The main goal of this paper is to show how the way German culture shaped itself through translation of foreign cultural elements can be seen as a paradigm for identity forming in general when one considers the aspects...The main goal of this paper is to show how the way German culture shaped itself through translation of foreign cultural elements can be seen as a paradigm for identity forming in general when one considers the aspects of imitation and re-accentuation of foreign cultural elements as a vital factor in inter-cultural communication in which translation of one system’s language into the language of another one plays an important role in the interactive process of understanding each other but,at the same time,being able to draw a distinction between one’s own cultural system and the foreign one(s).Taking the examples of Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s plan to establish a German cultural system based on a shared German language,this paper will go on to examine translation processes,such as Schleiermacher’s translation of Plato into German and Heidegger’s translation of Plato into Heideggerian terminology in order to show certain mechanisms in translation that introduce foreign cultural elements into a cultural system by altering them linguistically.Johann Fischart’s Rabelais translation will be looked at to show how a French text is turned into a uniquely self-referential German text that changes everything French into German cultural symbols to radically move away from the foreign original.Surprisingly the introduction of foreign elements into a cultural system increases the likelihood to establish a cultural identity by increasing the self-referentiality and reflexivity of the cultural system through increasing the number of cultural symbols that the system can refer to.Moreover,this self-refernetiality is beneficial to the stability of the system.展开更多
3D （Three-dimensional） Caco-2 spheroids closely recapitulating in vivo physiological organization of intestinal epithelial cells, provide an excellent in vitro model system to study their pathophysiology and their r...3D （Three-dimensional） Caco-2 spheroids closely recapitulating in vivo physiological organization of intestinal epithelial cells, provide an excellent in vitro model system to study their pathophysiology and their response to stressful stimuli. The objective of this technical note is to provide optimized in vitro experimental protocols for culturing 3D Caco-2 spheroids and for analyzing their cell growth features. An optimized 3D Caco-2 spheroid culturing technique based on a new configuration of the culture medium is provided A methodological approach to determine the distribution of the cell cycle phases in disaggregated Caco-2 spheroids by using cytofluorimetric analysis is also described. The optimized culturing protocol favors 3D Caco-2 spheroid differentiation process, as evaluated by the number of well-differentiated spheroids with a single hollow lumen. The cytofluorimetric analysis allows rapid collection of cell cycle phase data from high numbers of spheroid samples, thus, permitting to estimate their growth dynamics in a relatively short time. The optimized technical approaches described here can be applied in systematic manner to a variety of research activities utilizing 3D Caco-2 spheroids. Ease of use, time and economic saving advantages deriving from these protocols further highlight their potential.展开更多
China＇s robust economy is bringing unprecedented growth and prosperity to the country. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that weaknesses in the banking system and the slow progress in reforming those weakne...China＇s robust economy is bringing unprecedented growth and prosperity to the country. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that weaknesses in the banking system and the slow progress in reforming those weaknesses may cause disruption to continued economic growth. Bad loan portfolios as well as inadequate capital ratios point to the lack of proper governance and credit cultures at many banks. Unless these issues are quickly and properly addressed, the economic engine that drives the country will be at risk.展开更多
文摘The main goal of this paper is to show how the way German culture shaped itself through translation of foreign cultural elements can be seen as a paradigm for identity forming in general when one considers the aspects of imitation and re-accentuation of foreign cultural elements as a vital factor in inter-cultural communication in which translation of one system’s language into the language of another one plays an important role in the interactive process of understanding each other but,at the same time,being able to draw a distinction between one’s own cultural system and the foreign one(s).Taking the examples of Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s plan to establish a German cultural system based on a shared German language,this paper will go on to examine translation processes,such as Schleiermacher’s translation of Plato into German and Heidegger’s translation of Plato into Heideggerian terminology in order to show certain mechanisms in translation that introduce foreign cultural elements into a cultural system by altering them linguistically.Johann Fischart’s Rabelais translation will be looked at to show how a French text is turned into a uniquely self-referential German text that changes everything French into German cultural symbols to radically move away from the foreign original.Surprisingly the introduction of foreign elements into a cultural system increases the likelihood to establish a cultural identity by increasing the self-referentiality and reflexivity of the cultural system through increasing the number of cultural symbols that the system can refer to.Moreover,this self-refernetiality is beneficial to the stability of the system.
文摘3D （Three-dimensional） Caco-2 spheroids closely recapitulating in vivo physiological organization of intestinal epithelial cells, provide an excellent in vitro model system to study their pathophysiology and their response to stressful stimuli. The objective of this technical note is to provide optimized in vitro experimental protocols for culturing 3D Caco-2 spheroids and for analyzing their cell growth features. An optimized 3D Caco-2 spheroid culturing technique based on a new configuration of the culture medium is provided A methodological approach to determine the distribution of the cell cycle phases in disaggregated Caco-2 spheroids by using cytofluorimetric analysis is also described. The optimized culturing protocol favors 3D Caco-2 spheroid differentiation process, as evaluated by the number of well-differentiated spheroids with a single hollow lumen. The cytofluorimetric analysis allows rapid collection of cell cycle phase data from high numbers of spheroid samples, thus, permitting to estimate their growth dynamics in a relatively short time. The optimized technical approaches described here can be applied in systematic manner to a variety of research activities utilizing 3D Caco-2 spheroids. Ease of use, time and economic saving advantages deriving from these protocols further highlight their potential.
文摘China＇s robust economy is bringing unprecedented growth and prosperity to the country. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that weaknesses in the banking system and the slow progress in reforming those weaknesses may cause disruption to continued economic growth. Bad loan portfolios as well as inadequate capital ratios point to the lack of proper governance and credit cultures at many banks. Unless these issues are quickly and properly addressed, the economic engine that drives the country will be at risk.
