PULSE CUMULATING METHOD FOR MULTI-TARGETS' JOINT AZIMUTH-ELEVATION FREQUENCY-DELAY ESTIMATION

The Directions of Arrivals （DOAs）, speeds and distances of targets are all required for array signal processing. Based on the periodic phase shift of coherent pulse sequence waveform, a new estimation of multi-targets＇ 2-Dimentional （2-D） DOA angle, Doppler frequency shift and relative time-delay is proposed. Based on a virtual sensor array constructed by pulse cumulating, the estinaations of azimuth, elevation, Doppler frequency shift and time-delay can be obtained simultaneously, and the least number of pulses could be two. This method is computationally efficient even in heavier noised environment, and all estimations are automatically paired in calculation process with no used to any plane sensor array and deal with many spectrum searching. Further more, this algorithm can be targets at the same time only by few sensors. The targets number that can deal with simultaneously is several times to the sensor number, which is the upper limit for normal algorithms such as ESPRIT and MUSIC. These characteristics would be very useful, especially, for aerial systems. Simulations demonstrate the capabilities of this method efficiently.

Cumulative effects of excess high-normal alanine aminotransferase levels in relation to new-onset metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in China

BACKGROUND Within the normal range,elevated alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To investigate the associations between repeated high-normal ALT measurements and the risk of new-onset MAFLD prospectively.METHODS A cohort of 3553 participants followed for four consecutive health examinations over 4 years was selected.The incidence rate,cumulative times,and equally and unequally weighted cumulative effects of excess high-normal ALT levels(ehALT)were measured.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyse the association between the cumulative effects of ehALT and the risk of new-onset MAFLD.RESULTS A total of 83.13%of participants with MAFLD had normal ALT levels.The incidence rate of MAFLD showed a linear increasing trend in the cumulative ehALT group.Compared with those in the low-normal ALT group,the multivariate adjusted hazard ratios of the equally and unequally weighted cumulative effects of ehALT were 1.651[95%confidence interval(CI):1.199-2.273]and 1.535(95%CI:1.119-2.106)in the third quartile and 1.616(95%CI:1.162-2.246)and 1.580(95%CI:1.155-2.162)in the fourth quartile,respectively.CONCLUSION Most participants with MAFLD had normal ALT levels.Long-term high-normal ALT levels were associated with a cumulative increased risk of new-onset MAFLD.

Mechanical responses of anchoring structure under triaxial cyclic loading

Dynamic load on anchoring structures(AS)within deep roadways can result in cumulative damage and failure.This study develops an experimental device designed to test AS under triaxial loads.The device enables the investigation of the mechanical response,failure mode,instability assessment criteria,and anchorage effect of AS subjected to combined cyclic dynamic-static triaxial stress paths.The results show that the peak bearing strength is positively correlated with the anchoring matrix strength,anchorage length,and edgewise compressive strength.The bearing capacity decreases significantly when the anchorage direction is severely inclined.The free face failure modes are typically transverse cracking,concave fracturing,V-shaped slipping and detachment,and spallation detachment.Besides,when the anchoring matrix strength and the anchorage length decrease while the edgewise compressive strength,loading rate,and anchorage inclination angle increase,the failure intensity rises.Instability is determined by a negative tangent modulus of the displacement-strength curve or the continued deformation increase against the general downward trend.Under cyclic loads,the driving force that breaks the rock mass along the normal vector and the rigidity of the AS are the two factors that determine roadway stability.Finally,a control measure for surrounding rock stability is proposed to reduce the internal driving force via a pressure relief method and improve the rigidity of the AS by full-length anchorage and grouting modification.

Spatiotemporal changes of gross primary productivity and its response to drought in the Mongolian Plateau under climate change

Gross primary productivity(GPP)of vegetation is an important constituent of the terrestrial carbon sinks and is significantly influenced by drought.Understanding the impact of droughts on different types of vegetation GPP provides insight into the spatiotemporal variation of terrestrial carbon sinks,aiding efforts to mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change.In this study,we utilized the precipitation and temperature data from the Climatic Research Unit,the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI),the standardized precipitation index(SPI),and the simulated vegetation GPP using the eddy covariance-light use efficiency(EC-LUE)model to analyze the spatiotemporal change of GPP and its response to different drought indices in the Mongolian Plateau during 1982-2018.The main findings indicated that vegetation GPP decreased in 50.53% of the plateau,mainly in its northern and northeastern parts,while it increased in the remaining 49.47%area.Specifically,meadow steppe(78.92%)and deciduous forest(79.46%)witnessed a significant decrease in vegetation GPP,while alpine steppe(75.08%),cropland(76.27%),and sandy vegetation(87.88%)recovered well.Warming aridification areas accounted for 71.39% of the affected areas,while 28.53% of the areas underwent severe aridification,mainly located in the south and central regions.Notably,the warming aridification areas of desert steppe(92.68%)and sandy vegetation(90.24%)were significant.Climate warming was found to amplify the sensitivity of coniferous forest,deciduous forest,meadow steppe,and alpine steppe GPP to drought.Additionally,the drought sensitivity of vegetation GPP in the Mongolian Plateau gradually decreased as altitude increased.The cumulative effect of drought on vegetation GPP persisted for 3.00-8.00 months.The findings of this study will improve the understanding of how drought influences vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas.

The lithology and composition of lunar mantle modified by ilmenite bearing cumulate:A thermodynamic model

Due to their high density,the ilmenite-bearing cumulates(IBC)(with or without KREEP)formed during the late-stage lunar magma ocean solidification are thought to sink into the underlying lunar mantle and trigger lunar mantle overturn.Geophysical evidence implied that IBC may descend deep inside the Moon and remain as a partially molten layer at the core-mantle boundary(CMB).However,partial melting may have occurred on the mixed mantle cumulates during the sinking of IBC/KREEP and the silicate melt may be positively buoyant,thus preventing the IBC/KREEP layer from sinking to the CMB.Here,we perform thermodynamic simulation on the stability of lunar mantle cumulates at different depths mixed with different amounts of IBC/KREEP from an updated LMO model.The modeling results suggest that the sinking of IBC/KREEP will cause at least 5 wt%partial melting in the shallow(~120 km)and a much larger degree of partial melting in the deep lunar mantle(~420 km).Due to the density contrast with the surrounding mantle,IBC/KREEP-bearing melts could potentially decouple under certain conditions.The modified lunar mantle by sinking of IBC/KREEP can better explain the formation of different kinds of lunar basaltic magma than the primary lunar mantle formed through differentiation of lunar magma ocean.Sinking of IBC/KREEP back into the lunar mantle may introduce plagioclase,clinopyroxene,garnet,and incompatible radioactive elements into the deep lunar mantle,which will further affect the thermal and chemical evolution of the lunar interior.

Non-Gaussianity detection of single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via cumulant method

The non-Gaussianity of quantum states incarnates an important resource for improving the performance of continuous-variable quantum information protocols.We propose a novel criterion of non-Gaussianity for single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via the squared Frobenius norm of higher-order cumulant matrix for the quadrature distribution function.As an application,we study the non-Gaussianities of three classes of single-mode symmetric non-Gaussian states:a mixture of vacuum and Fock states,single-photon added thermal states,and even/odd Schr¨odinger cat states.It is shown that such a criterion is faithful and effective for revealing non-Gaussianity.We further extend this criterion to two cases of symmetric multi-mode non-Gaussian states and non-symmetric single-mode non-Gaussian states.

Study on cumulative effects of biological craniocerebral trauma under repeated blast

Repeated blast impacts on personnel in explosive environments can exacerbate craniocerebral trauma.Most existing studies focus on the injury effects of a single blast,lacking in-depth analysis on the injury effects and cumulative effects of repeated blasts.Therefore,rats were used as the experimental samples to suffer from explosion blasts with different peak air overpressures(167 kPa~482 kPa)and varying number of repeated blasts.The cumulative effect of craniocerebral trauma was most pronounced for moderate repeated blast,showing approximately 95%increase of trauma severity with penta blast,and an approximately 85%increase of trauma severity with penta minor blast.The cumulative effect of craniocerebral trauma from severe,repeated blast has a smaller rate of change compared to the other two conditions.The severity of trauma from penta blast increased by approximately 69%compared to a single blast.Comprehensive physiological,pathological and biochemical analysis show that the degree of neurological trauma caused by repeated blasts is higher than that of single blasts,and the pathological trauma to brain tissue is more extensive and severe.The trauma degree remains unchanged after double blast,increases by one grade after triple or quadruple blast,and increases by two grades after penta blast.

Wigner function of optical cumulant operator and its dissipation in thermo-entangled state representation

To conveniently calculate the Wigner function of the optical cumulant operator and its dissipation evolution in a thermal environment, in this paper, the thermo-entangled state representation is introduced to derive the general evolution formula of the Wigner function, and its relation to Weyl correspondence is also discussed. The method of integration within the ordered product of operators is essential to our discussion.

Fatigue Crack Propagation Law of Corroded Steel Box Girders in Long Span Bridges

In order to investigate the fatigue performance of orthotropic anisotropic steel bridge decks,this study realizes the simulation of the welding process through elastic-plastic finite element theory,thermal-structural sequential coupling,and the birth-death element method.The simulated welding residual stresses are introduced into the multiscale finite element model of the bridge as the initial stress.Furthermore,the study explores the impact of residual stress on crack propagation in the fatigue-vulnerable components of the corroded steel box girder.The results indicate that fatigue cracks at the weld toe of the top deck,the weld root of the top deck,and the opening of the transverse diaphragm will not propagate under the action of a standard vehicle load.However,the inclusion of residual stress leads to the propagation of these cracks.When considering residual stress,the fatigue crack propagation paths at the weld toe of the transverse diaphragm and the U-rib weld toe align with those observed in actual bridges.In the absence of residual stress,the cracks at the toe of the transverse diaphragm with a 15%mass loss rate are categorized as type I cracks.Conversely,when residual stress is considered,these cracks become I-II composite cracks.Residual stress significantly alters the cumulative energy release rate of the three fracturemodes.Therefore,incorporating the influence of residual stress is essential when assessing the fatigue performance of corroded steel box girders in long-span bridges.

Development of a novel critical nitrogen concentration-cumulative transpiration curve for optimizing nitrogen management under varying irrigation conditions in winter wheat

Accurate nitrogen(N)nutrition diagnosis is essential for improving N use efficiency in crop production.The widely used critical N(Nc)dilution curve traditionally depends solely on agronomic variables,neglecting crop water status.With three-year field experiments with winter wheat,encompassing two irrigation levels(rainfed and irrigation at jointing and anthesis)and three N levels(0,180,and 270 kg ha1),this study aims to establish a novel approach for determining the Nc dilution curve based on crop cumulative transpiration(T),providing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between N and water availability.The Nc curves derived from both crop dry matter(DM)and T demonstrated N concentration dilution under different conditions with different parameters.The equation Nc=6.43T0.24 established a consistent relationship across varying irrigation regimes.Independent test results indicated that the nitrogen nutrition index(NNI),calculated from this curve,effectively identifies and quantifies the two sources of N deficiency:insufficient N supply in the soil and insufficient soil water concentration leading to decreased N availability for root absorption.Additionally,the NNI calculated from the Nc-DM and Nc-T curves exhibited a strong negative correlation with accumulated N deficit(Nand)and a positive correlation with relative grain yield(RGY).The NNI derived from the Nc-T curve outperformed the NNI derived from the Nc-DM curve concerning its relationship with Nand and RGY,as indicated by larger R2 values and smaller AIC.The novel Nc curve based on T serves as an effective diagnostic tool for assessing winter wheat N status,predicting grain yield,and optimizing N fertilizer management across varying irrigation conditions.These findings would provide new insights and methods to improve the simulations of water-N interaction relationship in crop growth models.

Postponing AMI to 100 Years: An Emerging Concept

Acute myocardial infarction is a deadly disease, and in the Indian context, it occurs at a younger age, even below the age of 40 years, and sometimes even below 30 years. These young MI patients have high mortality rates, and many of them are not able to reach the hospital. The pathophysiology of AMI is very well understood. AMI is a multifactorial disease and has several risk factors, like dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, diet, etc. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has a very strong causal relationship with atherosclerosis. Reducing LDL-C to <70 results in the arrest of the progression of atherosclerosis, and slashing its level to below 50 produces the regression of atherosclerosis. The cumulative exposure of LDL-C to the arterial wall is a very strong determinant of atherosclerosis and the development of AMI. The coronary heart disease (CHD) threshold target of LDL-C for the development of AMI is roughly 7000 mg/year. If LDL-C is 100 mg/dL from an early age, the CHD threshold target for the development of AMI will reach 70 years of age. However, if LDL-C target is <70 mg/dL from an early age, the patients will reach the CHD threshold of LDL-C at the age of 100 years. Based on the current science, this is an emerging concept to postpone AMI by several years, even up to 100 years. The goal of LDL-C <70 mg/dL can be achieved by available oral or injectable drugs. Gene editing with CRISPR technology is emerging as a very exciting modality for lowering LDL-C to a very low level for the rest of life.

The Cumulative Method for Multiplication and Division

This paper provides a method of the process of computation called the cumulative method, it is based upon repeated cumulative process. The cumulative method is being adapted to the purposes of computation, particularly multiplication and division. The operations of multiplication and division are represented by algebraic formulas. An advantage of the method is that the cumulative process can be performed on decimal numbers. The present paper aims to establish a basic and useful formula valid for the two fundamental arithmetic operations of multiplication and division. The new cumulative method proved to be more flexible and made it possible to extend the multiplication and division based on repeated addition/subtraction to decimal numbers.

Cumulative Air Quality Impacts from Twenty-Two Major Power Plants

Cumulative assessment is a tool for the project developer to try and take into consideration not only their contribution to cumulative impacts but also other projects and external factors that may place their developments at risk.This study assessed the cumulative impacts of air emissions from 22 major power plants in southeast Bangladesh planned to generate 21,550 MW of electricity.It also includes anticipated growth in small to medium size industries,brickfields,highway traffic,inland water transport,transhippers,jetty,and vessel transports used for transporting fuel resources for these power plants.A 50 km by 50 km airshed is considered for air quality modeling.Cumulative analysis indicates that predicted MGLCs(Maximum Ground Level Concentrations)of NO2 and CO are complying with both Bangladesh NAAQS(National Ambient Air Quality Standards)and WBG(World Bank Group)Guidelines.The daily average MGLC of PM_(2.5)(62.45µg/m^(3))from all sources complies with NAAQS,however,exceeds the WBG Guidelines.Annual PM_(2.5) concentration(15.45µg/m^(3))exceeds NAAQS and WBG Guidelines.The PM10 concentration complies with the NAAQS for both 24-hour and annual averaging times.Annual average concentration(23.12µg/m^(3))exceeds WBG Guidelines.Daily average SO2 concentration(102.49µg/m^(3))complies with the NAAQS however,it exceeds the WBG guideline values.High concentrations of PM_(2.5) and SO2 are due to the contribution of transboundary emissions and secondary pollutants in the atmosphere.This dispersion modeling outcome can be used by the policymakers for the pollution reduction strategy.

A Machine Learning Classification Model for Detecting Prediabetes

The incidence of prediabetes is in a dangerous condition in the USA. The likelihood of increasing chronic and complex health issues is very high if this stage of prediabetes is ignored. So, early detection of prediabetes conditions is critical to decrease or avoid type 2 diabetes and other health issues that come as a result of untreated and undiagnosed prediabetes condition. This study is done in order to detect the prediabetes condition with an artificial intelligence method. Data used for this study is collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) survey conducted by the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (DHANES). In this study, several machine learning algorithms are exploited and compared to determine the best algorithm based on Average Squared Error (ASE), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Youden) scores, areas under the ROC and some other measures of the machine learning algorithm. Based on these scores, the champion model is selected, and Random Forest is the champion model with approximately 89% accuracy.

Application of ACP Nonlinear Math in Analyzing Arithmetic and Radiation Transmission Data (Application 1 & 2) [4-21-2024, 820P] (V)

In this study, we explore the application of ACP (asymptotic curve based and proportionality oriented) Alpha Beta (αβ) Nonlinear Math to analyze arithmetic and radiation transmission data. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between two variables. The novel approach involves collecting elementary “y” data and subsequently analyzing the asymptotic cumulative or demulative (opposite of cumulative) Y data. In part I, we examine the connection between the common linear numbers and ideal nonlinear numbers. In part II, we delve into the relationship between X-ray energy and the radiation transmission for various thin film materials. The fundamental physical law asserts that the nonlinear change in continuous variable Y is negatively proportional to the nonlinear change in continuous variable X, expressed mathematically as dα = −Kdβ. Here: dα {Y, Yu, Yb} represents the change in Y, with Yu and Yb denoting the upper and baseline asymptote of Y. dβ {X, Xu, Xb} represents the change in X, with Xu and Xb denoting the upper and baseline asymptote of X. K represents the proportionality constant or rate constant, which varies based on equation arrangement. K is the key inferential factor for describing physical phenomena.

Ecological risk assessment and early warning of heavy metal cumulation in the soils near the Luanchuan molybdenum polymetallic mine concentration area,Henan Province,central China

The Luanchuan molybdenum polymetallic mine concentration area is rich in mineral resources and has a long history of mining.The environmental impact of long-term mining activities cannot be ignored.It is of great significance to study the ecological risk and the accumulation trends of heavy metals in the soil of mining areas for scientific prevention and control of heavy metal pollution.Taking the Taowanbeigou River Basin in the mine concentration area as the research object,the ecological pollution risk and cumulative effect of heavy metals in the soil of the basin were studied by using the comprehensive pollution index method,potential ecological risk assessment method and geoaccumulation index method.On this basis,the cumulative exceeding years of specific heavy metals were predicted by using the early warning model.The comprehensive potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the soil near the Luanchuan mine concentration area is moderate,and the single element Cd is the main ecological risk factor,with a contribution rate of 53.6%.The overall cumulative degrees of Cu and Pb in the soil are“none-moderate”,Zn and Cd are moderate,Mo has reached an extremely strong cumulative level,Hg,As and Cr risks are not obvious,and the overall cumulative risks order is Mo>Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Hg.According to the current accumulation rate and taking the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land as the reference standard,the locations over standard rates of Cu,Zn and Cd will exceed 78%in 90years,and the over standard rate of Pb will reach approximately 57%in 200 years.The cumulative exceeding standard periods of As,Cr and Hg are generally long,which basically indicates that these elements do not pose a significant potential threat to the ecological environment.Mining activities will accelerate the accumulation of heavy metals in soil.With the continuous development of mining activities,the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in the soil of mining areas will also increase.

Rational screening of metal coating on Zn anode for ultrahigh-cumulative-capacity aqueous zinc metal batteries

Aqueous zinc metal batteries feature intrinsic safety,but suffer from severe dendrite growth and water-derived side reactions.Many metal coatings have been explored for stabilizing Zn metal anode via a trialand-error approach.Here,we propose an exercisable way to screen the potential metal coating on Zn anodes in view of de-polarization effect and dendrite-suppressing ability theoretically.As an output of this screening,cadmium(Cd) metal is checked experimentally.Therefore,symmetric ZnllZn cells using Cd coated Zn(Zn@Cd) exhibit an ultra-long cycle life of 3500 h(nearly 5 months) at a high current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),achieving a record-high cumulative capacity(35 A h cm^(-2)) compared to the previous reports.The full cells of Zn@Cd‖MnO_(2) display a markedly improved cycling performance under harsh conditions including a limited Zn supply(N/P ratio=1.7) and a high areal capacity(3.5 mA h cm^(-2)).The significance of this work lies in not only the first report of Cd coating for stabilizing Zn metal anode,but also a feasible way to screen the promising metal materials for other metal anodes.

Developing Weibull-based diameter distributions for the major coniferous species in Heilongjiang Province,China

Diameter distribution models play an important role in forest inventories,growth prediction,and management.The Weibull probability density function is widely used in forestry.Although a number of methods have been proposed to predict or recover the Weibull distribution,their applicability and predictive performance for the major tree species of China remain to be determined.Trees in sample plots of three even-aged coniferous species(Larix olgensis,Pinus sylvestris and Pinus koraiensis)were measured both in un-thinned and thinned stands to develop parameter prediction models for the Weibull probability density function.Ordinary least squares(OLS)and maximum likelihood regression(MLER),as well as cumulative distribution function regression(CDFR)were used,and their performance compared.The results show that MLER and CDFR were better than OLS in predicting diameter distributions of tree plantations.CDFR produced the best results in terms of fitting statistics.Based on the error statistics calculated for different age groups,CDFR was considered the most suitable method for developing prediction models for Weibull parameters in coniferous plantations.

Association ofβ-lactam antimicrobial's exposure with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection:a cumulative meta-analysis

Background:Carbapenems are effective against severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infections.Therefore,carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a serious public health threat.An understanding of the risk of inappropriate exposure to different antimicrobials in resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection could help in elucidating the effective approach towards using antimicrobials in vulnerable patients with CRPA infection.Object:To investigate the association between exposure ofβ-lactam antimicrobials and CRPA infection relative to control patients.Methods:The MEDLINE/PubMed and OVID/Embase databases were used to search case-control and cohort studies in English language which reported antimicrobial exposure as risk factors for CRPA infection.The pooled odds ratios(OR)were calculated using a random-effect and fixed-effect model,and forest plots from a cumulative meta-analysis method were used to better show how pooled OR changed as updated evidence accumulated.Results:A total of 24 studies comprising 7039 participants were included for cumulative meta-analysis.A positive correlation was found between development of CRPA infection and exposure of beta-lactam antimicrobials:carbapenems(OR=7.60,95%CI:3.95 to 14.62,P<0.0001),imipenem(OR=9.81,95%CI:5.56 to 17.33),ampicillin(OR=1.86,95%CI:1.14 to 2.41),piperacillin(OR=2.82,95%CI:1.46 to 2.43),penicillins(OR=1.42,95%CI:0.90 to 2.24),cephalosporins(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.46 to 2.43)andβlactamase inhibitors(OR=1.96,95%CI:1.44 to 2.67).Further,exposure of other antimicrobial agents like quinolone(OR=2.35,95%CI:1.78 to 3.10),ciprofloxacin(OR=2.35,95%CI:1.66 to 3.95),aminoglycoside(OR=2.17,95%CI:1.60 to 2.95),amikacin(OR=3.11,95%CI:2.10 to 4.61),glycopeptides(OR=3.02,95%CI:1.92 to 4.75)and vancomycin(OR=3.26,95%CI:1.48 to 7.18),were also found to be positively associated with development of CRPA infection.Conclusions:Exposure of all kinds ofβ-lactams is significantly associated with development of carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.These findings provide an impetus to take a more active approach while usingβ-lactam antimicrobials in patients with resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

Experimental Studies on Cyclic Shear Behavior of Steel-Clay Interface Under Constant Normal Load

The degradation of the shear stress between pile-clay interface caused by undrained cyclic jacking affects the jacking force.A series of large displacement monotonic shear,cyclic shear and post-cyclic monotonic steel plate-clay interface shear te sts were performed under the constant normal load(CNL)condition to inve stigate the effects of normal stre ss,cyclic amplitude,and number of cycles on a steel plate-clay interface using the GDS multi-function interface shear tester.Based on the experimental results,in monotonic shear tests,change of shear stress took place in the specimen,the shear stress rapidly reached the peak value at shear displacement of 1 mm,and then abruptly decreased to the residual value.In cyclic shear te sts,accumulated displacement was a better parameter to describe the soil degradation characteristics,and the degradation degree of shear stress became greater with the increasing of normal stress and accumulated displacement.Shear stress in post-cyclic monotonic shear tests did not generate a peak value and was lower than that in monotonic shear tests under the same normal stress.The soil was completely disturbed and reached the residual strength when the cumulative displacement approached 6 m.An empirical equation to evaluate shear stress degradation mechanism was formulated and the procedure of parameter identification was presented.