In order to study the physiological or pathophysiological responsiveness, airway smooth muscle cells were isolated from the rat trachea and cultured. The tracheas of adult rats were obtained by autopsy within 30 minut...In order to study the physiological or pathophysiological responsiveness, airway smooth muscle cells were isolated from the rat trachea and cultured. The tracheas of adult rats were obtained by autopsy within 30 minutes after death and placed into a modified Hank’s solution. The experiments were performed on the large branches of the rat bronchi following entry into the lung. At the terminal level of the airway, no cartilage segments were seen. The muscle layer was prepared by careful removal of the connective tissue, cut into small pieces (1 mm3), and dispersed enzymatically (collagenase, elastase) into single cells. Freshly isolated cells could be used the same day. The small muscle pieces and isolated cells were cultured in the modified Hank’s or modified Eagle’s medium with 5% CO2 at 37℃ .展开更多
Through experiencing and reviewing multiple-country endeavors in academic profession study and participating in a new project regarding the academic profession in Asia,the author pinpoints and anticipates the shortcom...Through experiencing and reviewing multiple-country endeavors in academic profession study and participating in a new project regarding the academic profession in Asia,the author pinpoints and anticipates the shortcomings of study alone or dominantly questionnaire-based and ignoring the broader social context.The author proposes a new perspective or methodology to mitigate these shortcomings.The traditional approach focuses on commonalities rather than differences of the academic profession in a variety of countries.By comparing identical questionnaires,it is easy to conclude that,according to some indicators,the academic profession in developing countries,a category in which most Asian countries belong,is inferior to that in developed countries by a certain magnitude.This research strategy will devalue the research efforts on the academic profession in Asia.The academic profession is a complicated phenomenon,and it requires a sophisticated research methodology.The characteristics of the academic profession in Asia can be induced by empirically studying its relationship with the institutional environments in which the academic profession is embedded.In addition,all developing countries in Asia are undergoing a process of modernization.This dynamic feature is valuable and deserves exploration.The institutional environments in Asia can be demonstrated and illustrated via cultural and historical lenses.The purpose of this paper is to review international projects and literature regarding the academic profession.This review tries to be both critical and constructive,and shed light on newly initiated projects in the Asian academic profession.Two major research questions are raised by the author:What is the scholarly value of the new project?What strategy can researchers employ for this endeavor?Past research is dominated by the structure-function paradigm and cross-sectional questionnaire method.This approach has both strengths and weaknesses.Historical and cultural perspectives are proposed to overcome the Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Studying the Academic Profession existing limitations and explore the potential value of the new academic effort.展开更多
文摘In order to study the physiological or pathophysiological responsiveness, airway smooth muscle cells were isolated from the rat trachea and cultured. The tracheas of adult rats were obtained by autopsy within 30 minutes after death and placed into a modified Hank’s solution. The experiments were performed on the large branches of the rat bronchi following entry into the lung. At the terminal level of the airway, no cartilage segments were seen. The muscle layer was prepared by careful removal of the connective tissue, cut into small pieces (1 mm3), and dispersed enzymatically (collagenase, elastase) into single cells. Freshly isolated cells could be used the same day. The small muscle pieces and isolated cells were cultured in the modified Hank’s or modified Eagle’s medium with 5% CO2 at 37℃ .
文摘Through experiencing and reviewing multiple-country endeavors in academic profession study and participating in a new project regarding the academic profession in Asia,the author pinpoints and anticipates the shortcomings of study alone or dominantly questionnaire-based and ignoring the broader social context.The author proposes a new perspective or methodology to mitigate these shortcomings.The traditional approach focuses on commonalities rather than differences of the academic profession in a variety of countries.By comparing identical questionnaires,it is easy to conclude that,according to some indicators,the academic profession in developing countries,a category in which most Asian countries belong,is inferior to that in developed countries by a certain magnitude.This research strategy will devalue the research efforts on the academic profession in Asia.The academic profession is a complicated phenomenon,and it requires a sophisticated research methodology.The characteristics of the academic profession in Asia can be induced by empirically studying its relationship with the institutional environments in which the academic profession is embedded.In addition,all developing countries in Asia are undergoing a process of modernization.This dynamic feature is valuable and deserves exploration.The institutional environments in Asia can be demonstrated and illustrated via cultural and historical lenses.The purpose of this paper is to review international projects and literature regarding the academic profession.This review tries to be both critical and constructive,and shed light on newly initiated projects in the Asian academic profession.Two major research questions are raised by the author:What is the scholarly value of the new project?What strategy can researchers employ for this endeavor?Past research is dominated by the structure-function paradigm and cross-sectional questionnaire method.This approach has both strengths and weaknesses.Historical and cultural perspectives are proposed to overcome the Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Studying the Academic Profession existing limitations and explore the potential value of the new academic effort.
