Weakened maize phenological response to climate warming in China over 1981‒2018 due to cultivar shifts

Assessing climate change impacts on crop phenology is essential for developing adaptation options.To better understand crop response and adaptation to climate change,there is an urgent need to investigate whether the impacts weakens and how crops responds to recent climate warming,as well as the roles of different drivers in crop phenology change.Here,we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in maize phenology and the underlying mechanisms over 1981–2018 using up-to-date 6106 phenological observations at 327 agro-meteorological stations in China.We found that during 1981–2018 maize sowing and maturity dates were generally delayed by 0.6 and 1.2 d per decade,respectively,whereas heading date was advanced by 0.9 d per decade.Maize phenology was most negatively correlated with rising minimum temperature(night-time warming),followed by maximum(daytime)temperature,and least by mean temperature.The trends in maize phenology and the correlation between growth periods and temperature generally declined from 1981 to 1999 to 2000–2018 for both spring and summer maize,although climate warming during growth period did not slow down.The phenological response to temperature weakened mainly owing to agricultural managements,especially cultivar shifts.Climate change shortened growth period by 3.4 and 1.7 d per decade but cultivar shifts prolonged it by 4.5 and 2.1 d per decade for spring and summer maize,respectively.Our study highlights that maize phenology is more sensitive to night-time warming than daytime warming,and cultivar shifts far outweigh climate change.These findings foster the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics of maize phenology and its drivers,which can benefit to develop effective climate change adaptation options for different regions.

Impacts of climate warming and crop management on maize phenology in northern China

Climate warming has and will continue to exert a significantly impact on crop phenology in the past and coming decades.Combining observed data of phenology and a crop growth model provides a good approach for quantitating the effects of climate warming and crop management on crop phenology.The purpose of this study is to determine the impacts of temperature change, sowing date(SD) adjustment and cultivar shift on maize phenology in northern China during 1981–2010.Results indicated that climate warming caused anthesis date(AD) and maturity date(MD) of maize to advance by 0.2-5.5 and 0.6-11.1 d/10 a, respectively.Due to climate-driven changes in maize phenology, three growth periods of maize, i.e., vegetative growth period(VGP;from sowing to anthesis), reproductive growth period(RGP;from anthesis to maturity) and whole growth period(WGP;from sowing to maturity) shortened by 0.2-5.5, 0.4-5.6 and 0.6-11.1 d/10 a, respectively.With SD adjustment(i.e., SD advancement), AD and MD occurred early by 0.5-2.6 and 0.1-3.4 d/10 a, respectively.SD adjustment caused duration of VGP of maize to prolong.However, duration of RGP slightly shortened by 0.1-1.3 d/10 a.Furthermore, due to cultivar shift, MD of maize significantly delayed by 4.9-12.2 d/10 a.Durations of VGP, RGP and WGP of maize prolonged by 0.2-4.1, 1.6-8.4 and 4.3-11.8 d/10 a, respectively.In conclusion, our results indicated that cultivar shift, to some extent, could mitigate the negative impact of climate warming on maize phenology.