Material Removal Model Considering Influence of Curvature Radius in Bonnet Polishing Convex Surface

The bonnet tool polishing is a novel, advanced and ultra-precise polishing process, by which the freeform surface can be polished. However, during the past few years, not only the key technology of calculating the dwell time and controlling the surface form in the bonnet polishing has been little reported so far, but also little attention has been paid to research the material removal function of the convex surface based on the geometry model considering the influence of the curvature radius. Firstly in this paper, for realizing the control of the freeform surface automatically by the bonnet polishing, on the basis of the simplified geometric model of convex surface, the calculation expression of the polishing contact spot on the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius is deduced, and the calculation model of the pressure distribution considering the influence of the curvature radius on the convex surface is derived by the coordinate transformation. Then the velocity distribution model is built in the bonnet polishing the convex surface. On the basis of the above research and the semi-experimental modified Preston equation obtained from the combination method of experimental and theoretical derivation, the material removal model of the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius in the bonnet polishing is established. Finally, the validity of the model through the simulation method has been validated. This research presents an effective prediction model and the calculation method of material removal for convex surface in bonnet polishing and prepares for the bonnet polishing the free surface numerically and automatically.

Research and Application for the Regularity of Distribution about Curvature Radius and Curvature Center of the Linkage Point Track in a Link Mechanism

It is illustrated that there exists an inflection circle on the linkage rigid body by the principle of relative motion. Confirmed methods of the inflection circle, curvature radius and curvature center of the point track on the linkage rigid body are given in the case of the different contact type of move instantaneous center line and static instantaneous center line. The regularity of distribution of curvature radius and curvature center of the point track is researched. The identification methods called determination parameters and auxiliary vertical line of the diameter and direction of the inflection circle in the four bar mechanism are pointed out. A design method of the crane hoisting mechanism is discussed in the end of this paper.

Measuring Method of Radius of Curvature Based on Dual-Frequency Laser Interferometer

In order to achieve high-accuracy measurement of radius of curvature of optical sphere, ultra-high accuracy radius of curvature testing device is developed by dual-frequency laser interferometer and Fizeau interferometer based on cat’s eye and confocal method. Through analyzing the error source models of radius of curvature testing, optical configuration of the testing device has been optimized. Precise environment control and real-time monitoring system is also established to reduce the errors caused by environment. Through the above processes, the radius of curvature measurement relative accuracy is better than 2 ppm. One optical sphere, R88.5 mm, test aperture 59 mm, has been tested. Testing result is 88499.465 ± 0.176 μm, meeting the design requirement. The method has high accuracy and practical advantages.

Space-Time Curvature Mode Quanta

Einstein theorized that Gravity is not a force derived from a potential that acts across a distance. It is a distortion of space and time in which we live by masses and energy. Consistent with Einstein’s theory, a model of space-time curvature modes and associated curvature quanta in slightly warped space-time generated by a light Photon is derived. Both a Schr?dinger and a Second Quantized representation of the space-time curvature mode quanta are calculated and are fourth rank tensors. The eigenvalues of these equations are radii of curvature, not energy. The Eigenfunctions are linear functions of the components of the tensor that describes the curvature of space-time.

Extending the Standard Model in Hyper-Dimensional Mechanics

According to studies on the precursive time quantum variable, this publication presents an in-depth analysis of the chapter on the correlation between the nuclear mass and electroweak force. This research shows that there is a close correlation between the nuclear mass and the energy of the orbitals which underlies the electroweak interaction.

Magnetorheological finishing of an irregular-shaped small-bore complex component using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head

A novel magnetorheological finishing(MRF)process using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head is proposed,and a four-axes linkage dedicated MRF machine tool is fabricated to achieve the nanofinishing of an irregularψ-shaped small-bore complex component with concave surfaces of a curvature radius less than3 mm.The processing method of the complex component is introduced.Magnetostatic simulation during the entire finishing path is carried out to analyze the material removal characteristics.A typicalψ-shaped small-bore complex component is polished on the developed device,and a fine surface quality is obtained with surface roughness Raof 0.0107μm and surface accuracy of the finished spherical surfaces of 0.3320μm(PV).These findings indicate that the proposed MRF process can perform the nanofinishing of a kind of small-bore complex component with small-curvature-radius concave surfaces.

Study on detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonation fuses

In order to study the detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonating fuses,a physical model and a theoretical mathematical equation of detonation velocity deficits for bending flexible detonation fuses were established based on the detonation wave＇s corner effects and delay time phenomenon by using non-dimensional analysis method.Besides,a semi-empirical formula of detonation velocity deficit for bending fuses in the same charge size was obtained through experiment and curve fitting.The result shows that an exponential relationship between the detonation velocity deficits and reciprocal of curvature radius.

TOOTH PROFILE ANALYSIS AND BASIC PARAMETER DETERMINATION OF PUSH－ROD REDUCTOR

By means of the relationship between working angle of inside and outside roller, a new method of analyzing tooth profile and its property of push-rod reductor is presented. The principle of determining basic design parameters of the push-rod reductor based on the contact stress is stu- died. These make the basis for analysis and optimum design of the push-rod reductor.

Proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11y:the Shenzhen elementary school eye study

AIM:To investigate the proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11,especially estimate the normal value of ocular biometric parameters of emmetropia.METHODS:A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 6-11 y in Shenzhen.Totally,2386 schoolchildren from two primary schools were involved.The axial length(AL)and the corneal radius of curvature(CRC)were measured by partial coherence laser interferometry.Noncycloplegic refraction and refractive astigmatism(RA)was measured using autorefraction.The axial length-to-corneal radius of curvature ratio(AL/CRC),corneal astigmatism(CA)and spherical equivalent refraction(SER)were calculated.RESULTS:The proportion of emmetropia in elementary school students was 41.30%.This percentage decreased gradually from 6 to 11 years of age and decreased rapidly after 9 years of age.The mean and 95%CI of each parameter were provided for boys and girls aged 6 to 11 years of age with emmetropia according to each age group.The change trend of parameters of boys and girls are similar.After 7 years of age,the AL of non-emmetropia started to increase faster than that of emmetropia.The change trend of AL/CRC was the same as that of AL.The other parameters tend to be stable after 7 years of age.CONCLUSION:The age of 7-9 is an important period for the changes of refractive state and ocular biometric parameters of primary school students,and it is a special focus period for children myopia prevention.The normal value and variation of ocular biometric parameters of emmetropia can provide the basis for the clinical judgment of whether or not children’s ocular biometric parameters obtained by single measurement and changes obtained by multiple measurements are abnormal.

Research on characteristics of acoustic signal of typical partial discharge models

The pulse current method,acoustic and ultrasonic partial discharge(PD)detection,and voiceprint PD detection are commonly used detection methods for the PD detection of power equipment.To study the characteristics of PD signals of typical discharge models based on the principles of the above three detection methods,an acoustic detection experimental system consisting of a needle-tip model and a surface model was built.Acoustic tests were carried out on needle-tip models with different curvature radii and surface discharge models with different lengths of conductive paste.The experimental results showed that acoustic and ultrasonic PD detection and voiceprint PD detection exhibited different sensitivities to the needle-tip discharge models,and the combination of acoustic and ultrasonic PD and voiceprint PD detection was more beneficial for the comprehensive detection of cable PD signals.Based on voiceprint recognition technology,this study drew FFT(Fast Fourier Transformation)diagrams of different types of PD acoustic signals and analyzed the differences in the ultrasonic signal frequency distribution.The frequency band of the voiceprint PD signal of the needle-tip discharge models was concentrated in the range 17-27 kHz,and the frequency band of the voiceprint PD signal of the conductive paste discharge models was concentrated in the range 20-25 kHz.The measurement of voiceprint PD signals in these frequency bands were strengthened when the PD of a cable was detected on-site,which provides the basis for the use of the cable model for on-site PD detection.

Analysis of ocular structural parameters and higher-order aberrations in Chinese children with myopia

BACKGROUND Myopia and high myopia are global public health concerns.Patients with high myopia account for 0.5%-5.0%of the global population.AIM To examine diopters,axial length(AL),higher-order aberrations,and other ocular parameters in Chinese children with myopia,to analyze the influence of structural parameters associated with myopia on visual quality,and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of childhood myopia and high myopia.METHODS This study included 195 children aged 6–17 years with myopia.The AL was measured with an ultrasonic ophthalmic diagnostic instrument,and the aberrations,corneal curvature(minimum K1,maximum K2,and average Km),central corneal thickness,anterior chamber depth,and anterior chamber angle were measured using a Sirius three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer.Using a standard formula,the corneal radius of curvature R(337.3/Km)and AL/R values were obtained.RESULTS The diopter of high myopia compared with low-middle myopia was correlated with age and AL(r=-0.336,-0.405,P<0.001),and AL of high myopia was negatively correlated with K1,K2,and Km(r=-0.673,-0.661,and-0.680,respectively;P<0.001),and positively correlated with age and the anterior chamber depth(r=0.214 and 0.275,respectively;P<0.05).AL/R was more closely related to diopter than AL in children with myopia,and 94.4%of children with myopia had an AL/R of>3.00.CONCLUSION The ocular structural parameters of children change because of different diopters.AL/R is more specific and sensitive than AL in evaluating the refractive status of myopia in children.An AL/R of>3.00 may be used as a specific index of myopia in children.There are differences in AL/R between high myopia and low-middle myopia,which can be used for the classification of ametropia.The degree of myopia has a certain influence on higher-order aberrations.

Gaussian wave formalism model for propagation of charged-particle beam through a first-order optical systems

An elliptical Gaussian wave formalism model of a charged-particle beam is proposed by analogy with an elliptical Gaussian light beam. In the paraxial approximation, the charged-particle beam can be described as a whole by a complex radius of curvature in the real space domains. Therefore, the propagation and transform of charged-particle beam passing through a first-order optical system is represented by the ABCD-like law. As an example of the application of this model, the relation between the beam waist and the minimum beam spot at a fixed target is discussed. The result, well matches that from conventional phase space model, and proves that the Gaussian wave formalism model is highly effective and reasonable.

Optimization of the optical system for electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostics on the HL-2A tokamak

The optical system of the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostics on the HL-2A tokamak has been optimized in both the narrow zoom pattern and the wide zoom pattern. The two main features of the improved optical system are（1） larger coverage of the measurement region in the plasma and（2） a flatter imaging surface. The new optics has good focal characteristics over the whole plasma cross section. The curvature of the field of the image surface（ΔR between the core channel and the edge channel） is within 5.3 cm in the narrow zoom pattern and 6.7 cm in the wide zoom pattern after optimization, whereas the values with the present optics were 23 cm in the narrow zoom pattern and 15 cm in the wide zoom pattern. The optics will be fabricated, tested and installed on the HL-2A tokamak before the next experimental campaign.

Duality in interaction potentials for curved surface bodies and inside particles

Based on the viewpoint of duality, this paper studies the interaction between a curved surface body and an inside particle. By convex/concave bodies with geometric duality, interaction potentials of particles located outside and inside the curved surface bodies are shown to have duality. With duality, the curvature-based potential between a curved surface body and an inside particle is derived. Furthermore, the normal and tangential driving forces exerted on the particle are studied and expressed as a function of curvatures and curvature gradients. Numerical experiments are designed to test accuracy of the curvature-based potential.

Effect of Asymmetric Friction on Front End Curvature in Plate and Sheet Rolling Process

A formula of calculating curvature radius was deduced according to the theory of rolling, together with the characteristics of rolling process. Moreover, the simulation of producing process is represented. Simulating results indicate that the curvature radius could be reduced by increasing friction coefficient, friction coefficient ratio, reduction or roller radius, while it could be augmented by increasing the thickness of plate. Furthermore, increasing the thickness of plate would cause more effects on front end curvature, whereas reduction would do less. The result provides theoretic basis for eliminating the front end curvature in plate and sheet rolling process, and it is important to protect controlling equipment and reduce scrap as well.

Discharge evolution law of debris flow based on a sharp bend physical modeling test

For the basins with debris flow development,its channel terrain exhibits a tortuous shape,which significantly restricts the movement of debris flows and leads to severe erosion effects on the concave bank.Therefore,this study aims to analyze the shear force of debris flows within the bend channel.We established the relationship between the shear force and bend curvature through laboratory experiments.Under the long-term erosion by debris flows,the curvature radius of bends gradually increases,however,when this increasing trend reaches an equilibrium state with the intensity of debris flow discharge,there will be no significant change in curvature radius.In general,the activity pattern and discharges of debris flows would remain relatively stable.Hence,we can infer the magnitude of debris flow discharges from the terrain parameters of the bend channel.

A progressive approach to predict shot peening process parameters for forming integral panel of Al7050-T7451

In this paper,a progressive approach to predict the multiple shot peening process parameters for complex integral panel is proposed.Firstly,the invariable parameters in the forming process including shot size,mass flow,peening distance and peening angle are determined according to the empirical and machine type.Then,the optimal value of air pressure for the whole shot peening is selected by the experimental data.Finally,the feeding speed for every shot peening path is predicted by regression equation.The integral panel part with thickness from 2 mm to 5 mm and curvature radius from 3200 mm to 16000 mm is taken as a research object,and four experiments are conducted.In order to design specimens for acquiring the forming data,one experiment is conducted to compare the curvature radius of the plate and stringer-structural specimens,which were peened along the middle of the two stringers.The most striking finding of this experiment is that the outer shape error range is below 3.9%,so the plate specimens can be used in predicting feeding speed of the integral panel.The second experiment is performed and results show that when the coverage reaches the limit of 80%,the minimum feeding speed is 50 mm/s.By this feeding speed,the forming curvature radius of the specimens with different thickness from the third experiment is measured and compared with the research object,and the optimal air pressure is 0.15 MPa.Then,the plate specimens with thickness from 2 mm to 5 mm are peened in the fourth experiment,and the measured curvature radius data are used to calculate the feeding speed of different shot peening path by regressive analysis method.The algorithm is validated by forming a test part and the average deviation is 0.496 mm.It is shown that the approach can realize the forming of the integral panel precisely.

SUPERCAVITY MOTION WITH INERTIAL FORCE IN THE VERTICAL PLANE

The curvilinear motion in a vertical plane is one of the most important features of the supercavitating vehicle. It is of great significance to study the controllability and the maneuverability of the supercavitating vehicle. Models are built for the effects of the angle of attack, the gravity and the inertial force in the curvilinear motion in the vertical p｜ane. Numerica~ simulations are carried out for the supercavity motion based on these models combined with the Logvinovich model. It is shown that the maximum deviation displacement in the outward normal direction of the trajectory with a constant curvature, which occurs in the tail of the supercavity, increases as the cavitation number or the curvature radius of the supercavity trajectory decreases under the condition that other model and flow parameters are kept constant. For a varied curvature, the supercavity shape changes evidently because of the change of the ambient pressure, but with the same trend as in constant curvature. The deviation displacement increases along the supercavity length gradually.

Smoke propagation characteristics and influencingfactors of high-temperature spiral tunnel fire

A tunnel fire may cause great damage to people, vehicles, facilities and tunnel structures if it is not effectively controlled. Therefore,it is very important to clarify the smoke propagation characteristics and influencing factors that can help to accelerate the removal offire smoke and reduce casualties and property losses. In order to study the influence of slope, curvature radius and ambient temperatureon smoke propagation during the tunnel operation period, based on the high-temperature spiral tunnel in Midi village, YunnanProvince, the internal and external environmental parameters of the tunnel were measured on site and the numerical simulationmodel was established by using the simulation software FDS, and the control variablemethod was used to study the fire smoke propagationcharacteristics of the tunnel with different characteristics. The results show that: the influence of slope on smoke migrationvelocity is non-linear, the greater the slope is, the greater the change of smoke spreading speed is;the smaller the curvature radiusis, the greater the obstruction to smoke migration is, and the slower the smoke migration speed is;high temperature speeds up thesmoke exhaust rate in the tunnel but has less promotion of the fire smoke migration.

Numerical investigation of flow and heat transfer performances of horizontal spiral-coil pipes

The flow and heat transfer performances of horizontal spiral-coil pipes of circular and elliptical cross-sections are studied.The numerical results are compared with the experimental data,to verify the numerical method.The effects of the inlet water mass flow rate,the structural parameters,the helical pitch and the radius ratio on the heat transfer performances are investigated.Performances of the secondary fluid flow with different radius ratios are also investigated.Numerical results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number increase with the increase of the water mass flow rate or the helical pitch.The maximum heat transfer coefficient and the maximum Nusselt number are obtained when the radius ratio is equal to 1.00.In addition,the fluid particle moves spirally along the pipe and the velocity changes periodically.The particle flow intensity and the spiral movement frequency decrease significantly with the increase of the radius ratio.Besides,the secondary flow profile in the horizontal spiral-coil pipe contains two oppositely rotating eddies,and the eddy intensity decreases significantly along the pipe owing to the change of curvature.The decreasing tendency of the eddy intensity along the pipe increases with the increase of the radius ratio.