Observing eddy dye patches induced by shear instabilities in the surf zone on a plane beach

The effects of surf zone eddy generated by alongshore currents on the deformation and transport of dye are still poorly understood,and related tracer release experiments are lacking.Therefore,a tracer release laboratory experiment was conducted under monochromatic,unidirectional incident waves with a large incident angle(30°)on a plane beach with a 1:100 slope in a large wave basin.A charge-coupled device suspended above the basin recorded the dye patch image.The evolution of eddy dye patch was observed and the transport and diffusion were analyzed based on the collected images.Subsequently,a linear instability numerical model was adopted to calculate the perturbation velocity field at the initial stage.The observation and image processing results show that surf zone eddy patches occurred and were separated from the original dye patches.Our numerical analysis results demonstrate that the structure of the perturbation velocity field is consistent with the experimental observations,and that the ejection of eddy patches shoreward or offshore may be ascribed to the double vortex.

Wave-current bottom shear stresses and sediment re-suspension in the mouth bar of the Modaomen Estuary during the dry season

On the basis of the measurement data pertaining to waves, current, and sediment in February 2012 in the mouth bar of the Modaomen Estuary, the Soulsby formulae with an iterative method are applied to calculating bottom shear stresses （BSS） and their effect on a sediment resuspension. Swell induced BSS have been found to be the most important part of the BSS. In this study, the correlation coefficient between a wavecurrent shear stress and SSC is 0.86, and that between current shear stresses and SSC is only 0.40. The peaks of the SSC are consistent with the height and the BSS of the swell. The swell is the main mechanism for the sediment re-suspension, and the tidal current effect on sediment re-suspension is small. The peaks of the SSC are centered on the high tidal level, and the flood tide enhances the wave shear stresses and the SSC near the bottom. The critical shear stress for sediment re-suspension at the observation station is between 0.20 and 0.30 N/m2. Tidal currents are too weak to stir up the bottom sediment into the flow, but a WCI （wave-current interaction） is strong enough to re-suspend the coarse sediment.

NONLINEAR INSTABILITY OF WAVETRAIN UNDER INFLUENCES OF SHEAR CURRENT WITH VARYING VORTICITY AND AIR PRESSURE

Under the assumption of weak shear current with varying vorticity in water and weak air pressure the Zakharov theory is extended to include the effects of vorticity and air pressure on the modulation of water waves. This new equation is used to examine the influence of current and wind on the Benjamin-Feir sideband instability and long-time evolution of wavetrain. As strength of the current increases the bandwidth is found broadened, and the maximum growth rate of sidebands decreased. Periodic solution of sidebands in the presence of current is indicated, which means that shear current does not affect the downshift of wave spectrum peak. Energy input by imposing the air pressure leads to the enhancement of the lower sideband, which is in agreement with the finding of Hara and Mei (1991).

Shear in Pacific’s Wide Warm Surface Currents

Within the two poleward wide warm surface currents that cross mid-latitudes on the eastern sides of the North and South Pacific Oceans, a single prediction is made that they have a horizontal velocity shear such that their mean speeds monotonically increase from east to west. This prediction is inspired mainly by a re-examination of the east/west asymmetric observations previously documented: the longitudinal maximum in sea surface temperature in the eastern parts of both oceans at mid-latitudes is located significantly west of the region of maximum mixed layer depths, which occur in the middle of these currents. Also the application of recent dynamical considerations discussed below stimulated the prediction, which include the application of Bernoulli’s law to streamlines in the flows as well as the geostrophic balance in the cross-stream direction. These caused the rethinking of an earlier explanation, which upon reflection now seems less suitable than the present one.

Research on Measurement of Bed Shear Stress Under Wave-Current Interaction

The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave-current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave-current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave-current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.

脉冲电流对高速冲击下2A10铝绝热剪切带作用规律研究

材料在高速冲击下产生绝热剪切带,电辅助电磁成形技术通过在试样变形同时通入电流可增强材料塑性变形能力,但脉冲电流对绝热剪切带的作用规律目前尚不明晰,制约了材料在超高速冲击环境下的应用。该文设计了一种偏轴长杆箍件试样,通过脉冲功率源和电磁斥力盘开展了2A10铝合金在极端多物理场环境下即电流密度为10^(8)~10^(9) A/m^(2),应变率≥10^(4)/s的动态变形特性研究。对试样进行金相处理后可观测到材料微观特征的演化过程,对比不同条件下微观特征分布得到了极端多物理场条件下电流密度对材料动态变形的作用规律。结果表明,施加电流后裂纹和绝热剪切带的长度减少,且长度随电流密度增大而逐渐减少。

基于风速概率分布与风切变指数的直流输电线路离子流场数值模拟方法

特高压直流(UHVDC)输电线路下方的离子流场是电磁环境的重要评估指标之一。风速作为常见也是影响较大的因素之一,有着明显的地域特点。为了避免资源浪费,在对地高度设计时,应考虑到不同地区的风速分布差异,而不是用过大裕度换取安全度。为此,该文提出一种基于风速概率分布与风切变指数的输电线路离子流场数值模拟方法。该方法通过待计算地区的风速数据构建Weibull风速概率分布函数模型,选择风速数据在95%以内的最大临界风速作为参考值,考虑风速传感器的安装高度,根据风切变指数计算场域不同高度处的风速分布,作为离子流场计算中不同高度节点的风速输入量。结果表明,引入风切变指数后的离子流密度与合成电场强度误差分别下降了16.2百分点和3.8百分点,明显优于传统固定风速模型。并以昆明地区某±800kV直流输电线路为例,采用该方法进行了计算。该方法能够有针对性地考虑输电线路所处区域的风速影响,特别是在高海拔高风速地区,可为输电线路在合成电场安全限值下的对地高度设计提供参考依据。

An experimental study of the spatial structures of the instabilities of longshore currents on plane beaches

A laboratory experiment on alongshore currents is conducted for two plane beaches with slopes 1：40 and 1：i00 to investigate the instability of alongshore currents. The dye release experiment is also performed synchronously in surf zone. Complicated and strongly unstable motions of alongshore currents are observed in the experiment. To examine the spatial and temporal variations of the shear instabilities of longshore clearly, dye batches are released in surf zone. The deformation of the dye patch is observed efficiently and effectively with charge coupled device （CCD） system. Some essential characteristics of the shear instability are validated from the results of image analyses of the temporal variation of the dye patch. The influences of alongshore currents, Stokes drift, large-scale vorticity and the shear instabilities on the transport of dye are analyzed using the collected images. The spatial structure of the instabilities of longshore currents is studied by analyzing collected images of the dye patch. And the phase velocity of the meandering movements is obtained through measuring the movement distances of the oscillations of dye patch in alongshore direction with time. The results suggest that the propagation speed of the shear instability is approximately 5070 7570 of maximum of mean alongshore currents for irregular and regular waves. The calculated propagation speed using a linear instability analysis theory is compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows agreements between them.

Laboratory study and analysis of the instability of alongshore currents

A laboratory experiment on the instability of alongshore currents was conducted on a plane beach with slope 1：40. Low-frequency fluctuations of alongshore currents with the period of approximately 100 s were observed. The dominant frequency and amplitudes of the oscillations of alongshore currents were determined using the maximum entropy method and the regression method of trigonometric function. The variations across the beach cross-section of the oscillation amplitudes of the alongshore current were given. The linear shear instability theory was used to analyze the mechanism of the oscillation, and the calculated results agreed with measurements. This confirms that the observed fluctuation of alongshore currents is due to the shear instability of alongshore currents.

强流脉冲电子束诱发的微观晶体缺陷及其对Cu-316 L不锈钢扩散连接性能的影响

文章利用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)在Cu和316 L不锈钢表面进行电子辐照预处理,随后将二者进行真空扩散焊接处理。焊接温度为800℃和850℃、焊接压力为5 MPa、焊接时间为40 min。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等仪器观察了HCPEB辐照后316 L不锈钢的微观结构变化。微观结构观察表明,HCPEB辐照后,316 L不锈钢的初始粗晶粒明显转变为具有大量晶体缺陷的细晶粒。对未经辐照的Cu和316 L进行扩散焊接发现,制备的原始接头的焊接区域没有完全焊合。相比之下,经过HCPEB预处理的样品在扩散焊接后则显示出良好的焊合界面,同时Cu在界面处的扩散系数也显著增加。扩散系数的增加归因于辐照诱发的大量晶体缺陷为原子扩散提供了快速扩散通道,使得原子的扩散能力增强。结合强度结果表明,经HCPEB预处理后进行扩散焊接的Cu-316 L接头的剪切强度远高于原始接头。

Effect of welding current on strength and microstructure in resistance spot welding of AZ31 Mg alloy

In this paper, resistance spot welding were performed on lmm-thickness magnesium AZ31B plates. The effect of welding current on the microstructure and tensile shear force was investigated. It was found that the welding current governed the nugget growth, and the nugget could not form if current levels were insufficient. The nugget revealed a homogeneous, equiaxed, fine-grained structure, which consisted of non-equilibrium microstructure of α-phase dendrites surrounded by eutectic mixtures of α and β（ Mg17All2 ） in the grain boundaries. With increasing welding current, the size of grains in nugget would be more smaller and uniform, and the width of plastic rings would be larger. Tensile shear tests showed that tensile shear force of the joints increased with increasing welding current when the welding current was smaller than 17 000 A. The maximum tensile shear force was up to 1980 N.

Linear Analysis of Longshore Currents Instability over Mild Slopes

Longshore current instability is important to nearshore hydrodynamic and sediment transport. This paper investigates the longshore current instability growth model based experimental data with different velocity profiles of slopes1:100 and 1:40 by adopting a linear shear instability model with the bottom friction effects. The results show that:(1)Only backshear mode exists in the instability of longshore current for slope 1:40 and frontshear and backshear modes may exist slope 1:100.(2) The peaks of linear instability growth mode for slope 1:100 correspond to three cases: the dominant peak is formed by the joint action of both frontshear and backshear, or by backshear alone without the existence of the smaller peak or formed by either the frontshear or backshear.(3) Bottom friction can decrease the corresponding unstable growth rate but it cannot change the unstable fluctuation period. The results of fluctuation period, wavelength and spatial variation obtained by the analysis of linear shear instability are in good agreement with experimental results.

Solar Flare Activity and Variability of Electric Current Helicity

Recent study using Huairou vector magnetograph data shows that durlug flare activity, the current helicity exhibits rapid and substantial variations and, in some cases, a recovering phase. We considered various representative the magnetic configurations. First, interacting twisted magnetic flux tubes are analyzed separately for positive, negative and mixed-sign helicity regions. The results show that the helicity during flares decreases in positive-sign, and increases in negative-sign regions. Then, flaring arcade also shows that the magnitude of the helicity decreases after flares. We also investigated current sheets formed by sheared magnetic field and showed that the current helicity (with either positive and negative signs) vanishes after reconnection. The emergence of twisted flux tubes which can trigger flares may be another source of flare-associated variability of current helicity. We demonstrate the relevance of current helicity to the description of flare activity by comparing its variation with that of shear angle in the active region AR 6891.

Clay Minerals Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) along the Kadey River Using Direct Current (DC) Method

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Tindikala-Boutou (Eastern-Cameroon) area along the Kadey River have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistive meter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument). The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares, and then interpolated with Surfer software. Investigation method used is the Direct Current (DC) method. Interpretations and analyses of results from the investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities. The latter has been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W approximately. The mineralization characterized by conductive zones proves the presence of clay minerals disseminated in weathered quartz vein, which cross the shear zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the studied area are able to attest the presence of clay minerals concentrations.

Interaction of Streamwise and Wall-Normal Velocities in Combined Wave-Current Motion

The aim of this paper is to present an analytical expression for the streamwise velocity distribution in a non-uniform flow in the presence of waves; the correlation between the horizontal and vertical velocity components has been compreheusively examined. Different from previous researches which attributed the deviation of velocity from the classical log-law to the wave Reynolds stress, i.e. - ρ uv^- only, this study demonstrates that the momentum flux caused by mean velocities, i.e., u^- and v^-, is also responsible for the velocity deviation, and it is found that the streamwise velocity for a flow in the presence of non-zero wall-normal velocity does not follow the classical log-law, but the modified log-law proposed in this study based on simplified mixing-length theorem. The validity of the modified log-law has been verified by use of available experimental data from published sources for combined wave-current flows, and good agreement between the predicted and observed velocity profiles has been achieved.

Measurement of Current Profile in a Tokamak Through AC Modulation

The plasma current is modulated with an alternating current （ac） component in a frequency range of 90 Hz - 900 Hz in the plateau discharge phase in the CT-6B tokamak. A plasma electric conductivity profile in a form of （1 - r^2/a^2）^α with a parameter α which is fitted with the experimental data, can be determined. The effects of magnetic shear in a tokamak field configuration on the current penetration are taken into account in the numerical simulation. The measurement method and obtained results are discussed.

A Simulation of the Effect of Collisional Dissipation of Fast Electrons on the Radial Profiles of the Current Driven by Lower-Hybrid-Waves on the HT-7 Tokamak

For the effect of the collisional dissipation of fast electrons driven by the lower-hybrid waves, a predictive simulation is made for the HT-7 plasma. The simulation results show that the dissipation of fast electrons counteracts the effect of radial diffusion to some extent, thereby making the lower-hybrid driven current profile closer to the power deposition profile. So, in the case of an off-axis lower-hybrid wave power launching, the dissipation is helpful in maintaining a center-hollowed current profile in lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） plasmas, and thus possibly maintains the desired reversed magnetic shear.

点焊参数对铝/钢异种金属焊接接头组织与性能的影响

采用电阻点焊的方法对6010铝合金/DX51D钢异种金属进行了焊接试验,研究了点焊电流、点焊时间和点焊压力对异种金属焊接接头截面形貌、界面金属间化合物(IMC)形貌和拉剪力的影响。结果表明,当点焊电流从5 kA增加至11 kA或点焊时间从50 ms增加至350 ms,熔核直径逐渐增加、压痕深度逐渐增大、拉剪力先增大后减小,界面处IMC形态逐渐从平整、舌状、锯齿状再到铝侧出现粗大针状金属间化合物演变;当点焊压力从1.5 kN增加至3.0 kN,熔核直径逐渐减小、压痕深度逐渐增大、拉剪力先增大后减小,界面IMC厚度变化较小。6010铝合金/DX51D钢异种金属适宜的点焊参数为:点焊电流9 kA、点焊时间250 ms、点焊压力2.5 kN。

线性剪切流作用下设置沉井施工期受力特性研究

为研究水流作用对设置沉井施工期受力特性的影响,采用线性剪切流模拟非均匀流,建立水流-圆形设置沉井相互作用模型,分析不同施工阶段圆形设置沉井与水流的相互作用情况,并与均匀流作用进行对比。结果表明:线性剪切流作用下圆形设置沉井水流力及水流力矩随流速的增加均呈平方关系。线性剪切流呈表面流速大、底层流速小的规律,对结构尾流区的涡漩有显著抑制作用,与均匀流作用相比,线性剪切流作用下结构受力偏小。随着沉井不断下沉,结构吃水深度增加,过水断面进一步压缩形成了绕流,引起局部压力及水流力成倍增加。

WC颗粒熔解析出对Ni60熔覆层性能的影响

目的确定含WC微粒镍基熔覆层中不同共晶相对熔覆层性能的影响规律。方法通过等离子工艺制备含WC(质量分数10%)的Ni60熔覆层,并调整电流,以控制WC的熔解析出。通过维氏硬度计、剪切试验、磨粒磨损试验研究不同电流下熔覆层硬度、抗剪强度和耐磨性的变化情况,并通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析不同熔覆层的磨损形貌、组织和物相组成。结果在不同电流下制备的熔覆层物相均主要为γ-(Fe,Ni)、M_(23)C_(6)、M_(7)C_(3)、WC、W_(2)C、FeNi_(3)、FeW_(2)B_(2)等。熔覆电流由110 A增至200 A时,熔覆层的硬度由846.7HV降至665.8HV,抗剪强度由174.9 MPa增至373.2 MPa。当电流低于140 A时,W、Cr、C等合金元素生成了块状先共晶相,可有效减轻磨粒磨损程度,提高耐磨性;当电流进一步增大时,W、Cr、C等合金元素以鱼骨状过共晶相析出,在磨粒磨损过程中易断裂、脱落,导致耐磨性下降。结论熔覆电流的变化会影响含WC微粒Ni60熔覆层的共晶碳化物成分、形态和数量,在熔覆电流较小时有利于块状先共晶相的生成,可提高其耐磨性。在熔覆电流为140 A时,Ni60+WC(10%)熔覆层的综合性能最优。