inorganic compounds possessing the plastic crystalline phase, a new semiempirical equation describing dependence of their fusion enthalpies on such physico-chemical quantities as normal melting temperature, surface tension, molar volume and critical molar volume is received on the base of the principle of corresponding states and the energy equipartition theorem. Moreover, the proposed equation allows one to take into account the particularities of one-particle molecular rotation in the plastic crystalline phase.

Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wood and Fabrication of Polylactic Acid(PLA)Based Green Biocomposites

An innovative microcrystalline cellulose(MCC)natural fibre powder-reinforced PLA biocomposite was investigated using the hand lay-up technique.The polymer matrix composite(PMC)samples were prepared by varying the weight percentages(wt.%)of both PLA matrix and MCC reinforcement:pure PLA/100:0,90:10,80:20,70:30,60:40 and 50:50 wt.%,respectively.From the results obtained,MCC powder,with its impressive aspect ratio,proved to be an ideal reinforcement for the PLA,exhibiting exceptional mechanical properties.It was evident that the 80:20 wt.%biocomposite sample exhibited the maximum improvement in the tensile,flexural,notched impact,compressive strength and hardness by 28.85%,20.00%,91.66%,21.53%and 35.82%,respectively compared to the pure PLA sample.Similarly,during the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),the same 80:20 wt.%biocomposite sample showed a minimum weight loss of 20%at 400℃,among others.The morphological study using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)revealed that the uniform distribution of cellulose reinforcement in the PLA matrix actively improved the mechanical properties of the biocomposites,especially the optimal 80:20 wt.%sample.Importantly,it was evident that the optimal PLA/cellulose biocomposite sample could be a suitable and alternative sustainable,environmentally friendly and biodegradable material for semi/structural applications,replacing synthetic and traditional components.

Strength criterion for crystalline rocks considering grain size effect and tensile-compressive strength ratio

The macroscopic mechanical properties of rocks are significantly influenced by their microstructure.As a material bonded by mineral grains,the grain morphology of crystalline rock is the primary factor influencing the strength.However,most strength criteria neglect the strength variations caused by different grain characteristics in rocks.Furthermore,the traditional linear criteria tend to overestimate tensile strength and exhibit apex singularity.To address these shortcomings,a piecewise strength criterion that considers the grain size effect has been proposed.A part of an ellipse was employed to construct the envelope of the tensive-shear region on the meridian plane,to accurately reproduce the low tensile-compressive strength ratio.Based on the analysis of experimental data,both linear and exponential modification functions that account for grain size effects were integrated into the proposed criterion.The corresponding finite element algorithm has been implemented.The accuracy and applicability of the proposed criterion were validated by comparing with the experimental data.

Laser-Constructing 3D Copper Current Collector with Crystalline Orientation Selectivity for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

The practical application of lithium(Li)metal anodes in high-capacity batteries is impeded by the formation of hazardous Li dendrites.To address this challenge,this research presents a novel methodology that combines laser ablation and heat treatment to precisely induce controlled grain growth within laser-structured grooves on copper(Cu)current collectors.Specifically,this approach enhances the prevalence of Cu(100)facets within the grooves,effectively lowering the overpotential for Li nucleation and promoting preferential Li deposition.Unlike approaches that modify the entire surface of collectors,our work focuses on selectively enhancing lithiophilicity within the grooves to mitigate the formation of Li dendrites and exhibit exceptional performance metrics.The half-cell with these collectors maintains a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 97.42%over 350 cycles at 1 mA cm^(−2).The symmetric cell can cycle stably for 1600 h at 0.5 mA cm^(−2).Furthermore,when integrated with LiFePO4 cathodes,the full-cell configuration demonstrates outstanding capacity retention of 92.39%after 400 cycles at a 1C discharge rate.This study introduces a novel technique for fabricating selective lithiophilic three-dimensional(3D)Cu current collectors,thereby enhancing the performance of Li metal batteries.The insights gained from this approach hold promise for enhancing the performance of all laser-processed 3D Cu current collectors by enabling precise lithiophilic modifications within complex structures.

Preparation and Performance Study of Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Materials

Cementitious capillary crystalline waterproof materials(CCCW for short)offer durability and excellent waterproofing properties,making them a popular option for building waterproofing.Some scholars have studied the proportioning of such materials.However,these studies lack the relationship between the impermeability pressure of mortar and the components,and the mechanism of action is somewhat debatable.Therefore,we adopted a two-step method in our experiments.Firstly,we screened out the components that significantly impact impermeability from a variety of active components by orthogonal test.We then optimized the design of the active group ratio using the simplex lattice method.Lastly,we conducted a performance test of the optimal ratio and explored the waterproofing mechanism of homemade CCCW.

Constructing Crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x)Isotype Heterostructure for Efficient Photocatalytic and Piezocatalytic Performances

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))is viewed as a promising visible-light photocatalyst for industrialization due to its low processing temperature and high chemical stability.However,serious charge recombination caused by incomplete polymerization during direct calcination of nitrogen-rich precursors significantly limits its photocatalytic performances.To boost charge separation,herein,we propose a rational strategy by constructing a crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x) isotype heterostructure through the molten salt method.Theoretical calculation reveals that apparent charge-transfer channels are formed between g-C_(3)N_(4) and S-doped g-C_(3)N_(4) layers in the heterostructure.Owing to high crystallinity for decreasing charge recombination and isotype heterostructure for efficient charge transfer,the as-prepared g-C_(3)N_(4)/g-C_(3)N_(4-x)S_(x) showed remarkable photocatalytic performances with the hydrogen production rate elevated by up to 12.3 times of its singular components.Another novelty of this work is we investigated for the first time the piezocatalytic activity of crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) by characterizing its performance for H2O2 generation and KMnO4 reduction.Strikingly,its superior piezocatalytic performance over components can be further improved by NaBH4 treatment,which is uncovered to enhance the asymmetric structure of crystalline g-C_(3)N_(4) by introducing extra cyano groups and removing partial NHx species in its tri-s-triazine layer structure.This work opens up new strategies for the design of highly efficient polymeric photocatalysts and highlights the piezocatalytic studies of g-C_(3)N_(4).

Resident immune responses to spinal cord injury:role of astrocytes and microglia

Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or non-traumatic in origin,with the latter rising in incidence and prevalence with the aging demographics of our society.Moreove r,as the global population ages,individuals with co-existent degenerative spinal pathology comprise a growing number of traumatic spinal cord injury cases,especially involving the cervical spinal cord.This makes recovery and treatment approaches particula rly challenging as age and comorbidities may limit regenerative capacity.For these reasons,it is critical to better understand the complex milieu of spinal cord injury lesion pathobiology and the ensuing inflammatory response.This review discusses microglia-specific purinergic and cytokine signaling pathways,as well as microglial modulation of synaptic stability and plasticity after injury.Further,we evaluate the role of astrocytes in neurotransmission and calcium signaling,as well as their border-forming response to neural lesions.Both the inflammatory and reparative roles of these cells have eluded our complete understanding and remain key therapeutic targets due to their extensive structural and functional roles in the nervous system.Recent advances have shed light on the roles of glia in neurotransmission and reparative injury responses that will change how interventions are directed.Understanding key processes and existing knowledge gaps will allow future research to effectively target these cells and harness their regenerative potential.

Iatrogenic crystalline lens injury during intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide: A report of two cases

BACKGROUND Intravitreal injection has become an efficient approach for delivering drugs at therapeutic levels to the posterior segment in retinal diseases.However,the increased frequency and number of intravitreal injections have raised concerns about their side effects.As manipulation during surgery is relatively simple,details of the procedure are easily overlooked.Iatrogenic crystalline lens injury is a rare complication caused by improper manipulation during surgical procedures.We report two cases of crystalline lens injury during intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)with the hope of providing an insight into this treatment.CASE SUMMARY Case 1 was a 62-year-old woman with macular edema caused by central retinal vein occlusion in her right eye,and Case 2 was a 65-year-old man with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion in his right eye.In view of the patients’condition and economic constraints,an intravitreal injection of TA was administered.Due to inappropriate manipulation during surgery,the lens was injured.The site of lens injury and clinical manifestations were different in the two cases.Symptomatic treatment and continuous follow-up were carried out.The therapeutic effect following phacoemulsification of the cataract was satisfactory.CONCLUSION Well-defined surgical incision under proper anesthesia,sufficient patient information and proficient anatomical skills of the physician are mandatory to prevent this rare adverse event.Careful and meticulous phacoemulsification of the cataract is suggested.

Transformation of Hexagonal Lu to Cubic LuH_(2+x)Single-Crystalline Films

With the recent report of near ambient superconductivity at room temperature in the N-doped lutetium hydride(Lu-H-N)system,the understanding of cubic Lu-H compounds has attracted worldwide attention.Generally,compared to polycrystals with non-negligible impurities,the single-crystalline form of materials with high purity can provide an opportunity to show their hidden properties.However,the experimental synthesis of single-crystalline cubic Lu-H compounds has not been reported so far.Here,we develop an easy way to synthesize highly pure LuH_(2+x)single-crystalline films by the post-annealing of Lu single-crystalline films(purity of 99.99%)in H_(2)atmosphere.The crystal and electronic structures of films were characterized by x-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,and electrical transport.Interestingly,Lu films are silver-white and metallic,whereas their transformed LuH_(2+x)films become purple-red and insulating,indicating the possible formation of an unreported electronic state of Lu-H compounds.Our work provides a novel route to synthesize and explore more singlecrystalline Lu-H compounds.

Connecting cellular mechanisms and extracellular vesicle cargo in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is followed by a cascade of dynamic and complex events occurring at the cellular level. These events include: diffuse axonal injury, neuronal cell death, blood-brain barrier break down, glial activation and neuroinflammation, edema, ischemia, vascular injury, energy failure, and peripheral immune cell infiltration. The timing of these events post injury has been linked to injury severity and functional outcome. Extracellular vesicles are membrane bound secretory vesicles that contain markers and cargo pertaining to their cell of origin and can cross the blood-brain barrier. These qualities make extracellular vesicles intriguing candidates for a liquid biopsy into the pathophysiologic changes occurring at the cellular level post traumatic brain injury. Herein, we review the most commonly reported cargo changes in extracellular vesicles from clinical traumatic brain injury samples. We then use knowledge from animal and in vitro models to help infer what these changes may indicate regrading cellular responses post traumatic brain injury. Future research should prioritize labeling extracellular vesicles with markers for distinct cell types across a range of timepoints post traumatic brain injury.

Influence of substituting B_(2)O_(3) with Li_(2)O on the viscosity,structure and crystalline phase of low-reactivity mold flux

The low-reactivity mold flux with low SiO_(2)content is considered suitable for the continuous casting of high-aluminum steel since it can significantly reduce the reaction between Al in steel and SiO_(2)in mold flux.However,the traditional low-reactivity mold flux still presents some problems such as high viscosity and strong crystallization tendency.In this study,the co-addition of Li_(2)O and B_(2)O_(3)in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)–10wt%Si O_(2)based low-reactivity mold flux was proposed to improve properties of mold flux for high-aluminum steel,and the effect of Li_(2)O replacing B_(2)O_(3)on properties of mold flux was investigated.The viscosity of the mold flux with 2wt%Li_(2)O and 6wt%B_(2)O_(3)reached a minimum value of 0.07 Pa·s.The break temperature and melting point showed a similar trend with the viscosity.Besides,the melt structure and precipitation of the crystalline phase were studied using Raman and X-ray diffraction spectra to better understand the evolution of viscosity.It demonstrated that with increasing Li_(2)O content in the mold flux from 0 to 6 wt%,the degree of polymerization of aluminate and the aluminosilicate network structure increased because of increasing Li+released by Li_(2)O,indicating the added Li_(2)O was preferentially associated with Al^(3+)as a charge compensator.The precipitation of LiAlO_(2)crystalline phase gradually increased with the replacement of B_(2)O_(3)by Li_(2)O.Therefore,Li_(2)O content should be controlled below 2wt%to avoid LiAlO_(2)precipitation,which was harmful to the continuous casting of highaluminum steels.

A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities

Spinal cord injury(SCI)is a devastating and disabling medical condition generally caused by a traumatic event(primary injury).This initial trauma is accompanied by a set of biological mechanisms directed to ameliorate neural damage but also exacerbate initial damage(secondary injury).The alterations that occur in the spinal cord have not only local but also systemic consequences and virtually all organs and tissues of the body incur important changes after SCI,explaining the progression and detrimental consequences related to this condition.Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology(PNIE)is a growing area of research aiming to integrate and explore the interactions among the different systems that compose the human organism,considering the mind and the body as a whole.The initial traumatic event and the consequent neurological disruption trigger immune,endocrine,and multisystem dysfunction,which in turn affect the patient's psyche and well-being.In the present review,we will explore the most important local and systemic consequences of SCI from a PNIE perspective,defining the changes occurring in each system and how all these mechanisms are interconnected.Finally,potential clinical approaches derived from this knowledge will also be collectively presented with the aim to develop integrative therapies to maximize the clinical management of these patients.

Epidemiological and clinical features,treatment status,and economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in China:a hospital-based retrospective study

Traumatic spinal cord injury is potentially catastrophic and can lead to permanent disability or even death.China has the largest population of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury.Previous studies of traumatic spinal cord injury in China have mostly been regional in scope;national-level studies have been rare.To the best of our knowledge,no national-level study of treatment status and economic burden has been performed.This retrospective study aimed to examine the epidemiological and clinical features,treatment status,and economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in China at the national level.We included 13,465 traumatic spinal cord injury patients who were injured between January 2013 and December 2018 and treated in 30 hospitals in 11 provinces/municipalities representing all geographical divisions of China.Patient epidemiological and clinical features,treatment status,and total and daily costs were recorded.Trends in the percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries among all hospitalized patients and among patients hospitalized in the orthopedic department and cost of care were assessed by annual percentage change using the Joinpoint Regression Program.The percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries among all hospitalized patients and among patients hospitalized in the orthopedic department did not significantly change overall(annual percentage change,-0.5%and 2.1%,respectively).A total of 10,053(74.7%)patients underwent surgery.Only 2.8%of patients who underwent surgery did so within 24 hours of injury.A total of 2005(14.9%)patients were treated with high-dose(≥500 mg)methylprednisolone sodium succinate/methylprednisolone(MPSS/MP);615(4.6%)received it within 8 hours.The total cost for acute traumatic spinal cord injury decreased over the study period(-4.7%),while daily cost did not significantly change(1.0%increase).Our findings indicate that public health initiatives should aim at improving hospitals’ability to complete early surgery within 24 hours,which is associated with improved sensorimotor recovery,increasing the awareness rate of clinical guidelines related to high-dose MPSS/MP to reduce the use of the treatment with insufficient evidence.

Lupenone improves motor dysfunction in spinal cord injury mice through inhibiting the inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in microglia via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway

Spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation.Studies have shown that the triterpenoid lupenone,a natural product found in various plants,has a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect in the context of chronic inflammation.However,the effects of lupenone on acute inflammation induced by spinal cord injury remain unknown.In this study,we established an impact-induced mouse model of spinal cord injury,and then treated the injured mice with lupenone(8 mg/kg,twice a day)by intrape ritoneal injection.We also treated BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine5’-triphosphate to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury.Our res ults showed that lupenone reduced IKBa activation and p65 nuclear translocation,inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome function by modulating nuclear factor kappa B,and enhanced the conve rsion of proinflammatory M1 mic roglial cells into anti-inflammatory M2 microglial cells.Furthermore,lupenone decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation,NLRP3-induced mic roglial cell polarization,and microglia pyroptosis by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B pathway.These findings suggest that lupenone protects against spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammasomes.