Friction and wear behaviors of biodegradable Mg-6Gd-0.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy under simulated body fluid condition

The friction and wear behaviors of biodegradable Mg-6Gd-0.5Zn-0.4Zr(wt%,GZ60K)alloy were evaluated under simulated body fluid(SBF)condition using ball-on-disk configuration and compared with those under dry sliding condition.The results show that under dry sliding and SBF conditions,the friction coefficient declines with increasing applied load and keeps stable with prolonging sliding time.The friction coefficient of the alloy effectively decreases in SBF as compared to dry sliding due to lubrication caused by SBF.The real wear rates under SBF condition are lower than those under dry sliding condition for each parameter.Nevertheless,the nominal wear rates are higher in SBF which are attributed to the more mass loss caused by corrosion but not wear.Both the nominal wear rate in SBF and the dry sliding wear rate increase with increasing applied load,and they decline firstly and then keep stable with prolonging sliding time.It is concluded that the wear of the alloy is restricted by the SBF,but the corrosion of the alloy is aggravated by the wear.

Friction and wear behavior of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits

The microstructures, friction and wear behavior under dry sliding condition of electrodeposited amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits heat treated at different temperatures were studied. A comparative study of hard chrome deposit under the same testing condition was also made. The experimental results show that the hardness and wear resistance of amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits are improved with the increasing of heat treatment temperature, and reach the maximum value at 800 ℃, then decrease above 800 ℃. Under 40 N load, the wear resistance properties of the alloy deposits heat treated at 800 ℃ are superior to those of hard chrome deposit. The main wear mechanisms of amorphous Fe-Co-W alloy deposits heat treated below 600 ℃ are peeling, plastic and flowing deformation; when the deposits are heat treated above 700 ℃, they are plastic and flowing deformation. While the main wear mechanisms of hard chrome are abrasive wear, fatigue and peeling.

Friction and Wear Behavior of Ti-6Al-7Nb Biomaterial Alloy

Titanium has been increasingly applied to biomedical application because of its improved mechanical characteristics, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However their application remains limited, due to the low strength and poor wear resistance of unalloyed titanium. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the friction and wear behavior of high-strength titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-7Nb used in femoral stem (total hip prosthesis). The oscillating friction and wear tests have been carried out in ambient air with oscillating tribotester in accord with standards ISO 7148, ASTM G99-95a, ASTM G 133-95 under different conditions of normal applied load (3, 6 and 10 N) and sliding speed (1, 15 and 25 mm.s-1), and as a counter pair we used the ball of 100C 6, 10 mm of diameter. The surface morphology of the titanium alloys has been characterized by SEM, EDAX, micro hardness, roughness analysis measurements. The behavior observed for both samples suggests that the wear and friction mechanism during the test is the same for Ti alloys, and to increase resistance to wear and friction of biomedical titanium alloys used in total hip prosthesis (femoral stems) the surface coating and treatment are required.

Friction and Wear Behavior of Modified Layer Prepared on Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Nitriding

Two kinds nitride modified layers were obtained on Ti-13Nb-13 Zr surface to improve the wear property via magnetron sputtering and plasma nitriding techniques, respectively. The structures of the modified layer and the worn surface after sliding test were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The friction and wear behavior of the modified layer against alumina ball was investigated in the absence of lubricant under different loads（1 N and 2 N）. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that nitride layer is mainly composed of TiN and Ti2N, while coating film consists of Ti N phase. Friction and wear test indicates that both modified layers can improve the wear resistance compared to untreated Ti-13Nb-13 Zr. Ti N thin film produces very hard surface, but may be easy to cause coating fracture and delamination under high normal load. However, nitride layer exhibits better wear performance. This is attributed to hard compound layer maintained its integrity with the hardened nitrogen diffusion zone during friction and wear process.

Friction and Wear Performance of Boron Doped, Undoped Microcrystalline and Fine Grained Composite Diamond Films

Chemical vapor deposition （CVD） diamond films have attracted more attentions due to their excellent mechanical properties. Whereas as-fabricated traditional diamond films in the previous studies don＇t have enough adhesion or surface smoothness, which seriously impact their friction and wear performance, and thus limit their applications under extremely harsh conditions. A boron doped, undoped microcrystalline and fine grained composite diamond （BD-UM-FGCD） film is fabricated by a three-step method adopting hot filament CVD （HFCVD） method in the present study, presenting outstanding comprehensive performance, including the good adhesion between the substrate and the underlying boron doped diamond （BDD） layer, the extremely high hardness of the middle undoped microcrystalline diamond （UMCD） layer, as well as the low surface roughness and favorable polished convenience of the surface fine grained diamond （FGD） layer. The friction and wear behavior of this composite film sliding against low-carbon steel and silicon nitride balls are studied on a ball-on-plate rotational friction tester. Besides, its wear rate is further evaluated under a severer condition using an inner-hole polishing apparatus, with low-carbon steel wire as the counterpart. The test results show that the BD-UM-FGCD film performs very small friction coefficient and great friction behavior owing to its high surface smoothness, and meanwhile it also has excellent wear resistance because of the relatively high hardness of the surface FGD film and the extremely high hardness of the middle UMCD film. Moreover, under the industrial conditions for producing low-carbon steel wires, this composite film can sufficiently prolong the working lifetime of the drawing dies and improve their application effects. This research develops a novel composite diamond films owning great comprehensive properties, which have great potentials as protecting coatings on working surfaces of the wear-resistant and anti-frictional components.

Sliding wear behavior of high velocity arc sprayed Fe-Al coating

The friction and wear behavior of Fe Al intermetallics based coating produced by high velocity arc spraying technique under dry sliding at room temperature were investigated using a ball on disc tribotester. The effect of sliding speed on friction coefficient and wear of the coating was studied. The worn surface of the coating was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to explore sliding friction and wear mechanism. The results show that the variations of friction coefficient can be divided into three distinct steps during the trail. Both the friction coefficient and the wear of the coating increase with increased sliding speed due to accelerated crack propagation rate and lamellar structure with poor ductility of the coating. The coating surface is subjected to alternately tensile stress and compression stress during sliding wear process, and the predominant wear mechanism of the coatings appears to be brittle fracture and delamination.

Wear behavior of high velocity arc sprayed 3Cr13 steel coating in oil containing sand

To improve the wear resistance of the machine components serving in desert areas, the 3Cr13 stainless steel coating was produced by the high velocity arc spraying technique. The microstructure and phase constitute of the coating were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The effects of sand content on the friction and wear behaviors of the coating under the lubrication of oil containing sand were investigated on a ball-on-disk tester. SEM was used to reveal the wear mechanisms of the coating. The results show that the wear volume increases with increasing the sand content in the oil, and the sprayed coating exhibits better triobological properties compared with the 1045 steel. The predominant wear mechanisms of the sprayed coating are micro-cutting, brittle fracture and delamination.

Dry friction and wear performance of SiC 3D continuous ceramic frame reinforced 7075Al alloy

The dry friction and wear behavior of 7075 Al alloy reinforced with SiC 3D continuous ceramic network against Cr12 steel was studied with oscillating dry friction and wear tester under the testing conditions of 70 ℃, 30 min, and the load range of 40-100 N. The experimental result shows that the characteristic of abrasive wear and oxidation wear mechanisms are present for 3D continuous SiC/7075 Al composite. 3D continuous network ceramic as the reinforcement can avoid composite from the third body wear that usually occurs in traditional particle reinforced composite. Under low load, the composite with low volume fraction of ceramic reinforcement exhibits better wear resistance due to the homogeneous reinforcement distribution with small pore size; on the contrary, under high load, the composite with high reinforcement volume fraction exhibits better wear resistance because of the coarse frame size. Hard SiC frame leads to the wear of Cr12 steel mainly. The frame with high volume fraction corresponds to the high Fe content.

Fretting wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy

The fretting behaviour of the AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated. The influence of the number of cycles, normal load (contact pressure) and the amplitude of slip on the fretting behavior of the material were focused. Fretting tests were performed under various running conditions with regard to normal load levels and slip amplitudes. The friction coefficient between the surfaces at the fretting junction was continuously recorded. The fretting damage on the magnesium specimens was studied by SEM. The results show that the wear volume increases with the increase of slip amplitude, and linearly increases with the increase of normal load in the mixed and gross slip regime, but the normal load has no obvious effect on the wear volume in the partial slip regime. The predominant fretting wear mechanism of magnesium alloy in the slip regime is the oxidation wear, delaminated wear and abrasive wear.

Cr_(3)C_(2)/WC的添加对Stellite 12熔覆层耐磨耐蚀性的影响

目的 提高Stellite 12熔覆层的耐磨耐蚀性能。方法将Stellite 12合金粉末与碳化物(Cr_(3)C_(2)、WC)混合,采用激光熔覆技术在H13钢板上制备复合熔覆层。通过超景深显微镜和XRD分析其显微组织和物相,通过显微硬度测试、摩擦磨损试验和电化学腐蚀试验,分别评价熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,并通过超景深显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果添加碳化物后,熔覆层的微观组织以柱状晶和树枝晶为主,物相主要由γ-Co固溶体和碳化物(M23C6、M7C3)组成;Cr_(3)C_(2)的添加使得熔覆层的硬度降低,由610HV0.2降至530HV0.2,但耐磨性得到提高,磨损量由0.45 mm^(3)降至0.33 mm^(3),下降了28%,耐蚀性得到提高,腐蚀电位由-0.385 V增加到-0.264 V,腐蚀电流密度由9.269×10^(-10)A/cm^(2)降至1.496×10^(-10)A/cm^(2),极化电阻由3.982×10^(7)Ω·cm^(2)提升至2.424×10^(8)Ω·cm^(2),提高了1个数量级;WC的添加使其硬度由610HV0.2提高至750HV0.2,磨损深度变浅,磨损量由0.45 mm3降至0.19 mm^(3),下降了43%,但耐腐蚀性有所降低。3种熔覆层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。结论WC的添加可以有效提高熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,但耐腐蚀性有所降低;添加Cr_(3)C_(2)后,耐蚀性得到显著提高,耐磨性略微提升,但硬度降低。

浸锑石墨与无压烧结SiC和3D打印SiC密封材料配对副的摩擦磨损特性研究

为研究干气密封用密封材料的摩擦学特性,采用销盘旋转试验台研究3种浸锑石墨在干摩擦条件下分别与无压烧结SiC和3D打印SiC配对时的摩擦磨损特性,探讨了速度、载荷对密封材料摩擦磨损特性的影响,揭示了配对副材料表面的磨损机理。结果表明:随着载荷p与速度v的乘积(pv值)的增大,摩擦因数和磨损率均呈现逐渐减小趋势;在pv值较小时磨损机理为严重的磨粒磨损和轻微的黏着磨损,在pv值较高时磨损主要发生在碳化硅摩擦表面黏附的石墨转移层间,磨损机理主要表现为黏着磨损;在研究pv值变化对浸锑石墨与SiC密封材料配对副摩擦磨损特性的影响时,首选定载荷变速度试验方法。

炭陶配副用碳纤维增强铜基摩擦材料及其摩擦学行为

炭陶配副用铜基摩擦材料在高速制动下难以兼具高摩擦因数与高耐磨性,为此,采用粉末冶金法制备短切沥青基碳纤维增强铜基摩擦材料,对材料力学、热学与摩擦学性能进行研究。研究结果表明:在室温下,碳纤维增强铜基摩擦材料布氏硬度提升14.8%,热扩散系数提高9.5%,比热容提升6.8%;在高速制动条件下(6000 r/min),碳纤维增强铜基摩擦材料摩擦耐磨性能显著提升,摩擦因数提升25.0%,稳定系数提升6.1%,且磨损量降低42.2%;加入碳纤维能显著提高表面平整度,增加机械混合层的厚度,降低磨屑直径,提高摩擦材料耐磨性;碳纤维增强铜基摩擦材料随速度增加发生从磨粒磨损、黏着磨损到氧化磨损、疲劳磨损的转变。

硬度对胎面胶磨损行为的影响

利用炭黑N330用量与胎面胶硬度之间的关系,研究硬度对胎面胶磨损行为的影响。结果表明:在负荷≤30 N时,随着硬度的增大,硫化胶的磨耗体积增大,在负荷≥50 N时,随着硬度的增大,硫化胶的磨耗体积减小;硫化胶的耐磨性能的转变点与摩擦能量的转变点基本一致,硫化胶在滚滑工况下的磨损量可用摩擦能量等效表示。

超音速火焰喷涂410不锈钢涂层组织结构及摩擦学行为研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备氧燃比为4.36、4.91及5.51的410不锈钢涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和显微硬度仪分析表征涂层微观组织结构及力学性能.研究微观组织结构和粉末沉积特性对涂层在干滑动摩擦条件下磨损性能的影响.结果表明:随着氧燃比的升高,涂层结构变得均匀致密,涂层孔隙率由0.71%下降至0.38%,涂层显微硬度略下降约1%.随着氧燃比的增加,涂层磨损率从17.96×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m)下降至9.35×10^(-6) mm^(3)/(N·m),涂层耐磨性能升高,并且稳定磨损阶段涂层主要磨损机制从分层磨损和磨料磨损转变为氧化磨损和轻微磨料磨损.当氧燃比为5.51时,涂层具有较低的孔隙率和均匀的微观结构,涂层的分层磨损倾向更低.

苛刻制动能量密度下铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦学行为

基于国家标准中高速列车200、340和400 km/h紧急制动参数,利用MM−3000摩擦磨损试验机,设计基于等制动能量密度、等压强的等效放缩实验,研究铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料配对铸钢在不同苛刻制动能量密度(157、446和616 J/mm^(2))下的摩擦学行为。研究结果表明:在157和446 J/mm^(2)制动能量密度下,材料平均摩擦因数稳定在0.250左右,制动效果较好;在616 J/mm^(2)制动能量密度下,材料平均摩擦因数从0.260迅速衰退至0.210,制动效果减弱;随着制动能量密度增加,摩擦材料亚表面存在成分与性能不同的摩擦层结构,其厚度先增加再减小,纳米压痕硬度逐渐减小,材料磨损机制发生了由犁削、黏着磨损到氧化磨损、疲劳磨损再到严重氧化磨损与剥层磨损的转变。

润滑介质及基体对不同厚度PTFE/PI-PAI涂层的摩擦性能

船舶发动机轴瓦在受到炮弹攻击后处于极端工况,造成轴瓦失效破坏。传统的电镀镀层和磁控溅射薄膜因存在高污染、高成本等缺点,目前亟须寻求新的解决方案来提高轴瓦在极端工况下的耐磨性能。针对轴瓦因炮击而处于极端工况,设计了ZrO_(2)填充PTFE/PI-PAI的涂层材料,采用液体喷涂工艺在A370铝合金和CuPb22Sn2.5铜合金基体表面制备三种不同厚度涂层,研究涂层在不同润滑介质下的摩擦学性能。结果表明,涂层的摩擦学性能受到涂层硬度、润滑介质及基体支撑作用影响,涂层的硬度及弹性模量随厚度的增加呈现递减的趋势。涂层越厚,基体的支持作用越小。在油润滑工况下,铜合金基体上涂层摩擦因数及磨损率均小于铝合金,润滑油是涂层摩擦性能最主要影响因素。在海水工况下,涂层主要表现为磨粒磨损,并出现明显的犁沟现象。铜合金基体上涂层的摩擦因数高于铝合金,海水腐蚀和高频往复摩擦带来的冲刷作用是摩擦性能主要影响因素。在干摩擦工况下,涂层以黏着磨损为主。涂层的硬度受到基体支撑的影响,高频往复运动中硬质对磨球与硬质基体夹击软质涂层和接触压力是摩擦性能主要影响因素。通过涂层与合金摩擦因数对比,可知30μm涂层能够大幅度地降低轴瓦材料的摩擦因数,有利于提高船舶发动机轴瓦在极端工况的摩擦学性能。阐明了基体对不同厚度自润滑涂层的支撑机理,分析了涂层在极端工况下受到轰击后的摩擦学性能,确定了船舶发动机轴瓦涂层的最佳设计厚度。

Current-carrying tribological behavior of C/Cu contact pairs in extreme temperature and humidity environments for railway catenary systems

Many current-carrying contact pairs, such as those found in pantograph-catenary systems, operate in open environments and are susceptible to significant external interference from temperature and humidity variations. This study investigated the evolution of the friction coefficient and contact resistance of C/Cu contact pairs under alternating temperature, humidity, and current conditions. Through experimentation, the wear rate and microtopography of the worn surface were analyzed under various constant parameters. Subsequently, the differences in tribological behavior and current-carrying characteristics of the contact pairs under these three parameters were explored. The results revealed that the decrease in temperature resulted in a significant increase in the friction coefficient of the contact pairs, carbon wear, and copper surface roughness. Additionally, the surface oxidation rate was lower at lower temperatures. Moreover, contact resistance did not consistently increase with decreasing temperature, owing to the combined action of the contact area and the oxide film. Compared with temperature, humidity fluctuations at room temperature exerted less influence on the friction coefficient and contact resistance of the contact pairs. Dry environments rendered carbon materials vulnerable to oxidation and cracking, while excessive humidity fostered abrasive wear and arcing. High-current conditions generally degraded the tribological properties of C/Cu contacts. In the absence of current, the friction coefficient was extremely high, and the copper transfer was high. Under excessive current, copper was susceptible to plowing by carbon micro-bumps and abrasive particles, resulting in a decrease in the friction coefficient. The release of lipids from the carbon surface due to temperature elevation weakened the electrical contact performance and increased the occurrence of arc erosion, thereby exacerbating carbon wear.

纯Fe在磁场下摩擦磨损行为研究

探究在0.5T磁场下对电磁纯铁在干摩擦下摩擦磨损行为的影响。以电磁纯铁为基材,通过线圈来添加0.5T磁场,同时改变摩擦试验机的载荷,分别在10、20、30、40 N的载荷下进行干摩擦试验。分析摩擦系数图的变化,使用扫描电镜(SEM)对摩擦表面磨损形貌进行表征。结果表明:在10 N载荷下,在加入0.5 T磁场后,摩擦系数从0.4增长至0.8,同时摩擦系数时间曲线波动变化较大,摩擦磨损行为变化剧烈。磨损质量差从1.5 mg增长到4.2 mg;而在40 N载荷下,磁场的影响较小。摩擦系数从0.5增长到0.6,磨损质量差从15.3 mg增长到22.9 mg。在低载荷时,磁场的加入会让纯铁的干摩擦行为影响较大,摩擦磨损会严重加剧;高载荷下的磁场对摩擦行为影响较小。在工作生产作业中要防范在磁场环境中低载荷的磨损行为。

CESSNA172型飞机副翼拉杆关节轴承失效分析

CESSNA172型飞机副翼拉杆关节轴承作为控制副翼偏转的重要的传动部件,时常在服役过程中存在磨损失效的现象,从而直接影响飞行过程中副翼的操控性能。该文采用体视显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)等摩擦学测试方法,选取服役过程中失效的CESSNA172型飞机副翼拉杆关节轴承进行失效分析,探究其失效原因与失效模式。结果表明,轴承外圈上复合织物材料的磨损损伤是关节轴承失效的根本原因;轴承内圈和复合织物层的摩擦行为表现为聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)转移膜的持续生成、剥落、挤出与再生;此外,受服役载荷作用,外圈复合织物层在不同圆周位置表现出不同程度的磨损损伤;轴承的磨损机理为疲劳磨损、黏着磨损以及一定的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。

挤压态Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金摩擦磨损行为研究

镁合金是目前工程应用中最轻的结构金属,广泛应用于航空航天与国防军工等制造领域,铸造镁合金由于性能劣势难以应用于重要结构件,塑性变形可以显著细化镁合金晶粒,提高合金综合力学性能。研究发现通过变形调控合金第二相体积分数/尺寸/分布规律、再结晶比例以及晶粒尺寸,可以在提高合金拉伸性能的同时提升合金的耐磨性,这为拓宽镁合金的应用提供了新途径。实验研究了Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金经过正挤压-双向转角挤压后的不同位置组织演变特征,并分析了变形合金在不同载荷(10、20、30 N)下的摩擦磨损行为,结果表明:随着载荷增大,变形合金的平均摩擦系数降低;施加载荷相同时,合金的平均摩擦系数值与再结晶程度成正比,磨损量随再结晶比率增大而减少;在摩擦磨损实验中,所有样品均发生氧化磨损和磨料磨损,低载荷下发生轻微的划痕和磨损痕迹,随着载荷增加,出现明显的表面剥落和脱落现象;实验中由于载荷和摩擦力的作用,长周期堆垛有序相(LPSO)颗粒与镁基体间发生相对滑动或剪切,这种相互作用导致LPSO相颗粒剥离和表面颗粒脱落。