The effect of non-storm time substorms on the ring current dynamics

During geomagnetically active times such as geomagnetic storms,large amounts of energy can be released into the Earth’s magnetosphere and change the ring current intensity.Previous studies showed that significant enhancement of the ring current was related to geomagnetic storms,while few studies have examined substorm effects on ring current dynamics.In this study,we examine the ring current variation during non-storm time(SYM-H>−50 nT)substorms,especially during super-substorms(AE>1000 nT).We perform a statistical analysis of ring current plasma pressure and number flux of various ion species under different substorm conditions,based on Van Allen Probe observations.The plasma pressure and ion fluxes of the ring current increased dramatically during supersubstorms,while little change was observed for substorms with AE<1000 nT.The results shown in this study indicate that a non-storm time super-substorm may also have a significant contribution to the ring current.

Evolutions of equatorial ring current ions during a magnetic storm

In this paper, we present evolutions of the phase space density(PSD) spectra of ring current(RC) ions based on observations made by Van Allen Probe B during a geomagnetic storm on 23–24 August 2016. By analyzing PSD spectra ratios from the initial phase to the main phase of the storm, we find that during the main phase, RC ions with low magnetic moment μ values can penetrate deeper into the magnetosphere than can those with high μ values, and that the μ range of PSD enhancement meets the relationship: S(O^+) >S(He^+)>S(H^+). Based on simultaneously observed ULF waves, theoretical calculation suggests that the radial transport of RC ions into the deep inner magnetosphere is caused by drift-bounce resonance interactions, and the efficiency of these resonance interactions satisfies the relationship: η(O^+) > η(He^+) > η(H^+), leading to the differences in μ range of PSD enhancement for different RC ions. In the recovery phase,the observed decay rates for different RC ions meet the relationship: R(O^+) > R(He^+) > R(H^+), in accordance with previous theoretical calculations, i.e., the charge exchange lifetime of O^+ is shorter than those of H^+ and He^+.

Effects of polarization-reversed electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves on the ring current dynamics

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)waves are widely believed to play an important role in influencing the radiation belt and ring current dynamics.Most studies have investigated the effects or characteristics of EMIC waves by assuming their left-handed polarization.However,recent studies have found that the reversal of polarization,which occurs at higher latitudes along the wave propagation path,can change the wave-induced pitch angle diffusion coefficients.Whether such a polarization reversal can influence the global ring current dynamics remains unknown.In this study,we investigate the ring current dynamics and proton precipitation loss in association with polarization-reversed EMIC waves by using the ring current-atmosphere interactions model(RAM).The results indicate that the polarization reversal of H-band EMIC waves can truly decrease the scattering rates of protons of 10 to 50 keV or>100 keV in comparison with the scenario in which the EMIC waves are considered purely left-handed polarized.Additionally,the global ring current intensity and proton precipitation may be slightly affected by the polarization reversal,especially during prestorm time and the recovery phase,but the effects are not large during the main phase.This is probably because the H-band EMIC waves contribute to the proton scattering loss primarily at E<10 keV,an energy range that is not strongly affected by the polarization reversal.

Prediction of Partial Ring Current Index Using LSTM Neural Network

The local time dependence of the geomagnetic disturbances during magnetic storms indicates the necessity of forecasting the localized magnetic storm indices.For the first time,we construct prediction models for the SuperMAG partial ring current indices(SMR-LT),with the advance time increasing from 1 h to 12 h by Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)neural network.Generally,the prediction performance decreases with the advance time and is better for the SMR-06 index than for the SMR-00,SMR-12,and SMR-18 index.For the predictions with 12 h ahead,the correlation coefficient is 0.738,0.608,0.665,and 0.613,respectively.To avoid the over-represented effect of massive data during geomagnetic quiet periods,only the data during magnetic storms are used to train and test our models,and the improvement in prediction metrics increases with the advance time.For example,for predicting the storm-time SMR-06 index with 12 h ahead,the correlation coefficient and the prediction efficiency increases from 0.674 to 0.691,and from 0.349 to 0.455,respectively.The evaluation of the model performance for forecasting the storm intensity shows that the relative error for intense storms is usually less than the relative error for moderate storms.

Ring current proton scattering by low-frequency magnetosonic waves

Magnetosonic (MS) waves are believed to have the ability to affect the dynamics of ring current protons both inside and outside the plasmasphere. However, previous studies have focused primarily on the effect of high-frequency MS waves (f > 20 Hz) on ring current protons. In this study, we investigate interactions between ring current protons and low-frequency MS waves (< 20 Hz) inside the plasmasphere. We find that low-frequency MS waves can effectively accelerate < 20 keV ring current protons on time scales from several hours to a day, and their scattering efficiency is comparable to that due to high-frequency MS waves (>20 Hz), from which we infer that omitting the effect of low-frequency MS waves will considerably underestimate proton depletion at middle pitch angles and proton enhancement at large pitch angles. Therefore, ring current proton modeling should take into account the effects of both low- and highfrequency MS waves.

The substorm current wedge and midnight sector partial ring current near substorm onset: A synthesis based on a magnetotail magnetic field geometry model

The Substorm Current Wedge （SCW） occurrence in the late growth and onset phases of substorms was proposed as the current system which disrupts cross-tail current by diverting it to the ionosphere. The closure current for the SCW originally was suggested to be the strong westward auroral electrojet （WEJ）. However, the SCW-WEJ system has no viable generator current. Similarly, the asymmetric or Partial Ring Current （PRC） increases in strength during the growth phase, and is sometimes associated with an enhanced Region 2 field-aligned current （FAC） closing to the ionosphere, but specifics of that closure have been lacking. Here we present a tmifying picture which includes the SCW post- and pre-midnight （AM and PM, respectively） currents and a generator current in the midnight portion of the PRC system, with these currents based upon a model of the nightside magnetotail magnetic geometry. That geometry consists of open north and south lobe regions surrounding a plasmasheet with two types of closed field line regions-stretched lines in the central part of the plasmasheet （SPS） and dipolar lines （DPS） between the low lati- tude boundary layer （LLBL） regions and the SPS. There is also an important plasmasheet transition region （TPS） in which the dipolar field near the plasmapause gradually transforms to stretched lines near the earthward edge of the SPS, and in which the midnight part of the PRC flows. We propose that our proposed near-onset current system consists of a central current which be- comes part of the midnight sector PRC and which is the generator, to which are linked two three-part current systems, one on the dawnside and one on the duskside. The three-part systems consist of up and down FACs closing as Pedersen currents in the iono- sphere. These 3-part systems are not activated until near-onset is reached, because of a lack of ionospheric conductivity in the appropriate locations where the Pedersen current closure occurs. The initial downward FAC of the 3-part dawnside system and the final upward FAC of the 3-part duskside system correspond to the AM and PM current segments, respectively, of the originally proposed SCW.

Persistent current in a magnetized Rashba ring

We theoretically study the persistent currents flowing in a Rashba quantum ring subjected to the Rashba spinorbit interaction. By introducing uniform or nonuniform magnetization into the ring, we find that a nonzero persistent charge current circulates in the ring, which stems from the original equilibrium spin current due to the Rashba spinorbit interaction. Because of broken time reversal symmetry, the two oppositely flowing spin-up and spin-down charge currents of the equilibrium spin current are no longer equal, and so a net persistent charge current can flow in the system. It is also found that the persistent current can be modulated by the Fermi energy, the Rashba spin-orbit interaction strength and the magnetization in the ring. Moreover, the magnetization perpendicular to the ring plane can optimize the current. The persistent current flowing in the ring is a manifestation of the nonzero equilibrium spin current existing in the ring.

Oscillation of the spin-currents of cold atoms on a ring due to light-induced spin–orbit coupling

The evolution of two-component cold atoms on a ring with spin-orbit coupling has been studied analytically for the case with N noninteracting particles. Then, the effect of interaction is evaluated numerically via a two-body system. Two cases are considered： （i） Starting from a ground state the evolution is induced by a sudden change of the laser field, and （ii） the evolution starting from a superposition state. Oscillating persistent spin-currents have been found. A set of formulae have been derived to describe the period and amplitude of the oscillation. Based on these formulae the oscillation can be well controlled via adjusting the parameters of the laser beams. In particular, it is predicted that movable stripes might emerge on the ring.

PERSISTENT CURRENT IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MESOSCOPIC RING WITH ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION IN THE LATTICE MODEL

A new non-perturbative method is used to discuss the persistent current in a one-dimensional mesoscopic ring threaded by a flux φ with electron-phonon interaction in the lattice model. The current is periodic in φ with a flux quantum φ 0 and the electron-phonon interaction suppresses the persistent current. By considering the contributions of many-phonon correlations, we could obtain more accurate results.

Current–phase relations of a ring-trapped Bose–Einstein condensate with a weak link

The current–phase relations of a ring-trapped Bose–Einstein condensate interrupted by a rotating rectangular barrier are extensively investigated with an analytical solution. A current–phase diagram, single and multi-valued relation, is presented with a rescaled barrier height and width. Our results show that the finite size makes the current–phase relation deviate a little bit from the cosine form for the soliton solution in the limit of a vanishing barrier, and the periodic boundary condition selects only the plane wave solution in the case of high barrier. The reason for multi-valued current–phase relation is given by investigating the behavior of soliton solution.

Tunable Kondo Effect of a Three-Terminal Transport Quantum Dot Embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm Ring

We theoretically investigate the Kondo effect of a three-terminal transport quantum dot （QD） embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm ring in the Kondo regime by means of the one-impurity Anderson Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian is solved by means of the slave-boson mean-field theory. We find that in this system, the Kondo effect depends sensitively oil the parity and size of the ring; the Kondo screening cloud can be tuned by tuning the coupling strength of the reservoir-dot. Thus this model might be a candidate for future device applications.

Spin-polarization-dependent transport in a quantum dot array coupled with an Aharonov-Bohm ring

In this paper the quantum transport in a dot-array coupled with an Ahaxonov-Bohm （AB） ring is investigated via single-band tight-binding Hamiltonian. It is shown that the output spin current is a periodic function of the magnetic flux in the quantum unit Ф0. The resonance positions of the total transmission probability do not depend on the size of the AB ring but the electronic spectrum. Moreover, the persistent currents in the AB ring is also spin-polarization dependent and different from the isolated AB ring where the persistent current is independent of spin polarization.

大气及真空环境下电流对柔性环滚动载流摩擦性能的影响

使用外滚道、柔性环和内滚道构成滚动载流摩擦副,对比研究了大气及真空(1×10-3Pa)环境下电流对柔性环滚动载流摩擦磨损性能的影响.随着电流从0 A增至20 A,电致黏着导致摩擦力随电流增大而增大.大气环境下氧化作用可促进摩擦表面材料剥落,导致磨痕宽度更大,进而导致大气摩擦力更高,表层塑性变形更严重.真空环境下氧化磨损被抑制,接触表面材料剥落和塑性变形相对较轻.电流从0 A增加至20 A,大气磨损面O与Cu原子比从0.379 7减少至0.144 3,真空磨损面O与Cu原子比从0.093 9减少至0.029 9.硬度测试显示:在塑性硬化和电致软化共同影响下,摩擦表层硬度随电流的增大先增加后降低,硬度最高点对应的电流为5 A,真空下电致软化效果更明显.

一种热释电红外控制芯片设计

热释电红外技术已广泛应用于交通出行和智能家居等领域。用于接收、放大、处理热释电红外传感器输入信号的控制芯片的优劣,是衡量热释电红外产品性能的重要标准。设计出一款用于照明控制、防盗报警等领域的热释电红外控制芯片。该芯片是一款基于5 V 1P3M CMOS工艺的低静态功耗、芯片面积小的热释电红外控制芯片,只有8个引脚,外围器件少,可与传感器合封,具有小型化,能有效抑制手机、Wi-Fi等射频干扰的优势。仿真结果表明,芯片的静态功耗小于20μA,动态功耗小于1 mA,在3.0~5.5 V电压范围内能正常工作,有效面积约为0.309 mm^(2)。

Study on the local time asymmetry of the Earth's ring currents based on multiple low-Earth-orbit satellite magnetic observations

The azimuthal morphology of Earth's ring currents has consistently shown asymmetry during extreme space weather events at low latitudes,particularly during geomagnetic storms.A dawn-dusk pattern has been detected during the storm main phase through near-Earth and in-situ magnetic measurements.This asymmetry is believed to arise from asymmetric solar windmagnetosphere coupling and is linked to the closure of the ring current.Recent evidence has confirmed the existence of asymmetric ring currents during quiet times and the storm recovery phase.This phenomenon may be closely related to the evolution of ring currents,including plasma injection and decay processes.In this study,the local time asymmetry of the ring current is estimated using data from low-Earth-orbit Swarm and Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)missions.Spherical harmonics models are developed to quantify the magnetic field of ring currents through external Gauss coefficients during both quiet periods and the storm recovery phase.Several features of dawn-dusk asymmetry are observed in various cases in different months.(1)The maximum difference in magnetic value across local time ranges from 3 to 10 nT,showing relative invariance compared with various Sym-H levels.(2)Stronger magnetic signals are detected at the premidnight sector during quiet times and at the afternoon sector during the storm recovery phase.(3)Magnetic perturbations remain at a lower level during the postmidnight and morning sectors.Although the pattern of local time asymmetry differs between quiet times and the recovery phase,dawn-dusk asymmetry remains the most pronounced feature,affecting the trapping and loss of charged particles in the inner magnetosphere.Combining Swarm and MSS-1 magnetic observations can enable convenient monitoring of the detailed azimuthal local time effects of the ring current at various disturbance levels in the future.

基于28 nm RRAM的可重构真随机数发生器

基于阻变存储器(RRAM)电流饥饿型环形振荡器的真随机数发生器(TRNG)方案,提出交替读写的操作模式,优化熵源重构机制.针对现有RRAM在多操作周期下跨导线性化问题,提出熵可配置电阻窗口钳位电路.通过减小电阻窗口获得RRAM非线性的最大化,所提电路能够有效避免RRAM出现过度置位、过度复位的现象,保证熵源稳定性.基于UMC 28 nm HKMG工艺对TRNG进行流片.输出数据统计性测试结果通过了NIST SP800-22所有测试集的真随机数标准测试.检测结果表明,在高斯分布的95%置信区间,所有统计数据的自相关函数值均落在-0.003~0.003,输出序列具有良好的随机性.

双环椭圆传感器阵列串扰误差优化研究

阵列式霍尔电流传感器采用了无磁芯设计,解决了传统电流传感器质量大、体积大的缺点,可以有效检测电流,以达到检测、控制和保护电路的目的。然而在汽车电子、工业仪器等应用场景中,线路排布较为密集,电流传感器在采集电流时易产生串扰误差。首先利用投影法将圆形阵列转化为椭圆形阵列;然后采用双环设计,每对传感器排布在同一径上,方向相反;接着提出了一种运用于椭圆阵列传感器的串扰优化算法,以减小导体偏移阵列中心和干扰导体造成的影响;最后搭建了实验平台,对不同的传感器阵列进行了测量,对串扰优化算法进行了验证。实验结果表明,串扰优化算法可以有效抑制干扰导体产生的串扰误差,将测量误差控制在1%以内,极大地提升了电流检测精度。

换流站滤波器场750 kV避雷器均压环对直流泄漏电流影响

针对祁连换流站滤波器场750 kV氧化锌避雷器第一节0.75U1mA下测量泄漏电流时,在现场停电检修条件的限制下,顶部均压环不具备拆卸条件,导致受均压环影响,空间离散电流较大,从而影响试验结果的问题,提出利用屏蔽罩消除均压环影响的方法,总结了几种常见的避雷器泄漏电流试验影响因素。

数字电流选跳在地铁中压环网供电保护的应用

[目的]相较于传统的中压环网供电系统保护机制,数字电流选跳保护展现出了更好的速动性和选择性。然而,在选跳保护技术赋予保护范围无限扩展潜力的同时,电缆电容电流所产生的影响却日益凸显,成为不可忽视的因素。因此,需对地铁供电系统中压环网大分区下的数字电流选跳保护及整定设计进行深入研究。[方法]鉴于我国众多城市地铁供电系统已广泛采用数字电流选跳保护方案,选取广州地铁具体保护跳闸案例,通过对保护装置所记录的波形数据进行详细分析,进一步剖析故障区内与区外跳闸的根本原因。[结果及结论]故障区内的录波数据呈现出典型的单相接地故障特征,这与实际的电缆故障情况相吻合。而在故障区外,电流波形的畸变则显示是由电压的突变引起。由于地铁33 kV环网的三相负载基本保持平衡,且在C相失压时,A、B相电压虽然会经历短暂的畸变(持续时间约为3个周波),但此时间段内负载电流的变化可忽略不计。因此,三相电流的畸变主要由电缆的电容电流导致,针对此情况,数字电流选跳保护的整定设计原则应适时进行完善。