Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Forces of Winter Urban Heat Island:A Case Study of Rapid Urbanization Area of Fuzhou City,China

Under the influence of anthropogenic and climate change,the problems caused by urban heat island(UHI)has become increasingly prominent.In order to promote urban sustainable development and improve the quality of human settlements,it is significant for exploring the evolution characteristics of urban thermal environment and analyzing its driving forces.Taking the Landsat series images as the basic data sources,the winter land surface temperature(LST)of the rapid urbanization area of Fuzhou City in China was quantitatively retrieved from 2001 to 2021.Combing comprehensively the standard deviation ellipse model,profile analysis and GeoDetector model,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the winter urban thermal environment were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the winter LST presented an increasing trend in the study area during 2001–2021,and the winter LST of the central urban regions was significantly higher than the suburbs.There was a strong UHI effect from 2001 to 2021with an expansion trend from the central urban regions to the suburbs and coastal areas in space scale.The LST of green lands and wetlands are significantly lower than croplands,artificial surface and unvegetated lands.Vegetation and water bodies had a significant mitigation effect on UHI,especially in the micro-scale.The winter UHI had been jointly driven by the underlying surface and socio-economic factors in a nonlinear or two-factor interactive enhancement mode,and socio-economic factors had played a leading role.This research could provide data support and decision-making references for rationally planning urban layout and promoting sustainable urban development.

Reconstruction of hollow areas in density profiles from frequency swept reflectometry

The standard density profile reconstruction techniques are based on the WKB approximation of the probing wave’s phase,making them unable to properly reconstruct blind areas in the cut-off frequency profile.The reconstruction suffers a significant immediate error that is not rapidly damped.It is demonstrated that even though no reflections occur inside the hollow region causing the blind area,the higher probing frequencies that propagate through it carry information that can be used to estimate its properties.The usually ignored full-wave effects were investigated with the use of full-wave simulations in 1 D,with special attention paid to the frequency band where they are dominant.A database of perturbation signals was simulated onfive-dimensions of parameters and an application of the database inversion was demonstrated for a magnetic island in a Tore Supra discharge.The new adapted reconstruction scheme improved the description of the density profile inside the hollow region and also along 10 cm after it.

Pollutant loads of surface runoff in Wuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.

Effect of reactive surface area of minerals on mineralization trapping of CO_2 in saline aquifers

The reactive surface area, an important parameter controlling mineral reactions, affects the amount of mineralization trapping of CO2 which affects the long-term CO2 storage. The effect of the reactive surface area on the mineralization trapping of CO2 was numerically simulated for CO2 storage in saline aquifers. Three kinds of minerals, including anorthite, calcite and kaolinite, are involved in the mineral reactions. This paper models the relationship between the specific surface area and the grain diameter of anorthite based on experimental data from literature （Brantley and Mellott, 2000）. When the reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m^2/m^3, the percentage of mineralization trapping of CO： after 500 years decreases from 11.8% to 0.65%. The amount of dissolved anorthite and the amounts of precipitated kaolinite and calcite decrease significantly when the reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite decrease from 838 to 83.8 m2/m3. Calcite is initially dissolved in the brine and then precipitates during the geochemical reactions between CO2-H20 and the minerals. Different reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite lead to different times from dissolution to precipitation. The pH of the brine decreases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite which influences the acidity of the saline aquifer. The gas saturation between the upper and lower parts of the saline aquifer increases with decreasing reactive surface areas of anorthite and calcite. The mass density distribution of brine solution shows that the CO2^＋brine solution region increases with decreasing reactive surface areas ofanorthite and calcite.

Relationship between the specific surface area of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel in a wet–dry acid corrosion environment

The relationship between the specific surface area（SSA） of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel under wet-dry acid corrosion conditions was investigated. The results showed that the corrosion current density first increased and then decreased with increasing SSA of the rust during the corrosion process. The structure of the rust changed from single-layer to double-layer, and the γ-FeOOH content decreased in the inner layer of the rust with increasing corrosion time; by contrast, the γ-FeOOH content in the outer layer was constant. When the SSA of the rust was lower than the critical SSA corresponding to the relative humidity during the drying period, condensed water in the micropores of the rust could evaporate, which prompted the diffusion of O_2 into the rust and the following formation process of γ-FeOOH, leading to an increase of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time. However, when the SSA of the rust reached or exceeded the critical SSA, condensate water in the micro-pores of the inner layer of the rust could not evaporate which inhibited the diffusion of O_2 and decreased the γ-FeOOH content in the inner rust, leading to a decrease of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time.

Effect of layer thickness and voxel size inversion on leaf area density based on the voxel-based canopy profiling method

Voxel-based canopy profiling is commonly used to determine small-scale leaf area.Layer thickness and voxel size impact accuracy when using this method.Here,we determined the optimal combination of layer thickness and voxel size to estimate leaf area density accurately.Terrestrial LiDAR Stonex X300 was used to generate point cloud data for Masson pines(Pinus massoniana).The canopy layer was stratified into 0.10-1.00-m-thick layers,while voxel size was 0.01-0.10 m.The leaf area density of individual trees was estimated using leaf area indices for the upper,middle,and lower canopy and the overall canopy.The true leaf area index,obtained by layered harvesting,was used to verify the inversion results.Leaf area density was inverted by nine combinations of layer thickness and voxel size.The average relative accuracy and mean estimated accuracy of these combined inversion results exceeded 80%.When layer thickness was 1.00 m and voxel size 0.05 m,inversion was closest to the true value.The average relative accuracy was 92.58%,mean estimated accuracy 98.00%,and root mean square error 0.17.The combination of leaf area density and index was accurately retrieved.In conclusion,nondestructive voxel-based canopy profiling proved suitable for inverting the leaf area density of Masson pine in Hetian Town,Fujian Province.

电法在菲律宾AREA矿区红土镍矿勘探中的应用

菲律宾AREA矿区红土镍矿为硫化镍矿岩体风化-淋滤-沉积形成的地表风化壳型矿床,矿体赋存在含矿风化基岩中。为圈定该矿区红土镍矿有利地段,依据岩(矿)石物性特征、矿体地质特征,采用对称四极电阻率剖面法(简称对称四极法)面积性测量,发现低阻异常;利用高密度电阻率测深法(简称高密度电法)剖面,对成矿有利地段进行评价并确定含矿层厚度和产状,圈定镍矿富集部位。工程验证结果表明,见矿较好位置与电法结果吻合较好。研究结果表明,红土镍矿勘探在前期工作中,采用电阻率法可圈定含矿层范围和延伸产状,有效缩小勘探范围,指导工程勘探布置,节约勘探成本。

Using Impervious Surfaces to Detect Urban Expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area(ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000 s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil(V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.

Development of a drill energy utilization index for aiding selection of drill machines in surface mines

Drill machines used in surface mines, particularly in coal, is characterized by a very poor utilization （around 40%） and low availability （around 60%）. The main purpose of this study is to develop a drill selec- tion methodology and simultaneously a performance evaluation technique based on drill cuttings produced and drilling rate achieved. In all 28 blast drilled through were investigated. The drilling was accomplished by 5 different drill machines of Ingersoll-Rand and Revathi working in coal mines of Sonepur Bazari （SECL） and Block-II （BCCL）. The drills are Rotary and Rotary Percussive type using tri- cone rock roller bits. Drill cuttings were collected and sieve analysis was done in the laboratory. Using Rosin Ramler Diagram, coarseness index （CI）, mean chip size （d）, specific-st trace area （SSA） and charac- teristic particle size distribution curves for all the holes drilled were plotted. The predictor equation for drill penetration rate established through multiple regressions was found to have a very good correlation with an index of determination of 0.85. A comparative analysis of particle size distribution curves was used to evaluate the drill efficiency. The suggested approach utilises the area under the curve, after the point of trend reversal and brittleness ratio of the respective bench to arrive at drill energy utilization index （DEUI）, for mapping of drill machine to bench, The developed DEU1 can aid in selecting or mapping a right machine to right bench for achieving higher penetration rate and utilizations.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Biosorbents Produced from Groundnut Hull Using Microwave Assisted Irradiation Method

Samples of ground nut hull were converted to biosorbents using microwave assisted method [groundnut hull treated with hydrogen peroxide (HP-GH), groundnut hull treated with distilled water (W-GH) and raw groundnut hull (R-GH)]. The biosorbents were further characterized using physicochemical procedures (pH dependence, bulk density, surface area, ash content, and volatile matter, moisture content). The results show that HP-GH has pH = 8.9, W-GH pH = 8.4 and R-GH pH = 8.5 which is an indication that all the biosorbents have the appropriate pH values for the uptake of cationic species within aqueous systems. Surface area analysis revealed that HP-GH has the largest surface area (74.20 m2·g-1) while W-GH and R-GH have surface area values of 29.40 m2·g-1 and 21.40 m2·g-1 respectively. This suggests that modification of raw groundnut hull biomass with hydrogen peroxide possibly instigated delignification of the biomass which resulted in increased surface area for HP-GH. Results from Bulk density analysis also confirm the data obtained from surface area analysis. Accordingly, R-GH displayed the highest bulk density followed by W-GH with HP-GH showing the least bulk density. The variation in pH values among the biomass used in this study may be explained by the variation in their ash content as well because pH and ash content are positively correlated. Hence, HP-GH with a pH = 8.9 has high ash content (117.31%), W-GH with pH = 8.4 has 97.93% ash content and R-GH with pH = 8.5 has 94.26% ash content. Results from moisture content analysis show that HP-GH (99.95%), W-GH (99.97%) and R-GH (99.89%) may necessitate exposure of the biosorbents to moderate heat before use. The results obtained from this study suggest that modification of ground nut hull with either distilled water or Hydrogen peroxide by means of microwave irradiation improves physicochemical properties which may perhaps increase the adsorption capacity of the biomass.

城市轨道交通轨面短波不平顺谱实测研究

针对城市轨道交通诱发的振动噪声问题,对轨面短波不平顺进行研究.首先,对上海市轨道交通线路轨面短波不平顺实测数据进行零均值化、剔除异常值、消除趋势项等预处理.其次,利用改进的协方差法计算得到轨面短波不平顺功率谱,分析轨道类型、曲线半径及钢轨接头对轨面短波不平顺功率谱分布规律的影响.然后,基于非线性最小二乘法对轨面短波不平顺谱进行拟合.最后,提出我国城市轨道交通轨面短波不平顺统计谱表达式.研究结果表明:直线段接头区轨面短波不平顺功率谱密度曲线在整个分析波长范围内具有较多特征峰值;直线段接头区上、下行短波不平顺功率谱密度值随波长的分布特征和数值相差不大,说明上、下行的轨面不平顺状态基本相同;钢轨的磨耗程度与曲线半径呈负相关,内、外轨面不平顺功率谱密度的差异随曲线半径的增大而减小,曲线半径是影响轨面不平顺状态的主要因素之一;线路类型对轨面短波不平顺功率谱的影响不大,不同曲线半径、焊接接头影响明显,在对轨道进行维护和养护时需关注小曲线半径区段以及焊接接头区段的不平顺状态.

真地表速度建模技术在复杂山地地震资料成像中的应用

传统的叠前深度偏移成像技术将偏移成像和静校正问题分开处理,在复杂山地资料处理中,由于地表条件复杂、近地表横向速度变化剧烈、高速层出露等问题,基于地表一致性假设的静校正处理会引起波场畸变,导致旅行时计算误差较大,影响深度偏移成像效果。因此,提出了一种基于真地表偏移面的全深度建模与成像技术方案,从地表高程面开始速度建模,计算旅行时,将静校正问题隐含在偏移成像过程中,在复杂山地资料处理中取得了较好的应用效果。

不同草本植物根系对土壤渗透性的影响

[目的]揭示当地排土场不同草本植物根系对土壤渗透性的影响,阐明预测草本植物根系提升土壤渗透性的最优指标,并得出草本植物根系提升土壤渗透性的最佳径级,为排土场生态修复植物选择提供重要依据。[方法]以海州露天矿排土场为研究地点,以轴根型紫花地丁、根蘖型苦荬菜和根茎型水麦冬为研究对象,采用图片像素换算法量化3种根系在不同土层深度范围内的根系分布特征;并结合渗透试验获取3种草本植物原状根土复合体的渗透参数,进而探究了根土复合体根系分布参数与渗透参数的关系。[结果]3种草本植物均能提升土壤的渗透性能,轴根型、根茎型和根蘖型根土复合体的初始入渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量相较于素土分别提升82.23%~254.99%,85.59%~307.63%,72.02%~325.91%,62.93%~246.98%。3种草本植物根系的根长密度和根表面积密度与根土复合体的渗透参数均呈现线性相关,根表面积密度的相关性强于根长密度。3种根系对土壤渗透性的增强作用主要归功于0.5 mm<D≤1.5 mm径级,它们均存在提升土壤渗透性的最佳径级。[结论]草本植物根系能够提升土壤渗透性,根表面积密度是最佳预测指标,且不同根系均存在最佳径级。

Root Growth of the Annual Tillering Grass Panicum miliaceum in Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments

To study growth responses of the roots of Panicum miliaceum L. to heterogeneous supply of nutrients. The authors analyzed the effects of the nutrient levels in both original patches (O) and destination patches (D) on the root growth of P. miliaceum when its roots were allowed to extend from original patch into destination patch. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were low, coarse root biomass ratio (coarse root biomass in the D/total coarse root biomass), coarse root length ratio (coarse root length in the D/total coarse root length), coarse root surface area ratio (coarse root surface area in the D/total coarse root surface area) and fine root length ratio (fine root length in the D/total fine root length) were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, while fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface index, and fine root surface area density were smaller in the former than in the latter. When the nutrient levels in the original patches were high, fine root length, fine root length density, fine root surface area index and fine root surface density were greater in the destination patches with lower nutrient levels than in the destination patches with higher nutrient levels, coarse roots did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly. When the roots extended from the original patches with the same nutrient level into the destination patches with contrasting nutrient levels, fine root biomass and its percentage allocation did not respond to the nutrient levels in the destination patches significantly, whereas both root length and root surface area did. This indicates that the fine roots of P. miliaceum responded to difference in nutrient supply by plasticity in their length and surface area, rather than in their root biomass.

细纱机INA-V型牵伸前区附加异形曲面压力棒的工艺优化

为了探讨INA-V型牵伸装置前区附加异形曲面压力棒工艺参数的优化问题,通过对前区附加异形曲面压力棒牵伸与普通V型牵伸的成纱质量进行对比,对不同后区牵伸倍数、钳口隔距、粗纱捻系数对成纱质量的影响进行了试验与分析;结果表明:细纱机前区附加异形曲面压力棒后,成纱条干CV值、棉结、细节及粗节等指标显著改善;采用较小的钳口隔距和较大的粗纱捻系数,有利于改善成纱质量;随着后区牵伸倍数的增大,成纱质量指标有恶化的趋势;表明为获得较好的成纱质量,后区牵伸倍数以小于1.2为宜。

基于图像分割技术的皮革面积检测算法

为解决目前皮革绷板干燥工序中皮革有效面积难以用传统方法检测的问题,本文提出了一种皮革轮廓分割方法,并设计皮革面积检测算法。首先,本文通过搭建试验平台模拟绷展状态下的羊革,利用单目相机获得羊革原图像,经过降噪、二值化完成图像的预处理。然后,利用腐蚀、膨胀处理实现对羊革轮廓与绷板夹的分割。最终,识别分割后羊革轮廓,进行羊革有效面积计算。试验结果表明,本算法可有效分割绷展状态下的羊革与绷板夹,得到羊革有效面积,基本满足自动化皮革绷板机的工艺需求。本算法不仅可进一步提高皮革得革率,增加制革企业经济效益,也为智能化皮革绷板机的设计提供了技术基础。

种植牙手术前后CBCT参数预测种植体早期稳定性的效能分析

目的探讨种植牙手术前后锥形束计算机体层摄影术(CBCT)参数预测种植体早期稳定性的效能。方法选取2020年6月—2022年6月收治的单颗牙缺损126例,均拟行种植牙手术,术前采用CBCT测量缺损区域骨密度、骨皮质厚度,术后即刻采用CBCT测量牙槽骨宽度,术后即刻、术后12周采用Ostell ISQ测量仪测量种植体稳定系数(ISQ值)。根据术后12周ISQ值分为稳定组(ISQ值≥70)102例与不稳定组(ISQ值<70)24例。比较2组基本资料、CBCT参数,术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值,采用Pearson相关系数分析CBCT参数与ISQ相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析CBCT参数对种植体稳定性预测价值。结果稳定组与不稳定组缺损区域位置、种植体直径差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不稳定组缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度及术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值低于稳定组(P<0.05)。下颌前牙缺损患者缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度>下颌后牙缺损患者>上颌前牙缺损患者>上颌后牙缺损患者(P<0.05);种植体直径4.8、4.1 mm患者缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度高于种植体直径3.3 mm患者(P<0.05)。下颌后牙缺损患者术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值下颌后牙缺损患者>下颌前牙缺损患者>上颌后牙缺损患者>上颌前牙缺损患者(P<0.05);种植体直径4.8、4.1 mm患者缺损区域术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值高于种植体直径3.3 mm患者(P<0.05)。缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度与术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值呈正相关(P<0.01),术后即刻牙槽骨宽度与术后即刻、术后12周ISQ值无明显相关性(P>0.05)。ROC曲线分析,缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度预测术后12周种植体稳定性的曲线下面积分别为0.711(95%CI:0.624,0.788)、0.759(95%CI:0.674,0.830),敏感度分别为53.92%、74.51%,特异度分别为87.75%、70.83%。结论CBCT测量缺损区域术前骨密度、术前骨皮质厚度与种植体早期稳定性密切相关,预测种植体早期稳定性的效能良好,术后即刻牙槽骨宽度与种植体早期稳定性无明显相关性,无法有效预测种植体早期稳定性。

基于功率谱密度筛选的高海拔区背景噪声快速成像技术

真实且高信噪比的经验格林函数是准确提取面波频散和反演地下结构的前提,而实际噪声源分布与理论存在差异,且高海拔区噪声源数量少、能量弱,不仅需要长时间的数据采集,也难以获得高信噪比的经验格林函数。因此本文提出基于功率谱密度的背景噪声数据筛选方法,对某高海拔地区采集的92 h的背景噪声数据进行筛选,不仅大幅缩短了互相关计算时长,更有效提取了高信噪比的面波,减弱了高视速度干扰波,并获得了浅层0~140 m高分辨率的横波速度结构。本次研究为作业难度大的高海拔区开展周期短的水利水电勘察工作提供了新思路。

森林碳储量快速估算技术探析

在陆地生态系统生产总值(Gross Ecosystem Product,GEP)核算体系中,碳储量核算是其核心内容。利用测树因子核算森林碳储量的传统方法存在外业工作量大、成本高、工时长、且不易实现等诸多缺点。本文介绍一种森林碳储量快速估算的新方法,该方法通过超光谱探测叶子组成成分和森林植被树种细致分类、分段式植被指数函数反演并经过曲面拟合获取稳定叶面积指数,由定量总叶面积密度反求测树因子、再通过优势树种分生物量比例关系用网格法直接求出森林生物量及碳储量,具备覆盖范围大、效率高、成本低的优点。

Dominant role of wettability in improving the specific capacitance

Here we report a strategy to enhance the energy density of supercapacitors by increasing the utilization rate of the specific surface area(SSA)via wettability improvement. The nonporous gold(NPG) film is used as the electrodes and the ionic liquid [EMIM]BF4 is the electrolyte. When the electrode is coated by paraffin, an increase of the contact angle leads to a remarkable reduction of the specific capacitance. While when acetonitrile is added into the electrolyte, the contact angle is decreased and the utilization rate of SSA is improved, which results in an increase of the specific capacitance. The addition of isopropyl acetate into the electrolyte leads to a further increase of the specific capacitance. To generalize the role of the wettability in improving the energy density, a carbon-based electrode is evaluated in the solution of potassium hydroxide. An addition of propyl alcohol into the potassium hydroxide solution leads to an increase of the specific capacitance, as well as a long-term stability of the supercapacitor. The role of conductivity in this study is excluded by designing experiments. This paper highlights the significance of wettability in determining the specific capacitance, showing an alternative to improve the energy density of supercapacitors.