In early 2009, I had the chance to visit six Japanese university libraries or museums, which house 15 cuneiform tablets, seven royal inscriptions and one cylinder seal. Most of them seem to have been acquired from some
Cuneiform texts presented in this article are part of the Av collection of cuneiform tablets belonging to a private collector in Jerusalem. I was introduced to this collection almost a couple of years ago by a chance ...Cuneiform texts presented in this article are part of the Av collection of cuneiform tablets belonging to a private collector in Jerusalem. I was introduced to this collection almost a couple of years ago by a chance through a mutual friend. The collection展开更多
The author centers on writing seen both as a human ability and a transcription of oral language,and yet she very heavily refuses there to be any continuity from oral to written language,though once or twice what she s...The author centers on writing seen both as a human ability and a transcription of oral language,and yet she very heavily refuses there to be any continuity from oral to written language,though once or twice what she says,like in her fifth step about“assigning sounds to signs”,is exactly the reverse of what Homo Sapiens did when he developed writing:he assigned signs to sounds.No matter what way it works for a decipherer,and for Homo Sapiens when he developed some writing system for his/her/their language,and his/her/their language alone in 6-8,000 BCE,the connection between an oral language and its written version is connected,but flexible so that it can be easily replaced by another written code for the very same oral utterances,like the Phoenicians developing the first real consonantal alphabet to replace,for Semitic languages,the Cuneiform writing of the Sumerians(Indo-Iranian)and Akkadians(Semitic),and later on the Greeks adding the vowels of Indo-European languages to the Phoenician alphabet that only had“alep”and only when it was the initial sound or letter of a word.She alludes to signs in painted caves,hence going back to 45,000 BCE,and all over the world,but she does not exploit it.She acknowledges there were six cradles in the world and does not give them in chronological order,hence does not link them to the general evolution of the concerned human groups,and she neglects the fact that Egyptian writing and Sumerian writing developed at the same time or so but with a strong link between them:the Akkadians were the scribes of the Sumerians and they were Semitic like the Egyptians,whereas the Sumerians were Indo-Iranian coming down from the Iranian Plateau and settling in Mesopotamia before moving on.She mistakenly declares them Turkic,or speaking Turkish,an agglutinative language.Mutations selected naturally transformed the foot,the larynx,the respiratory system,the articulatory system,the subglottal zone,and its innervation of the pre-Sapiens Hominins concerned to enable Homo Sapiens to become what they are,long-distance bipedal fast runners.The development of oral language is a collateral consequence of these mutations.As soon as Homo Sapiens started using durable medium for their representational and entoptic geometric or other diacritic elements we have to follow Genevieve von Petzinger and state that these are signs and they have a function,counting for the repetitive elements,and all of these rockface paintings were there to illustrate the story the painters or other special individuals(probably sha-women and a few shamans)who could speak to the spirits behind the rockface were telling the fascinated audience.The lack of phylogeny blocks the real vision necessary to understand these facts and the fact that the reference to“bureaucracy”in big cities was the cause of this development,according to Silvia Ferrara.The people who specialized in remembering data,could we call them a bureaucracy in 2023,with the highly pejorative paradigmatic meaning the term conveys?Of course not.Where did the people who developed some writing system come from?What language or languages did they speak?Writing was not a discovery because it was not found on a tree or in a cave.Human writing was not an invention because there is no break from pure oral language to written language via representational drawings,and iconic first,totally abstract then signs used to transcribe the oral language into a durable(the media)and sustainable(to be learned by anyone and taught to anyone)script.We have to take the high road leading to discovering the phylogeny of language starting in 475,000 BCE and still developing.展开更多
The precise movement speed regulation is a key factor to improve the control effect and efficiency of the cyborg rats.However,the current stimulation techniques cannot realize the graded control of the speed.In this s...The precise movement speed regulation is a key factor to improve the control effect and efficiency of the cyborg rats.However,the current stimulation techniques cannot realize the graded control of the speed.In this study,we achieved the multi-level speed regulation of cyborg rats in the large open field and treadmill by specifically targeting the Cuneiform Nucleus(CnF)of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region(MLR).Detailed,we measured the influence of each stimulation parameter on the speed control process which included the real-time speed,accelerated speed,response time,and acceleration period.We concluded that the pulse period and the pulse width were the main determinants influencing the accelerated speed of cyborg rats.Whereas the amplitude of stimulation was found to affect the response time exhibited by the cyborg rats.Our study provides valuable insights into the regulation of rat locomotion speed and highlights the potential for utilizing this approach in various experimental settings.展开更多
文摘In early 2009, I had the chance to visit six Japanese university libraries or museums, which house 15 cuneiform tablets, seven royal inscriptions and one cylinder seal. Most of them seem to have been acquired from some
文摘Cuneiform texts presented in this article are part of the Av collection of cuneiform tablets belonging to a private collector in Jerusalem. I was introduced to this collection almost a couple of years ago by a chance through a mutual friend. The collection
文摘The author centers on writing seen both as a human ability and a transcription of oral language,and yet she very heavily refuses there to be any continuity from oral to written language,though once or twice what she says,like in her fifth step about“assigning sounds to signs”,is exactly the reverse of what Homo Sapiens did when he developed writing:he assigned signs to sounds.No matter what way it works for a decipherer,and for Homo Sapiens when he developed some writing system for his/her/their language,and his/her/their language alone in 6-8,000 BCE,the connection between an oral language and its written version is connected,but flexible so that it can be easily replaced by another written code for the very same oral utterances,like the Phoenicians developing the first real consonantal alphabet to replace,for Semitic languages,the Cuneiform writing of the Sumerians(Indo-Iranian)and Akkadians(Semitic),and later on the Greeks adding the vowels of Indo-European languages to the Phoenician alphabet that only had“alep”and only when it was the initial sound or letter of a word.She alludes to signs in painted caves,hence going back to 45,000 BCE,and all over the world,but she does not exploit it.She acknowledges there were six cradles in the world and does not give them in chronological order,hence does not link them to the general evolution of the concerned human groups,and she neglects the fact that Egyptian writing and Sumerian writing developed at the same time or so but with a strong link between them:the Akkadians were the scribes of the Sumerians and they were Semitic like the Egyptians,whereas the Sumerians were Indo-Iranian coming down from the Iranian Plateau and settling in Mesopotamia before moving on.She mistakenly declares them Turkic,or speaking Turkish,an agglutinative language.Mutations selected naturally transformed the foot,the larynx,the respiratory system,the articulatory system,the subglottal zone,and its innervation of the pre-Sapiens Hominins concerned to enable Homo Sapiens to become what they are,long-distance bipedal fast runners.The development of oral language is a collateral consequence of these mutations.As soon as Homo Sapiens started using durable medium for their representational and entoptic geometric or other diacritic elements we have to follow Genevieve von Petzinger and state that these are signs and they have a function,counting for the repetitive elements,and all of these rockface paintings were there to illustrate the story the painters or other special individuals(probably sha-women and a few shamans)who could speak to the spirits behind the rockface were telling the fascinated audience.The lack of phylogeny blocks the real vision necessary to understand these facts and the fact that the reference to“bureaucracy”in big cities was the cause of this development,according to Silvia Ferrara.The people who specialized in remembering data,could we call them a bureaucracy in 2023,with the highly pejorative paradigmatic meaning the term conveys?Of course not.Where did the people who developed some writing system come from?What language or languages did they speak?Writing was not a discovery because it was not found on a tree or in a cave.Human writing was not an invention because there is no break from pure oral language to written language via representational drawings,and iconic first,totally abstract then signs used to transcribe the oral language into a durable(the media)and sustainable(to be learned by anyone and taught to anyone)script.We have to take the high road leading to discovering the phylogeny of language starting in 475,000 BCE and still developing.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFB1313501)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ24F020003)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2293723)the Key R&D program of Zhejiang Province(2021C03003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2022-00051).
文摘The precise movement speed regulation is a key factor to improve the control effect and efficiency of the cyborg rats.However,the current stimulation techniques cannot realize the graded control of the speed.In this study,we achieved the multi-level speed regulation of cyborg rats in the large open field and treadmill by specifically targeting the Cuneiform Nucleus(CnF)of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region(MLR).Detailed,we measured the influence of each stimulation parameter on the speed control process which included the real-time speed,accelerated speed,response time,and acceleration period.We concluded that the pulse period and the pulse width were the main determinants influencing the accelerated speed of cyborg rats.Whereas the amplitude of stimulation was found to affect the response time exhibited by the cyborg rats.Our study provides valuable insights into the regulation of rat locomotion speed and highlights the potential for utilizing this approach in various experimental settings.
