Alternative Approaches for Distinguishing between Faults and Inrush Current in Power Transformers

In this study, we will cover the basic methods used to distinguish between inrush current and fault current in power transformers. First, the nature of inrush current is presented compared to the fault current. Then the nature of the magnetizing current due to energizing a power transformer at no-load is explained. The first generation of methods used to disable the protective relay system during inrush current, namely the Desensitizing and Tripping Suppressor, is introduced. The second generation, the harmonic restraint method and the waveform-based restraint method with their different versions, is explained. Then we will explore thoroughly the fictitious equivalent resistance method as an example of the third generation of model type restraining or blocking methods. Finally, a comparison between these methods and conclusion is carried out.

The Discrimination of Inrush Current from Internal Fault of Power Transformer based on EMD

The method is based on that the waveform of the inrush distorts seriously, while the fault current nearly keeps sinusoid. The complicated signal can be decomposed into a finite intrinsic mode functions (IMF) by the EMD, then define and compute the projection area on X-axis of each IMF—, the specific gravity of SIMF—, and the maximum of —. We can get a new scheme of transformer-protection based on comparing the difference between inrush and fault current. Theoretical analysis show that the method can precisely discriminate inrush and fault current, fault clearance time is about 20ms. Moreover, it is convenient to achieve and hardly be affect by not-periodic component.

Investigation and Mitigation of Transformer Inrush Current during Black Start of an Independent Power Producer Plant

The energizing of large power transformers has long been considered a critical event in the operation of an electric power system. When a transformer is energized by the utility, a typical inrush current could be as high as ten times its rated current. This could cause many problems from mechanical stress on transformer windings to harmonics injection, and system protection malfunction. There have been numerous researches focusing on calculation and mitigation of the transformer inrush current. With the development of smart grid, distributed generation from independent power producers (IPPs) is growing rapidly. This paper investigates the inrush current due to black start of an IPP system with several parallel transformers, through a simulation model in DIgSILENT Power Factory software. The study demonstrates that a single genset is capable of energizing a group of transformers since the overall inrush current is slightly above the inrush of the transformer directly connected to the generator. In addition, a simple method is proposed to mitigate the inrush current of the transformers using an auxiliary transformer.

考虑铁心结构的三相变压器励磁涌流和角型绕组环流分析

基于三相组式、五柱式和三柱式铁心结构变压器的磁路特征和运行方程,首先,提出运用星形侧零序电流和电压来拟合角型绕组环流的数值方法,并进一步研究不同铁心结构变压器的角型绕组环流和励磁涌流的特点;然后,进行软件仿真和现场录波以验证该数值方法的有效性,可判断三相组式和五柱式变压器的各相绕组差流即为对应相的励磁涌流,而三柱式变压器某相的绕组差流并不是对应相的励磁电流;最后,进一步的理论分析与仿真验证表明,在3类铁心结构的变压器从星形侧空载合闸时,星形侧任意两相的线电流之差可以认为是这两相等效磁路的励磁涌流之差。研究结论可以为不同铁心结构三相变压器的励磁涌流识别提供依据。

基于正弦同源-概率空间协同互补的涌流闭锁方案

为了取消正弦相似性原理中的最小二乘法等中间环节,获得直接固定标准正弦波形所需要的能量信息。借鉴时域概率分布的方法论,从优势互补的角度出发,设计了一种基于Wasserstein距离算法的变压器励磁涌流闭锁方案。该方案采用特征离散化的方式,提取目标对象和模板信号并转化为状态向量作为样本标签,以此来判别两者之间的能量分布差异,从而达到正弦场景同源识别的效果。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该方法实现简便,不需要频域计算。相比于现有正弦相似性原理,降低了保护流程的复杂程度,具有更强的实际应用价值和速动性能。通过PSCAD/MATLAB平台对现场合闸的录波数据进行测试分析,验证了所提方案对促进变压器保护性能的积极意义。

柔性低频输电系统的主变稳态负序差动保护

为了解决常规纵差保护难以适用于低频系统的问题,通过分析低频系统的序分量抑制策略,并根据低频系统故障进入稳态后单侧有负序注入的特征,提出一种基于稳态负序分量的主变差动保护方法。为防止该差动保护在区外故障时因电流互感器饱和出现误动,通过对比分析三类制动电流计算方式的制动性能,得到了差动保护的制动方程和制动系数。为解决励磁涌流、电流互感器断线可能导致误动的问题,提出了相电压突变量的差动保护开放条件。仿真分析表明,该方法能够灵敏反映区内金属性故障及轻微故障,在区外故障伴随电流互感器饱和时有可靠的制动裕度。

基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路

传统的串并联开关电容型均衡电路在工作过程中会产生影响电路可靠性的冲击电流,为了改善该问题对电路性能的影响,同时提升电路的均衡速度,提出一种基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路。电路的LC谐振单元由均衡电容串联电感元件组成,所有开关器件均工作在零电流开关模式下,这将有效降低开关损耗,并有效抑制电路中的冲击电流,从而延长开关器件的使用寿命,提高电路的可靠性。所提出的均衡电路采用两个LC谐振单元作为储能元件组的组间均衡支路,可以同时实现储能元件单体与单体之间以及储能元件组与组之间的均衡,在保证均衡精度的同时,有效地提升电路均衡的速度。详细地分析了电路的特点与工作原理,通过搭建仿真平台,将所提出电路与现有的同类型均衡电路对比,验证了所提出均衡电路对均衡速度的提升作用。搭建了五个串联超级电容的实验平台,实验结果表明,所提出的电路可以提升55.85%的均衡速度,并且对冲击电流有显著的抑制作用。

换流站交流滤波器过负荷保护误动作机理及防误动策略

换流站是耦合交直流系统的关联区域,站内设备众多、运行环境复杂。交流滤波器配置的保护虽然较为齐全,但在各类异常扰动情况下,电气量特殊的暂态特征仍会引发过负荷等保护的误动作。通过分析典型过负荷和励磁涌流工况下交流滤波器电阻支路电流波形的特点,揭示涌流引起交流滤波器过负荷保护误动作的机理。从波形相似度角度考虑,结合斯皮尔曼等级相关系数,提出了基于斯皮尔曼等级相关系数的交流滤波器过负荷保护辅助判据,并利用仿真试验验证该判据识别励磁涌流工况扰动的有效性,以防止保护误动的发生,提高保护的可靠性。

基于长短时记忆神经网络的励磁涌流与故障电流识别方法

变压器空载合闸时产生励磁涌流导致差动保护误动作的问题至今仍未能被完全解决.针对该问题,提出一种利用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络识别励磁涌流与故障电流的方法.首先,在PSCAD软件平台上搭建变压器空载合闸及内部故障仿真模型,通过仿真产生大量三相电流瞬时采样数据作为训练神经网络的样本集;然后,利用Keras平台搭建LSTM神经网络模型并完成训练;最后,利用新的仿真数据和现场故障录波数据对训练好的LSTM神经网络进行测试.结果表明LSTM神经网络可以快速准确地区分各种情况下的励磁涌流和故障电流,从而证实该方法的有效性.

基于环流相似度的变压器零模涌流识别与零序保护方法

随着我国电力系统规模的扩大和输电容量的增加,Yd连接的高阻抗变压器得到了广泛应用。传统的变压器零序差动保护采用二次谐波比进行涌流制动,但该方法在空投于内部故障时会出现拒动情况。提出了一种基于环流相似度的变压器零模涌流识别与零序保护方法,该方法计算原方零模涌流和副方环流的波形相似度,再根据变压器三相的饱和系数识别内部故障,综合实现变压器准确的涌流闭锁。仿真和实验结果表明,所提保护方法在变压器和应涌流及空投于内部故障情况下均能正确动作。

涌流抑制器在海洋平台电力系统的应用

海洋平台空间小,发电机装机容量有限,负荷量大,变压器的负载率高。变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流对变压器和发电机都造成巨大冲击,也会造成合闸失败。多数产品采用分相操作来控制合闸角实现对变压器合闸涌流的抑制。而由于发电机、变压器的断路器为三相联动,使得实际应用中的效果不理想。Vizimax MVX涌流抑制器通过对剩磁的测量和控制,大大降低了涌流幅值,并减少了谐波分量,确保了每次合闸的成功,改善了电能质量,延长了变压器、发电机等核心电气设备的寿命,可为今后类似工程项目提供经验借鉴。

不对称级联九电平逆变器线性功率均衡控制策略

三单元不对称级联逆变器通常采用传统混合调制策略控制,但该策略下逆变器存在单元间输出功率不均衡以及低压单元开关损耗分配不均的问题,同时由于高低压单元之间输出电压极性不同时会出现电流倒灌,导致逆变器直流侧电压难以维持稳定,影响输出电压波形质量。针对上述问题,该文提出基于功率元重组的混合功率均衡调制策略,该策略对逆变器高压单元采用低频方波调制,在控制单元输出功率大小的同时可以降低开关损耗,而对于低压单元,所提策略结合载波移幅调制和载波移相调制策略对其功率元进行分析重组,使逆变器在输出高质量电压波形的同时实现单元间输出功率的线性均衡和低压单元间开关损耗的均匀分配。最后进行仿真和实验验证。

Research on uninterruptable power supply technology for auxiliary winding of electric locomotive while passing the neutral section

Purpose–Auxiliary power system is an indispensable part of the train;the auxiliary systems of both electric locomotives and EMUs mainly are powered by one of the two ways,which are either from auxiliary windings of traction transformers or from DC-link voltage of traction converters.Powered by DC-link voltage of traction converters,the auxiliary systems were maintained of uninterruptable power supply with energy from electric braking.Meanwhile,powered by traction transformers,the auxiliary systems were always out of power while passing the neutral section of power supply grid and control system is powered by battery at this time.Design/methodology/approach–Uninterrupted power supply of auxiliary power system powered by auxiliary winding of traction transformer was studied.Failure reasons why previous solutions cannot be realized are analyzed.An uninterruptable power supply scheme for the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers is proposed in this paper.The validity of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results and on-site operation of an upgraded HXD3C type locomotive.This scheme is attractive for upgrading practical locomotives with the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers.Findings–This scheme regenerates braking power supplied to auxiliary windings of traction transformers while a locomotive runs in the neutral section of the power supply grid.Control objectives of uninterrupted power supply technology are proposed,which are no overvoltage,no overcurrent and uninterrupted power supply.Originality/value–The control strategies of the scheme ensure both overvoltage free and inrush current free when a locomotive enters or leaves the neutral section.Furthermore,this scheme is cost low by employing updated control strategy of software and add both the two current sensors and two connection wires of hardware.

基于简化模型的变压器励磁涌流计算方法

提出一种基于简化模型的变压器励磁涌流及电压计算方法。将变压器励磁电路的电流-磁通特性由非线性模型简化为线性模型,基于线性模型进行公式推导,得到励磁涌流及电压计算公式,并进行验证试验。试验结果表明,利用简化计算公式得到的励磁涌流和电压与瞬时分析法相比误差不超过0.012%。本文方法能够有效防止励磁涌流误动,提高电网系统的继电保护水平。

基于波形复杂特性的励磁涌流快速识别算法研究

针对电力变压器空载合闸于CT饱和、轻微匝间故障等扰动因素下励磁涌流快速识别困难的应用需求,提出一种基于电流波形复杂特性的励磁涌流快速识别算法;通过研究空载合闸、CT饱和、匝间故障等扰动因素下的励磁涌流波形复杂特性,提出采用改进变分模态分解算法,以实现固有模态分量的快速准确分解,同时,研究励磁涌流波形复杂特性的数值表征,提出波形复杂特性的数值表征策略,并选定样本熵和值作为励磁涌流快速识别的判据;模拟建立多场景扰动下的励磁涌流特性仿真模型,验证了所提出算法在空载合闸、合闸于CT饱和、合闸于匝间故障、变压器运行时发生内部及区内故障等工程场景下应用的快速性和可靠性。其中,该算法能够实现首个周波电流采集下的快速模态分解,并具有抗40 dB噪声干扰的抗噪性能,易于复杂扰动下励磁涌流信号快速、可靠辨识的工程应用。

高阻抗变压器励磁涌流研究综述

随着电网发展系统容量增大,具有成本低、额外占地面积小、限制系统短路电流能力强等特点的高阻抗变压器应用率不断提高。目前国外对于高阻抗变压器的研究较少,而国内对于高阻抗变压器未形成系统性研究。首先介绍高阻抗变压器的定义和设计原理,对不同高阻抗变压器的实现方式进行总结。其次,针对高阻抗变压器应用过程中凸显的励磁涌流问题开展理论分析。最后,对高阻抗变压器励磁涌流抑制措施进行总结和对比,并对高阻抗变压器的研究和应用前景进行展望。

基于响应面法的换流变压器励磁涌流峰值快速计算分析

为解决传统数值法和软件仿真法求解变压器励磁涌流存在模型参数固定、效率低下等问题,提出将响应面拟合计算方法运用在换流变励磁涌流的计算中,实现考虑到主心柱在不同剩磁的条件下的励磁涌流峰值随合闸角变化的高效计算分析。理论分析变压器励磁涌流的产生机理,提取出关键影响因素,采用参数建模建立换流变压器模型,通过响应面试验设计拟合绕组初始电流、合闸角和励磁涌流峰值之间的响应面模型,并验证响应面的精度。研究成果可为变压器励磁涌流快速计算分析、电力变压器数字孪生技术提供技术参考。

电容器的柔性上电技术研究

针对电容器的低动态阻抗特性带来的上电浪涌电流问题,提出一种具有柔性上电特性的新型电容器,有助于增强电容器应用的便捷性。本文研究了当前电容器上电浪涌电流抑制技术的局限性,设计了一种具有变阻特性的新型电路拓扑结构,通过与传统电容器进行一体化集成,使新型电容器具有了上电时高阻抗和工作时低动态阻抗的特点,并研究改造制作了一款500 V/120 uF钽电容器。最后,实验结果显示,经改造后的电容器成功展现出上电时高阻抗、工作时低动态阻抗的特性,有效抑制了上电浪涌电流,验证了所提新型电路拓扑方案的可行性和有效性。