The tradition of the west defines its modernity as a radical rupture with endless possibilities for egalitarian futures; yet western modernity was rooted in the genocide of indigenous populations, transatlantic racial...The tradition of the west defines its modernity as a radical rupture with endless possibilities for egalitarian futures; yet western modernity was rooted in the genocide of indigenous populations, transatlantic racial slavery and colonialism. Moreover, as the war on terror demonstrates, racial/gender violence continues to be linked to the formation of western identity, culture and politics in the early twenty-first century. This paper examines how the histories of race and coloniality feature in the contemporary formation of the west, with a particular focus on US nationalism and Canadian multiculturalism. These nation-states are most often defined as antithetical, with the latter confirming that western society has transcended its originary racial/colonial politics. I begin with a brief discussion of the reformation of the west in the mid-twentieth century as the USA became the dominant western power. I then move to compare the contemporary national politics of the USA and Canada to highlight the divergence and convergence in their ddineation of their identity and values. My study demonstrates that although the white supremacist discourse that presently constitutes US nationalism is at variance with the multi- culturalism that shapes Canadian identity, these discourses can be defined as twin aspects of the racial/colonial politics that continue to give meaning to the idea of the west.展开更多
Starting with the debate on Taiwan Residents national consciousness between Chen Yingzhen and Japanese scholar Shozo Fujii, and Chen＇s supporter Masayoshi Matsunaga around 2004, the paper examines the historiography ...Starting with the debate on Taiwan Residents national consciousness between Chen Yingzhen and Japanese scholar Shozo Fujii, and Chen＇s supporter Masayoshi Matsunaga around 2004, the paper examines the historiography of Taiwan Residents literature studies since postwar Japan. It is argued that Shozo Fuji＇s study of Taiwan Residents literature during the Japanese occupation period is different from Yoshinori Kobayashi＇s On Taiwan, which deliberately seeks to erase the sin of colonial rule. However, in applying Western theories mechanically it is indeed easy to end up on the opposite side of historical criticism, for the reason Shozo Fujii did not provide a necessary alert to the crux in Anderson＇s theory. The argumentation among the three parties not only involves how to understand Taiwan Residents history and literature in the complex structure of East Asia, but more importantly about how to make value judgments regarding two hundred years of colonialism.展开更多
This paper is devoted to intercultural dialogue from the point of view of Pope Benedict XVI （pontificate between 2005 and 2013）. It presents pontifical documents, statements, and speeches dedicated to this issue as ...This paper is devoted to intercultural dialogue from the point of view of Pope Benedict XVI （pontificate between 2005 and 2013）. It presents pontifical documents, statements, and speeches dedicated to this issue as well as the conclusions resulting from them. The aim of the paper is to prove that intercultural dialogue and interreligious dialogue are within the context of a new scientific discipline--political science of religion--which deals with the issues of relations between the sphere of religion and the sphere of politics. Intercultural dialogue is tightly connected to interreligious dialogue. Interreligious and intercultural dialogue allows to create the world based on brotherhood and reconciliation. They are the foundation of the future, an effective tool to build a civilization of love and they are born out of God＇s mercy.展开更多
The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously ...The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously a marginalized subject among the renewed interests on the body in the academic fields. In this paper, the author attempts to politicize the queue from 3 perspectives： maintaining a certain prescribed hairstyle is a top-down gesture to construct national conformity; the boundary between Manchu and Han is invoked and reinvented through the battles surrounding the queue politic in late Qing and early Republic; the widespread debate between keeping the queue and cutting the queue at the turn of the 20th century epitomizes the haunting rhetoric of traditionalism and modernism pursuit of modernity in China.展开更多
This essay examines the autobiography of Chen Hengzhe （1890-1976） （see Appendix）, a relatively less studied woman writer, historian, and critic in modem China. Through the study in four aspects, namely, the pursui...This essay examines the autobiography of Chen Hengzhe （1890-1976） （see Appendix）, a relatively less studied woman writer, historian, and critic in modem China. Through the study in four aspects, namely, the pursuit of modem education, simple appearance, great leaders, and the ambassadors of culture, the author＇s research indicates that Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ has been influenced by complex historical and cultural forces such as the Chinese traditional culture, Western culture, and the iconoclastic spirit of ＂the New Culture Movement＂. Meanwhile, Chen＇s gender consciousness is also an important element. Moreover, Chen＇s pioneering standing and her own experiences of studying abroad makes her take the lead in conceiving women＇s leadership and their roles in global culture communications. In the late Qing and the early Republic, traditional values and norms of womanhood were severely challenged. Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ is her conscious effort to define a new womanhood and is an integral part of the ongoing exploration of Chinese women for modem womanhood. Through the examination of Chen＇s ＂new woman＂, this paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the complexity of modem Chinese women＇s exploration of modem womanhood.展开更多
The media role in the political space cannot be exaggerated. The impact of media on politics and political space are awesome; and the media often define agenda for public debates. The growth trajectory from traditiona...The media role in the political space cannot be exaggerated. The impact of media on politics and political space are awesome; and the media often define agenda for public debates. The growth trajectory from traditional to social media signposts increased relevance and influence of the media in the political space. This work examines the role of media in the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria. The media are assessed against the backdrops of the reportage on party financing, political violence, election handling by the electoral umpire and political campaign. This article is predicated on specific media theories to explain and interpret the strength, significance and reach of the media. There has been a shift in media role of informing the public to influence political behavior and determine the critical issues for public conversations and debates. The paper found that the social media has assumed considerable penetration in Nigeria; and constitute important platforms for intriguing political exchanges including hate campaigns between the major parties. The social media space enables the electorate to directly engage the Presidential candidates on major national issues. The rote of social media would likely grow deeper at the 2019 General Elections to deepen political culture, quality of campaign and extent of electoral competition. A fraction of the traditional media, however, assumed partisanship in the coverage of political parties and their interpretations of political news.展开更多
To study political culture, it is important to have a clear definition of it. At the same time, it is important to definethe role of political culture in society. We need to measure to be challenged role of political ...To study political culture, it is important to have a clear definition of it. At the same time, it is important to definethe role of political culture in society. We need to measure to be challenged role of political culture in society andthen measure it in detail. We have studied the concept and perception of political culture in order to justify the realpolitical situation in our country, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The mainpurpose of this article is to clarify the real situation of political culture and the picture of how they represent andexpress their voices. One of the main assumptions of the study of political culture is considered to be the need for itand the impact of its adequacy.展开更多
Establishment, existence and achievements of a state depend upon political culture, which are civic, liberal and representative mostly available in Western politics. Political culture is generally manifested through t...Establishment, existence and achievements of a state depend upon political culture, which are civic, liberal and representative mostly available in Western politics. Political culture is generally manifested through the actions, policy programs and operational aspects of the government, oppositions, political parties, pressure groups and the public. Over the years, there has been a continued turbulence in institutionalizing democratic political culture around our borders in which Pakistan figures more prominently mainly due to the ongoing military operations in its western region supplemented by suicidal attacks and explosions in metropolitan areas. This tragic turbulence cannot be isolated from the emerging incidents, violence and bloodshed in Afghanistan. Present situation of Pakistan is witnessing that, the United States of America is trying everything to save Pakistan from being failed and collapse. The American War on terror is badly dependent on Pakistan and for securing her interest, The US has created the Coalition Support Funds （CSF） as a mechanism to reimburse Pakistan for the support in ＂global war on terror＂. Since Pakistan has turbulent borders with India, it is therefore unavoidable for India to assess and estimate some of the crucial events and incidents beyond the borders in the larger interest of national interest and peace in South Asia. The aim of the proposed research is to explore existing realities regarding US military aid to Pakistan and its implications for Indo-US Relations. The US dependency on Pakistan, the misuse of American aid, which is clearly directed against India, the new strategy of Obama administration to fight Taliban especially Pakistan based Tahrik-e-Taliban and A1-Qaeda are the important factors to be highlighted. Attempt will be made to fmd out major reasons of these phenomena and their impact on the regional dynamics. The American and Pakistan＇s response towards the Indian concern will also be taken into account.展开更多
The paper is discusses the role of emotionally significant political images in youth culture.The study covers the period between 2006 and 2017 during which Russia saw not only a political and economic transition but a...The paper is discusses the role of emotionally significant political images in youth culture.The study covers the period between 2006 and 2017 during which Russia saw not only a political and economic transition but also dramatic changes in communication technology.The 6-stage research included two waves of testing in 2006,2012,2017.Respondents were aged 17 to 24 years old.In 2017 the general youth international value agenda can be considered formed,with its essential feature being the further reduction of the influence of advertising and communication of politicians’brands.展开更多
Africa： The Land of Opportunity in TelecommunicationsDoing business in Africa is typically perceived to be associated with various barriers and risks which result in particularly high transaction costs.
The ethical project of education hinges on the ideal of caring relations between teachers and students, an ideal that entails deep emotional commitments on the part of teachers. Drawing on interview data from a larger...The ethical project of education hinges on the ideal of caring relations between teachers and students, an ideal that entails deep emotional commitments on the part of teachers. Drawing on interview data from a larger study of teachers’ lived experiences in Singapore’s secondary schools,this paper examines the cultural politics of caring as an emotional practice in teaching. The ethic of care serves to construct normative accounts of good teaching based on "feeling rules," and becomes a disciplinary technology for evaluating the professional, social and emotional competencies of teachers. I suggest that this project in turn entails an ideological effort to mobilize teachers’ emotional attachment to this ethical ideal. The ethic of care shapes the subjectivities, beliefs, and practices of English teachers, particularly as they circulate through the neoliberal imperatives of educational accountability regimes.展开更多
Through a formal analysis of this seminar work of Lu Xun, the author observes that the narrative and dramatic motivation of Ah Q--The Real Story is an intense yet futile search for a proper name and identity within a ...Through a formal analysis of this seminar work of Lu Xun, the author observes that the narrative and dramatic motivation of Ah Q--The Real Story is an intense yet futile search for a proper name and identity within a system of naming and identity-formation as the system, by default, repels the identity-seeking and ＂homecoming＂ effort of the sign in question （＂Ah Q＂）. Based on this observation, the author goes on to argue that the origin of Chinese modernism lies in a highly political awareness of one＇s loss of cultural belonging and thus one＇s collective alienation from the matrix of tradition and indeed existence. Departing from conventional reading of this work, often anchored in sociopolitical interpretations of class, nation, and group psychology centered on the ＂critique of national characteristics＂ discourse, this article maintains that the true ambition and literary energy of Lu Xun＇s masterpiece can only be fully grasped when one confronts this epic cul^tral-political struggle to regain a cultural system＇s power and legitimation to name one＇s own existence and define one＇s own value.展开更多
Over the past decades,higher education governance and university management have become increasingly complex worldwide in a context of unprecedented expansion and diversification.Driven by both external and internal p...Over the past decades,higher education governance and university management have become increasingly complex worldwide in a context of unprecedented expansion and diversification.Driven by both external and internal pressures,higher education reforms in different nations have often been reported to follow a similar pattern:shifting from the control model to the supervisory model in nearly all aspects of their relationship with universities.While such a trend in Chinese societies has been well documented in the literature,few people have been able to identify the sticking point of higher education governance there.As a result,the concept of a doomed cycle continues to linger obstinately,viewing power delegation as leading to market disorder which,in turn,leads to tighter control.This article points out the neglect of Confucian political culture and its importance for studies of higher education governance reforms in Chinese societies.It aims to demonstrate that Western theories of and approaches to governance and autonomy in higher education cannot be simply applied to other societies of highly different historical and cultural traditions.By so doing,it attempts to shed some light on debates over governance and autonomy in higher education in a much wider context.展开更多
Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freed...Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freedom vary across the world,according to variations in political cultures,educational cultures and state-university relations.The article discusses these variations with particular reference to differences between universities associated with the limited liberal states of the English-speaking world,and those associated with comprehensive East Asian states in the Sinic tradition,including China.Given the different traditions there is no point in imposing judgments on one system in terms of the norms of another,but worth exploring the potential for common ground.Any world-wide approach to academic freedom would need to combine a universal element with space for context-specific elements.展开更多
Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay hom...Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay homage. Curiously, the Annamese （or, Vietnamese） king NguygnQuangB]nh （阮光平）, who had just defeated the Qing army, offered to appear in Qing costume and kowtow to the Qing emperor. The unusual act pleased Emperor Qianlong and infuriated the Korean delegates. What did costume and ceremonial mean in the context of the East Asian political and cultural order？ Why did the British embassy to China led by Lord Macartney three years later cause friction with regards to sartorial and ceremonial manners？ This lecture will address these questions.展开更多
文摘The tradition of the west defines its modernity as a radical rupture with endless possibilities for egalitarian futures; yet western modernity was rooted in the genocide of indigenous populations, transatlantic racial slavery and colonialism. Moreover, as the war on terror demonstrates, racial/gender violence continues to be linked to the formation of western identity, culture and politics in the early twenty-first century. This paper examines how the histories of race and coloniality feature in the contemporary formation of the west, with a particular focus on US nationalism and Canadian multiculturalism. These nation-states are most often defined as antithetical, with the latter confirming that western society has transcended its originary racial/colonial politics. I begin with a brief discussion of the reformation of the west in the mid-twentieth century as the USA became the dominant western power. I then move to compare the contemporary national politics of the USA and Canada to highlight the divergence and convergence in their ddineation of their identity and values. My study demonstrates that although the white supremacist discourse that presently constitutes US nationalism is at variance with the multi- culturalism that shapes Canadian identity, these discourses can be defined as twin aspects of the racial/colonial politics that continue to give meaning to the idea of the west.
文摘Starting with the debate on Taiwan Residents national consciousness between Chen Yingzhen and Japanese scholar Shozo Fujii, and Chen＇s supporter Masayoshi Matsunaga around 2004, the paper examines the historiography of Taiwan Residents literature studies since postwar Japan. It is argued that Shozo Fuji＇s study of Taiwan Residents literature during the Japanese occupation period is different from Yoshinori Kobayashi＇s On Taiwan, which deliberately seeks to erase the sin of colonial rule. However, in applying Western theories mechanically it is indeed easy to end up on the opposite side of historical criticism, for the reason Shozo Fujii did not provide a necessary alert to the crux in Anderson＇s theory. The argumentation among the three parties not only involves how to understand Taiwan Residents history and literature in the complex structure of East Asia, but more importantly about how to make value judgments regarding two hundred years of colonialism.
文摘This paper is devoted to intercultural dialogue from the point of view of Pope Benedict XVI （pontificate between 2005 and 2013）. It presents pontifical documents, statements, and speeches dedicated to this issue as well as the conclusions resulting from them. The aim of the paper is to prove that intercultural dialogue and interreligious dialogue are within the context of a new scientific discipline--political science of religion--which deals with the issues of relations between the sphere of religion and the sphere of politics. Intercultural dialogue is tightly connected to interreligious dialogue. Interreligious and intercultural dialogue allows to create the world based on brotherhood and reconciliation. They are the foundation of the future, an effective tool to build a civilization of love and they are born out of God＇s mercy.
文摘The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously a marginalized subject among the renewed interests on the body in the academic fields. In this paper, the author attempts to politicize the queue from 3 perspectives： maintaining a certain prescribed hairstyle is a top-down gesture to construct national conformity; the boundary between Manchu and Han is invoked and reinvented through the battles surrounding the queue politic in late Qing and early Republic; the widespread debate between keeping the queue and cutting the queue at the turn of the 20th century epitomizes the haunting rhetoric of traditionalism and modernism pursuit of modernity in China.
文摘This essay examines the autobiography of Chen Hengzhe （1890-1976） （see Appendix）, a relatively less studied woman writer, historian, and critic in modem China. Through the study in four aspects, namely, the pursuit of modem education, simple appearance, great leaders, and the ambassadors of culture, the author＇s research indicates that Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ has been influenced by complex historical and cultural forces such as the Chinese traditional culture, Western culture, and the iconoclastic spirit of ＂the New Culture Movement＂. Meanwhile, Chen＇s gender consciousness is also an important element. Moreover, Chen＇s pioneering standing and her own experiences of studying abroad makes her take the lead in conceiving women＇s leadership and their roles in global culture communications. In the late Qing and the early Republic, traditional values and norms of womanhood were severely challenged. Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ is her conscious effort to define a new womanhood and is an integral part of the ongoing exploration of Chinese women for modem womanhood. Through the examination of Chen＇s ＂new woman＂, this paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the complexity of modem Chinese women＇s exploration of modem womanhood.
文摘The media role in the political space cannot be exaggerated. The impact of media on politics and political space are awesome; and the media often define agenda for public debates. The growth trajectory from traditional to social media signposts increased relevance and influence of the media in the political space. This work examines the role of media in the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria. The media are assessed against the backdrops of the reportage on party financing, political violence, election handling by the electoral umpire and political campaign. This article is predicated on specific media theories to explain and interpret the strength, significance and reach of the media. There has been a shift in media role of informing the public to influence political behavior and determine the critical issues for public conversations and debates. The paper found that the social media has assumed considerable penetration in Nigeria; and constitute important platforms for intriguing political exchanges including hate campaigns between the major parties. The social media space enables the electorate to directly engage the Presidential candidates on major national issues. The rote of social media would likely grow deeper at the 2019 General Elections to deepen political culture, quality of campaign and extent of electoral competition. A fraction of the traditional media, however, assumed partisanship in the coverage of political parties and their interpretations of political news.
文摘To study political culture, it is important to have a clear definition of it. At the same time, it is important to definethe role of political culture in society. We need to measure to be challenged role of political culture in society andthen measure it in detail. We have studied the concept and perception of political culture in order to justify the realpolitical situation in our country, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The mainpurpose of this article is to clarify the real situation of political culture and the picture of how they represent andexpress their voices. One of the main assumptions of the study of political culture is considered to be the need for itand the impact of its adequacy.
文摘Establishment, existence and achievements of a state depend upon political culture, which are civic, liberal and representative mostly available in Western politics. Political culture is generally manifested through the actions, policy programs and operational aspects of the government, oppositions, political parties, pressure groups and the public. Over the years, there has been a continued turbulence in institutionalizing democratic political culture around our borders in which Pakistan figures more prominently mainly due to the ongoing military operations in its western region supplemented by suicidal attacks and explosions in metropolitan areas. This tragic turbulence cannot be isolated from the emerging incidents, violence and bloodshed in Afghanistan. Present situation of Pakistan is witnessing that, the United States of America is trying everything to save Pakistan from being failed and collapse. The American War on terror is badly dependent on Pakistan and for securing her interest, The US has created the Coalition Support Funds （CSF） as a mechanism to reimburse Pakistan for the support in ＂global war on terror＂. Since Pakistan has turbulent borders with India, it is therefore unavoidable for India to assess and estimate some of the crucial events and incidents beyond the borders in the larger interest of national interest and peace in South Asia. The aim of the proposed research is to explore existing realities regarding US military aid to Pakistan and its implications for Indo-US Relations. The US dependency on Pakistan, the misuse of American aid, which is clearly directed against India, the new strategy of Obama administration to fight Taliban especially Pakistan based Tahrik-e-Taliban and A1-Qaeda are the important factors to be highlighted. Attempt will be made to fmd out major reasons of these phenomena and their impact on the regional dynamics. The American and Pakistan＇s response towards the Indian concern will also be taken into account.
文摘The paper is discusses the role of emotionally significant political images in youth culture.The study covers the period between 2006 and 2017 during which Russia saw not only a political and economic transition but also dramatic changes in communication technology.The 6-stage research included two waves of testing in 2006,2012,2017.Respondents were aged 17 to 24 years old.In 2017 the general youth international value agenda can be considered formed,with its essential feature being the further reduction of the influence of advertising and communication of politicians’brands.
文摘Africa： The Land of Opportunity in TelecommunicationsDoing business in Africa is typically perceived to be associated with various barriers and risks which result in particularly high transaction costs.
基金funded by the Office of Educational Research (OER), National Institute ofEducation (NIE), Singapore under OER5/11 LCY
文摘The ethical project of education hinges on the ideal of caring relations between teachers and students, an ideal that entails deep emotional commitments on the part of teachers. Drawing on interview data from a larger study of teachers’ lived experiences in Singapore’s secondary schools,this paper examines the cultural politics of caring as an emotional practice in teaching. The ethic of care serves to construct normative accounts of good teaching based on "feeling rules," and becomes a disciplinary technology for evaluating the professional, social and emotional competencies of teachers. I suggest that this project in turn entails an ideological effort to mobilize teachers’ emotional attachment to this ethical ideal. The ethic of care shapes the subjectivities, beliefs, and practices of English teachers, particularly as they circulate through the neoliberal imperatives of educational accountability regimes.
文摘Through a formal analysis of this seminar work of Lu Xun, the author observes that the narrative and dramatic motivation of Ah Q--The Real Story is an intense yet futile search for a proper name and identity within a system of naming and identity-formation as the system, by default, repels the identity-seeking and ＂homecoming＂ effort of the sign in question （＂Ah Q＂）. Based on this observation, the author goes on to argue that the origin of Chinese modernism lies in a highly political awareness of one＇s loss of cultural belonging and thus one＇s collective alienation from the matrix of tradition and indeed existence. Departing from conventional reading of this work, often anchored in sociopolitical interpretations of class, nation, and group psychology centered on the ＂critique of national characteristics＂ discourse, this article maintains that the true ambition and literary energy of Lu Xun＇s masterpiece can only be fully grasped when one confronts this epic cul^tral-political struggle to regain a cultural system＇s power and legitimation to name one＇s own existence and define one＇s own value.
基金This work is part of the General Research Fund project entitled“(Re)Conceptualizing Chinese Education:China’s Educational Traditions and Their Modern Transformation”(17602017)supported by the Research Grant Council,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China.
文摘Over the past decades,higher education governance and university management have become increasingly complex worldwide in a context of unprecedented expansion and diversification.Driven by both external and internal pressures,higher education reforms in different nations have often been reported to follow a similar pattern:shifting from the control model to the supervisory model in nearly all aspects of their relationship with universities.While such a trend in Chinese societies has been well documented in the literature,few people have been able to identify the sticking point of higher education governance there.As a result,the concept of a doomed cycle continues to linger obstinately,viewing power delegation as leading to market disorder which,in turn,leads to tighter control.This article points out the neglect of Confucian political culture and its importance for studies of higher education governance reforms in Chinese societies.It aims to demonstrate that Western theories of and approaches to governance and autonomy in higher education cannot be simply applied to other societies of highly different historical and cultural traditions.By so doing,it attempts to shed some light on debates over governance and autonomy in higher education in a much wider context.
文摘Academic freedom is best understood not as an abstract universal principle or an ideal state of being but as concrete university practices nested in specific relational environments.As such,practices of academic freedom vary across the world,according to variations in political cultures,educational cultures and state-university relations.The article discusses these variations with particular reference to differences between universities associated with the limited liberal states of the English-speaking world,and those associated with comprehensive East Asian states in the Sinic tradition,including China.Given the different traditions there is no point in imposing judgments on one system in terms of the norms of another,but worth exploring the potential for common ground.Any world-wide approach to academic freedom would need to combine a universal element with space for context-specific elements.
文摘Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay homage. Curiously, the Annamese （or, Vietnamese） king NguygnQuangB]nh （阮光平）, who had just defeated the Qing army, offered to appear in Qing costume and kowtow to the Qing emperor. The unusual act pleased Emperor Qianlong and infuriated the Korean delegates. What did costume and ceremonial mean in the context of the East Asian political and cultural order？ Why did the British embassy to China led by Lord Macartney three years later cause friction with regards to sartorial and ceremonial manners？ This lecture will address these questions.
