Flow separation control over an airfoil using continuous alternating current plasma actuator

The flow separation control over an NACA 0015 airfoil using continuous alternating current(AC)dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)plasma actuator is investigated experimentally and numerically.This work is intended to report some observations made from our experiment,to which little attention is paid in the previous studies,but which is thought to be important to the understanding of control of complex flow separation with AC DBD.To this end,the response of separated flow to AC plasma actuation is visualized through the time-resolved particle image velocimetry(PIV)measurement,whereas numerical simulation is carried out to complement the experiment.The flow control process at chord-based Reynolds number(Re)of 3.31×105 is investigated.It is found that the response of external flow to plasma forcing is delayed for up to tens of milliseconds and the delay time increases with angle of attack increasing.Also observed is that at the intermediate angle of attack near stall,the forced flow features a well re-organized flow pattern.However,for airfoil at high post-stall angle of attack,the already well suppressed flow field can recover to the massively separated flow state and then reattach to airfoil surface with the flow pattern fluctuating between the two states in an irregular manner.This is contrary to one’s first thought that the forced flow at any angles of attack will become well organized and regular,and reflects the complexity of flow separation control.

基于三有源桥串并联潮流控制器的双极直流配电网主动限流策略

直流潮流控制器是解决环网式直流配电网的线路潮流不完全可控的有效技术手段。然而,现有方法未能充分发掘其在故障限流中的潜力。该文建立了三有源桥串并联潮流控制器(triple active bridge power flow controller,TAB-PFC)的故障模量分析模型,提出一种基于TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网主动限流策略。首先阐述了TAB-PFC的限流原理,提出基于TAB-PFC的主动限流控制策略。然后对TAB-PFC不同故障阶段进行建模,并计及极间互感构建含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网故障模量等效模型。在此基础上,分析不同参数对TAB-PFC的限流能力的影响,为其参数选取提供依据。在MATLAB/Simulink搭建了含TAB-PFC的双极直流配电网模型,验证了所提主动限流策略的有效性及故障等效电路模型和参数分析的正确性。

Integrated Equipment with Functions of Current Flow Control and Fault Isolation for Multiterminal DC Grids

The multi-terminal direct current(DC)grid has extinctive superiorities over the traditional alternating current system in integrating large-scale renewable energy.Both the DC circuit breaker(DCCB)and the current flow controller(CFC)are demanded to ensure the multiterminal DC grid to operates reliably and flexibly.However,since the CFC and the DCCB are all based on fully controlled semiconductor switches(e.g.,insulated gate bipolar transistor,integrated gate commutated thyristor,etc.),their separation configuration in the multiterminal DC grid will lead to unaffordable implementation costs and conduction power losses.To solve these problems,integrated equipment with both current flow control and fault isolation abilities is proposed,which shares the expensive and duplicated components of CFCs and DCCBs among adjacent lines.In addition,the complicated coordination control of CFCs and DCCBs can be avoided by adopting the integrated equipment in themultiterminal DC grid.In order to examine the current flow control and fault isolation abilities of the integrated equipment,the simulation model of a specific meshed four-terminal DC grid is constructed in the PSCAD/EMTDC software.Finally,the comparison between the integrated equipment and the separate solution is presented a specific result or conclusion needs to be added to the abstract.

混合式潮流控制器关键参数设计与控制策略研究

随着分布式光伏等新能源接入电网的规模快速增长,给新能源电力汇聚、疏散、消纳和电网潮流优化控制带来严峻挑战。基于电力电子技术的柔性交流输电系统装置可有效提升输电网络的传输容量,由大容量Sen变压器(sen transformer,ST)和小容量统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)组成的混合式潮流控制器(hybrid unified power flow controller,HPFC)在实现潮流连续调节的基础上,能够有效提升装置的经济性,具有很好的应用前景。为了确保HPFC调节潮流的准确性和可靠性,给出了HPFC容量分配的一般性方法及其主电路参数确定方法;为解决ST机械有载分接开关和UPFC电力电子开关二者响应速度的协调问题,提出了一种基于预测电流控制的潮流控制策略,并在Simulink中搭建220 kV双回线路及三机九节点系统进行仿真。仿真结果验证了HPFC容量分配方法正确有效,且预测电流控制策略能够合理计算抽头位置,减缓过渡电流对HPFC控制系统的冲击,使系统功率快速调节至目标值。

流动控制组合对潮流能水轮机翼型水动力学的特性影响研究

为全面提升潮流能水轮机叶片的水动力学性能,将格尼襟翼(GF)和涡流发生器(VGs)的附加件组合引入到潮流能水轮机领域,研究附加件组合对改善水轮机叶片水动力性能的作用机理。以NACA4418翼型为研究对象,分别建立加装格尼襟翼、涡流发生器和二者流动控制组合的水轮机翼型三维模型,应用数值模拟方法研究流动控制组合对水轮机叶片水动力性能的影响机理。结果表明:安装GF可有效提高翼型段的升力系数,但会降低翼型的失速角;安装VGs可抑制翼型段吸力面的流动分离、增大翼型段的失速角,但攻角越小水动力学性能改善效果越不明显;GF和VGs的流动控制组合则可将二者优势充分结合,在全面提高翼型段升力系数的同时,还可抑制翼型表面的流动分离、增大翼型的失速角,从而获得最佳的流动控制效果。

Nyquist Stability Analysis and Capacitance Selection for DC Current Flow Controllers in Meshed Multi-terminal HVDC Grids

Controllability of DC current/power flow is essentialin multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids, particularly for theMTDC grids in a meshed topology. In this paper, consideringmeshed MTDC (M2TDC) grids with the installation of twoline/multi-lineDC current flow controllers (CFCs), a small-signalmodel of the DC CFCs integrated M2TDC grids is derived,studying the impact of the power losses of the DC CFC andtheir influence on the analysis of energy exchanges. The systemstability analysis is analysed using the Nyquist diagram, which ismore suitable for analyzing complex nonlinear systems with morecompact and reliable indicators of stability in comparison withgain/phase margins shown in the Bode diagram. In addition, aselection method of the interconnected capacitor of the DC CFCis proposed under different operating conditions. The impact ofthe switching frequencies of the DC CFC on the control ranges ofthe DC current flows is analyzed. The effectiveness of the Nyquistanalysis and the capacitance selection method is verified bysimulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC. The obtained control ranges of the DC CFC with different switching frequenciesand capacitances would be useful for practical engineeringapplications.

A DC Current Flow Controller for Meshed Modular Multilevel Converter Multiterminal HVDC Grids

This paper proposes the design of a novel DC current flow controller(CFC)and evaluates the control performance of balancing and regulating the DC branch currents using the DC CFC in a meshed multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)grid.The DC CFC consists of two identical full bridge DC-DC converters with the capacitors of the two converters being connected in parallel.The scalability of the DC CFC is easily achievable due to the identical bridge converter topology;the cost of this DC CFC is also relatively low due to its simple physical structure and low voltage ratings.The control performance of the DC CFC is tested on a meshed 3-terminal(3-T)HVDC grid,which is based on modular multilevel converters(MMC).The DC branch current control in the meshed MTDC grid is achieved using the proposed control strategy of the DC CFC,and is verified through case studies on the real-time digital simulator(RTDS).

混合流动控制对风机叶片气动特性的影响

针对风力机叶片失速会降低风力机输出功率的问题,文章首先基于Fluent软件建立了NREL Phase Ⅵ风力机气动特性分析模型,计算风速为13 m/s时风力机叶片截面压力系数及功率特性,并与风洞实验数据进行对比,验证风力机气动特性分析模型的准确性;然后,将主动射流和涡流发生器(VGs)耦合到风力机叶片上,发现随射流孔宽度和涡流发生器高度的增加,风力机功率均呈先增后减趋势;最后,建立混合流动控制的风力机气动分析模型,研究射流与VGs弦向间距及后缘VGs高度对风力机气动特性的影响。研究表明:当间距为0.3C(C为翼型弦长)时,风力机输出功率达到最高,相比于射流单一控制,增幅为6.61%;当后缘VGs高度为15 mm时,混合式流动控制的效果最佳,风机功率最高。

双有源桥串联欠谐振变换器的最小回流电流控制

该文采用时域分析法对双有源桥串联欠谐振电路进行了分析,得到电感电流在稳态时的表达式并推导所有开关管实现软开关的条件。由于电压增益偏离1时仅采用移相控制难以实现所有开关管的软开关,因此,该文在传统移相控制的基础上,引入额外的变频控制策略,使得电路在不同的电压增益和负载条件下都能有较好的软开关性能。然而,软开关的实现会增加电路的回流电流,影响电路的传输效率。该文对所提出的变频移相控制进行了进一步的优化,使其可以在确保电路实现软开关的同时产生最小的回流电流和电感电流有效值。所提出的控制策略在一台2 kW的样机中进行了验证。

基于潮流计算的变电站一键顺控功能离线测试研究

现有变电站一键顺控功能离线测试时,没有分析变电站并行效果,导致离线测试效果差,提出基于潮流计算的变电站一键顺控功能离线测试研究方法。通过一键顺控技术和其拓扑结构,构建一键顺控系统,引入潮流算法,分析变电站并行度,结合雅可比逆矩阵修正算法,完成变电站系统的并行效果分析,实现变电站一键顺控功能的离线测试。实验表明,设计方法准确获取了静态和动态功耗电流等,变电站数据量为9000个时,其值分别为131 mA和133 mA,确定了工作频率与电流值有关,因此,该方法可以实现变电站一键顺控功能离线测试,具备有效性。

Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function

In order to overcome the problems of power flow control and fault current limiting in multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC)grids,this paper proposes a modular multi-terminal DC power flow controller(MM-DCPFC)with fault current limiting function.The topology structure,operation principle,and equivalent circuit of MM-DCPFC are introduced,and such a structure has the advantages of modularity and scalability.The power balance mechanism is studied and a hierarchical power balance control strategy is proposed.The results show that MM-DCPFC can achieve internal power exchange,which avoids the use of external power supply.The fault characteristics of MM-DCPFC are analyzed,fault current limiting and self-protection methods are proposed,and the factors affecting the current limiting capability are studied.The simulation models are established in PLECS,and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of MM-DCPFC in power flow control,fault current limiting,and scalability.In addition,a prototype is developed to validate the function and control method of MM-DCPFC.

A Novel Location Method for Interline Power Flow Controllers Based on Entropy Theory

As one of the new generation flexible AC transmission systems(FACTS)devices,the interline power flow controller(IPFC)has the significant advantage of simultaneously regulating the power flow of multiple lines.Nevertheless,how to choose the appropriate location for the IPFC converters has not been discussed thoroughly.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a novel location method for IPFC using entropy theory.To clarify IPFC’s impact on system power flow,its operation mechanism and control strategies of different types of serial converters are discussed.Subsequently,to clarify the system power flow characteristic suitable for device location analysis,the entropy concept is introduced.In this process,the power flow distribution entropy index is used as an optimization index.Using this index as a foundation,the power flow transfer entropy index is also generated and proposed for the IPFC location determination study.Finally,electromechanical electromagnetic hybrid simulations based on ADPSS are implemented for validation.These are tested in a practical power grid with over 800 nodes.A modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based IPFC electromagnetic model is also established for precise verification.The results show that the proposed method can quickly and efficiently complete optimized IPFC location and support IPFC to determine an optimal adjustment in the N-1 fault cases.

Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow of an AC/DC System with a Multiport Current Flow Controller

To evaluate the impact of the randomness and correlation of photovoltaic(PV)and load on AC/DC systems with a multiport current flow controller(M-CFC),this paper proposes a probabilistic optimal power flow calculation for AC/DC systems,based on a nonparametric kernel density estimation.First,according to the M-CFC model,the DC power flow calculation method with M-CFC was inferred,and its influence on line loss was analyzed.Second,a nonparametric kernel density estimation with an adaptive bandwidth is used to accurately describe the probability distribution of the PV and load,and correlation samples of the PV and load are obtained by the mixed copula function.Then an optimization model that considers system loss and static security is established,and a fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm based on the elite strategy(NSGA-II)is used to calculate the multi-objective probability optimal power flow of the AC/DC system.Finally,a case study is performed on a modified IEEE39 bus system using measured PV and load data.We verified that the nonparametric kernel density estimation with an adaptive bandwidth can better adapt to random component uncertainty,and M-CFC can improve the static security of the system.

考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法

为了精准计算线路三相不平衡度并降低线路损耗,治理三相电流不平衡度,研究考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法。估算输电线路的三相电压不平衡度,并以其为参考计算输电线路三相电流不平衡度,结合等值电阻法与不平衡度因素计算输电线路的线损,当线路损耗过高时,通过在线路中接入基于电压控制的统一潮流控制器,降低输电线路中的电阻功率值与阻抗,实现输电线路线损控制。实验结果证明,该方法可以有效分析三相不平衡负载下输电线路两端电压、电流波形变化,并准确计算输电线路中三相电流不平衡度,且线损率计算结果准确,控制后线损率呈明显下降趋势。

基于虚拟阻抗的模块化直流电源并联均流控制研究

直流电源各模块之间的参数存在差异,导致模块化直流电源并联运行时存在环流问题。为解决该问题,研究了基于虚拟阻抗的模块化直流电源并联均流控制。文章在模块化直流电源并联运行过程中检测模块间环流,设计一种纯阻性的虚拟阻抗,并加入直流电源并联系统控制结构。通过调整虚拟阻抗来抑制并联电源模块间环流,实现模块化直流电源并联均流控制。实验结果表明,设计方法下各并联直流电源模块之间负载电流的最大偏差仅0.58 A,可以实现良好的均流控制。

双电源接入的配电网重构与优化技术研究

双电源配电环网是提高电力供应可靠性的一种常用方式。但是其潮流控制困难,电网损耗较高,因此优化潮流分布并减小配电网损耗是电力行业研究者关注的重点。柔性交流输电技术和统一潮流控制器(Unified Power Flow Controller,UPFC)的应用可以解决双电源配电环网中的潮流分布问题。将UPFC技术应用于双电源配电环网的潮流优化控制,并通过仿真试验验证方法的有效性,建立以最小化配电网有功损耗为目标的数学模型,优化在双电源配电环网中UPFC的串联补偿电压。实验结果表明,UPFC在双电源配电环网中的优化控制效果较好。

FACTS技术在电力系统中的应用

柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)建立在电力电子或其他静止型控制器基础之上,通过对电力系统的某个或多个参数进行调节,从而实现电力系统可控的目标,进而增强电力传输能力和系统运行的稳定性。本文对柔性交流输电系统中FACTS控制器的3种类型进行了介绍,对4种典型的FACTS控制器的工作原理、稳态模型以及动态模型进行了研究。从控制电力系统的无功功率和电压、改善低频振荡、提高系统的暂态稳定性等方面,介绍了FACTS控制器在电力系统中的应用。

基于故障电流控制的新型UPFC-FCL设计

针对统一潮流控制器(UPFC)的系统短路保护问题,提出了一种基于故障电流控制的新型限流式统一潮流控制器(UPFC-FCL)拓扑结构。通过在限流电抗支路上投切耗能电阻,配合UPFC并联侧控制,限制线路故障电流的上升速率和幅值并保护设备安全。详细阐述了拓扑结构与工作原理,并进行了数学建模和关键参数设计。仿真结果表明,该新型UPFC-FCL能较精确地控制故障电流并可灵活调整限流值以配合继电保护电流整定值和断路器遮断电流,故障消除后恢复迅速且适用于多次故障和自动重合闸等情况,同时降低了装置成本以及UPFC的损坏风险。

含电流型潮流控制器的柔性直流电网故障电流抑制特性分析

为有效抑制多端柔性直流电网的短路电流,提出基于限流贡献度的电流型潮流控制器(CFC)故障抑制特性量化方法,以分析CFC参数对故障电流的影响。首先,分析了由全桥开关与电容器并联组成的桥式拓扑结构CFC的工作特性,提出了在故障发生时故障限流控制模式下的控制策略,以及与直流断路器协调配合的动作时序。然后,构建含CFC限流的直流电网等效电路,推导了故障发生各阶段电流的解析表达式。在此基础上,提出CFC限流贡献度的分析方法,研究CFC不同参数和动作时序下对柔性直流故障电流的抑制特性。

基于节点电流注入法的UPFC潮流控制新方法研究

提出了一种基于节点电流注入法的改进的统一潮流控制器潮流控制的新方法:串联侧基于电流预测法实现对线路有功、无功功率的控制,并联侧用无功注入电流控制母线电压。利用电力系统综合程序(PSASP)的用户程序接口(UPI)功能,用C++语言编写了UPFC潮流控制模型的用户程序,与潮流程序交替求解,实现UPFC的控制功能。通过算例验证了该方法的正确性及有效性。所建模型无需改变UPFC两侧接入点的节点类型,控制灵活;基于节点电流注入法的思想对柔性交流输电系统控制器与其他商业软件的接口有借鉴意义。