Cultivation Ages Effect on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Greenhouse Soils

The intensive management practices in greenhouse production may alter the soil physicochemical properties and contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals(HMs). To determine the HM concentrations in vegetable soil in relation to soil physicochemical properties and cultivation age, we conducted a soil survey for typical greenhouse soils in Shouguang, China. The results indicated that Cd is a major HM pollutant in the tested soils, as the only HM element exceeding the allowed limit for vegetable soil. The surveyed data was analyzed with regression analysis, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). A positive correlation is observed between HM pollution level and cultivation age. CCA results suggest that the HM pollution level and distribution in soil are significantly affected by soil physicochemical properties, which was a function of years of cultivation as revealed by regression analysis. In summary, cultivation age is an important factor to affect soil physicochemical properties(organic matter and inorganic nutrients) as well as HM contamination.

Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hybrid Mulberry in Autumn under Herbaceous Cultivation

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the physiological mechanism of growth of hybrid mulberry after autumn cutting in herbaceous cultivation.[Methods]The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci)and transpiration rate(Tr)of leaves were measured under different treatment conditions using a Li-6400XT portable photosynthetic measurement system.[Results]After harvest of mulberry shoots in autumn,leaf Pn decreased with the extension of branch and leaf growth time,while Gs,Ci and Tr showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The Pn was affected by factors such as leaf positions,mulberry varieties,cutting,and fertilization,which was manifested by the 6 th to 10 th mature leaves>the 2 nd to 4 th tender leaves,‘Nongsang 14’>hybrid mulberry,intermediate cut>uncut,and normal fertilization>no fertilization,all showing significant differences(P<0.05).Combined with the results of Gs,Ci and Tr measurements,it was found that the changes in leaf Pn were mainly related to non-stomatal factors.Timely cutting and harvesting during summer and autumn could significantly improve the photosynthetic rate of mulberry leaf,which was beneficial for extending the late autumn growth period of hybrid mulberry under herbaceous cultivation.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical reference for mulberry shoot harvesting techniques in summer and autumn.

黄土坡面^(137)Cs浓度与坡面耕垦历史的关系研究

土壤流失程度与人类对土地的干扰程度和干扰方式息息相关。本文通过测定不同耕垦时间、不同退耕时间及不同植被恢复方式的黄土坡面137Cs的含量,研究137Cs流失程度与坡面利用历史之间的相关关系。结果表明,不同时期开垦的坡耕地上137Cs含量与开垦时间、坡度呈线性关系,与坡长的相关性不明显,其回归方程为:X=2356.79?22.77t?35.53S;不同时期的撂荒地坡面上137Cs含量的变异系数为80.11%。137Cs含量与退耕时间、坡度、坡长等因素分析表明,137Cs含量与退耕时间的关系最为密切。退耕坡面上不同植被恢复方式也直接影响坡面137Cs浓度。本研究中137Cs的流失情况从总体上来说,自然恢复<直接还生态林<直接还经济林。可见坡面137Cs含量主要与土地利用历史关系密切。

用^(137)Cs法研究黄土区耕垦历史不同的坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异

以核素示踪技术为研究手段,以空间序列代替时间序列和以线控面为基本研究方法,在提出坡面平均坡度和坡面核素平均面积浓度计算方法的基础上,研究了黄土丘陵区典型小流域———延安燕沟流域不同开垦历史的农耕地坡面土壤侵蚀强度分异。通过不同开垦历史的坡面侵蚀模数与开垦时间、坡度、坡长的偏相关分析,结果表明,侵蚀模数与开垦时间的相关程度最大,其次是坡度,与坡长的相关性不明显。坡面土壤侵蚀强度随开垦年限的增长呈增加趋势,说明人为破坏植被、不合理开垦导致的人为加速侵蚀是近代黄土高原水土流失的主要原因。

Effect of Hillslope Gradient on Vegetation Recovery on Abandoned Land of Shifting Cultivation in Hainan Island,South China

In the present study, we investigated the effect of hillslope gradient on vegetation recovery on abandoned land of shifting cultivation In Hainan Island, south China, by measuring community composition and structure of 25-year-old secondary forest fallows along a hillslope gradient （up-, middle-, and down-slope position）. A total of 49 733 free-standing woody plant stems higher than 10 cm and belonging to 170 species, 112 genera, and 57 families was found in the three l-hm2 investigation plots. Stem density was highest in the down-slope stand and lowest in the up-slope stand. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Index were both highest in the middle-slope stand, and lower In the down-slope and up-slope stands. The recovery forest fallows on different hiUslope positions were all dominated by a few species. The five most abundant species accounted for 70.1%, 58.8%, and 72.9% of total stem densities in stands in the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The five species with the greatest basal areas accounted for 74.5%, 84.3%, and 74.7% of total stem basal area for the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The number of low-density species （stem abundance less than five） Increased from the up-slope position downward. Of the nine local common species among three different functional groups, the short-lived pioneer species dominated the up-slope position, but long-lived pioneer species dominated the middle- and down-slope positions. The climax species of primary tropical lowland rain forest was found in the downslope position. Both the mean diameter at breast height （DBH） and mean height of the trees Increased with decreasing hillslope gradient. The stem density and basal area in different size classes were significantly different in stands In different slope positions. Our results indicated that the rate of secondary succession varies, even over small spatial scales caused by the hlllslope gradient, in early vegetation recovery.

Changes in profile distribution and chemical properties of natural nanoparticles in paddy soils as affected by long-term rice cultivation

Systematic studies on the genesis,properties,and distribution of natural nanoparticles(NNPs)in soil remain scarce.This study examined a soil chronosequence of continuous paddy field land use for periods ranging from 0 to 1000 years to determine how NNPs in soil changed at the early stages of soil genesis in eastern China.Soil samples were collected from coastal reclaimed paddy fields that were cultivated for 0,50,100,300,700,and 1000 years.Natural nanoparticles were isolated and characterized along with bulk soil samples(<2-mm fraction)for selected physical and chemical properties.The NNP content increased with increasing soil cultivation age at 60 g m^(-2) year-1,which was related to decreasing soil electrical conductivity(172-1297μS cm^(-1))and NNP zeta potentials(from -22 to -36 mV)with increasing soil cultivation age.Changes in several NNP properties,such as pedogenic iron oxide and total organic carbon contents,were consistent with those of the bulk soils across the soil chronosequence.Notably,changes in NNP iron oxide content were obvious and illustrated active chemical weathering,pedogenesis,and potential impacts on the microbial community.Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the soil cultivation age was the most important factor affecting NNP properties,contributing 60.7% of the total variation.Cluster and principal component analysis(PCA)revealed splitting of NNP samples into age groups of 50-300 and 700-1000 years,indicating rapid evolution of NNP properties,after an initial period of desalinization(approximately 50 years).Overall,this study provides new insights into NNP evolution in soil during pedogenesis and predicting their influences on agriculture and ecological risks over millennial-scale rice cultivation.

Probabilistic Distributions for <i>Acacia Mearnsii</i>De Wild Total Height and the Influence of Environmental Factors

This paper discusses the hypothesis of height distribution on a forest stand of Acacia mearnsii De Wild, known as black wattle. It remains constant at varied growing environments and, in addition, they are not influenced by age factor. The Wakeby equation was applied. The research was carried out in a black wattle stand at varied age levels and over two different agroecological regions where plantations are found: Serra do Sudeste and Encosta do Sudeste, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. It was observed that as the age rises there is an increase in the stand total height;while the number of trees decreases for the lower classes, it increases for the upper ones. This resulted in lengthening of the curve tail to the left and mode shift to the right, generating negative asymmetrical curves. Two types of height distribution were found: the sharp increase of probability in a specific class and some similar probabilities in successive classes. The distribution curves between the cultivation areas were statistically different and therefore the height distribution was dependent of environment.