Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

On composite foundation with different vertical reinforcing elements under vertical loading:a physical model testing study

Aphysical model facility was designed, built, and setup for conducting model tests on a composite foundation in a soil ground. The model tests were carried out on a composite foundation with different combinations of vertical reinforcement elements in the same soil ground. Via the analysis of the collected data the characteristics of the composite foundation with different reinforcing elements were obtained, including the characteristics of load-settlement curves, column stresses, stresses of the intercolumn soil, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratios of columns and soil. Results from the model tests reveal the mechanism of a composite foundation with different reinforcing elements quantitatively. It is concluded that both a composite foundation with a combination of steel pipe pile and sand column and that with a combination of concrete pile and lime column have a higher bearing capacity than the composite foundation with only sand columns with the same conditions of soil ground and loading. A composite foundation with lime column and sand column embodies no much better performance than that with sand colunms only.

Model test on vertical bearing capacity of X-section concrete pile raft foundation in silica sand

To reveal the bearing capacity of the X-section concrete piles pile raft foundation in silica sand,a series of vertical load tests are carried out.The X-section concrete piles are compared with circular section pile with the same section area.The load−settlement curves,axial force and skin friction,strain on concave and convex edge of the pile,pile-sand stress ratio,distributions of side and tip resistance are presented.The results show that bearing capacity of the X section concrete pile raft foundation is much larger than that of the circular pile raft foundation.Besides,compared with the circular pile,the peak axial force of X-section piles under raft is deeper and smaller while the neutral point of X-section concrete pile is deeper.Moreover,the strain on the concave edge is much larger than that on the convex edge of the pile,and the convex edge has more potential in bearing capacity as the vertical load increases.The X-section pile has higher pile-sand stress ratios and load-sharing between side resistance and tip resistance.Above all,the X-section concrete pile can significantly increase the bearing capacity of pile-raft foundations in silica sand.

双向增强复合地基桩土应力比计算方法研究

研究目的:桩土应力比是反映双向增强复合地基工作特性的重要指标。由于路堤荷载下双向增强复合地基承载变形机理复杂,本文以双桩范围内的路堤与双向复合地基为研究对象,考虑路堤土拱效应、加筋层网兜效应、应力扩散效应等多重效应的共同作用,建立路堤-水平加筋垫层-竖向桩体-桩间土协调变形的二维理论分析模型,探究各影响因素对桩土应力比的影响规律。研究结论:(1)桩土应力比随填土重度、桩间距的增加而减小,随填料内摩擦角的增大呈先增加后减小趋势,随路堤填筑高度、格栅层数、填料黏聚力的增加而增大;(2)桩土应力比对各参数的敏感性由高到低排序为:桩间距、路堤填筑高度、路堤填土重度、路堤填料黏聚力、格栅层数及路堤填料内摩擦角;(3)本研究成果可为类似工程的桩土应力比计算提供理论依据及工程借鉴。

基于现场试验的CFG桩复合地基桩帽与垫层效应分析

【目的】柔性垫层和桩帽对CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降均有较大影响,但目前柔性垫层与桩帽在现场试验中如何共同影响复合地基特性仍有待进一步的研究。【方法】以CFG桩复合地基软基处理的某路段作为工程背景,在土工格栅层数不变的情况下,对垫层厚度为100 mm、200 mm、300 mm,桩帽尺寸为0.8 m、1.0 m、1.2 m组合下的形式进行了现场原位试验,研究了CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降特性。【结果】现场试验表明:随着垫层厚度由100 mm增大到300 mm,桩土荷载比减小了51.5%,桩土应力比减小了52.5%,总沉降量增大了7.9%;随着桩帽直径由0.8 m增大到1.2 m,桩土荷载比增大了29.0%,桩土应力比减小了29.2%,总沉降量10.4%.本文区域地质条件,宜选用垫层厚度100 mm、桩帽直径为1.2 m的CFG桩复合地基形式。

桩网复合地基离心模型试验中桩顶轴力测试方法研究

桩网复合地基是常见的软土加固措施。在开展桩网复合地基离心模型试验时,为了分析桩土应力比,需要测量桩顶轴力和桩间土压力。微型土压力计在离心模型试验中已经得到广泛应用,但尚无成熟的微型桩顶轴力测试传感器。利用模型桩的桩帽,开发了一种离心模型试验专用桩顶轴力测试方法,标定结果显示该方法测试线性度好。通过某桩网复合地基离心模型试验和数值分析的桩土应力比结果对比分析,验证了该方法的测试效果。

路堤下复合地基的垫层对桩土应力比的影响分析

垫层是复合地基的核心,其主要作用是调节桩土应力比。但是,目前复合地基的垫层多采用厚度约30 cm的砂石垫层。简单模式的垫层,尚不能充分发挥垫层对桩土应力比的调节作用,使得复合地基的工作性状最优。针对路堤下不同黏结强度桩复合地基垫层的弹性模量、厚度对桩土应力比的影响展开数值模拟分析,得出:复合地基桩土应力比随垫层弹性模量和垫层厚度的增加而提高,但它的提高幅度反而逐步缩小。每种复合地基垫层都有其敏感厚度,垫层的敏感厚度可以作为垫层厚度设计的参考。垫层的敏感厚度与复合地基桩本身的黏结强度、垫层的弹性模量有关。桩的弹性模量越大,桩土应力比对垫层的弹性模量和厚度变化越敏感,变化幅值也越大。可以通过改变复合地基垫层材料、密实度、黏结强度、厚度等来改变垫层对桩土应力比的调节作用,改善复合地基的工作性状。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基静载荷试验数值分析

以榆林地区水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层的复合地基静载荷试验进行数值模拟,并分析风积沙复合地基桩土荷载传递机制及变形特性。结果表明:合理设置褥垫层厚度能有效减小桩顶应力集中,降低桩土应力比。提高褥垫层模量可减小复合地基的沉降,改善其承载性能。设置褥垫层的桩侧摩阻力在桩顶附近出现负摩阻力,随着深度向下快速增加至零,并转为正摩阻力。桩身的附加轴应力在桩顶附近先增加到峰值,然后逐渐衰减。水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地基时存在临界桩长。在相同荷载水平下,随着桩长的增加,桩土应力比先增大后趋于稳定,桩侧摩阻力分布随着桩长的增加趋于稳定。按规范设计的风积沙复合地基承载力特征值偏于安全,有较大的富余度。

孔内深层强夯复合地基桩土应力比试验研究

通过开展孔内深层强夯单桩复合地基现场静载试验和桩土应力测试,获取了不同荷载作用下孔内深层强夯复合地基的平均桩顶应力、桩间土应力、桩土应力比、荷载分担比及其变化规律。试验结果表明:孔内深层强夯复合地基的桩间土承担了主要的上部荷载,约占50%~63%,随着荷载增大,桩间土承担的荷载比例逐步增大;对于孔内深层强夯复合地基,随着荷载的增大,桩土应力比随荷载的增大而减小,数值介于2~5之间;对粘性素填土地基,孔内深层强夯复合地基在处理后的桩间土地基承载力比处理前可提高220%。

循环荷载下粉煤灰群桩复合地基承载性能试验研究

在不同的循环荷载比和循环次数下进行循环荷载室内模型试验,从桩顶累积沉降、桩身应力、桩间粉煤灰应力和桩土应力比等方面分析循环次数和循环荷载比等因素对粉煤灰复合地基承载特性的影响。在循环荷载作用下,桩顶累积沉降与循环荷载比呈非线性相关关系,桩顶累积沉降曲线主要分为稳定型和发展型等2种变化形态;随着循环次数的增加,桩身应力和桩间粉煤灰应力均呈现先增大后稳定的趋势;当循环次数超过临界次数时,桩土应力比的减小速率将出现收敛;循环荷载比的增大会导致土拱效应发挥不稳定。

复合地基褥垫层工作性能的混合试验研究

褥垫层是影响复合地基工作性能的关键影响因素。由于研究手段的欠缺,目前对复合地基褥垫层工作性能的认识还有待深入。采用开发的混合试验装置及数据交互系统开展混合试验,建立了褥垫层与上部加载的物理模型与桩土地基数值模型相结合的全组件参与的试验方法,大大缩减了模型试验工作量。利用该试验方法开展了3组不同褥褥垫层厚度的混合试验,分析了复合地基褥垫层的工作性能,揭示了桩土荷载传递规律、沉降规律及桩侧摩阻力的分布。随着褥垫层厚度的增加,桩间土承担的荷载以及桩土相对位移增加;当褥垫层厚度超过200mm时,桩土荷载分担比趋于稳定。

基于相似理论的复合地基弹性垫层模型试验研究

为了对比分析不同桩型(半刚性桩和柔性桩)、不同垫层材料(砂垫层、碎石垫层、弹性垫层)和垫层厚度对复合地基承载特性的影响,需要开展复合地基室内模型试验研究。在研制模型试验系统、建立符合模型试验要求的模化条件和相关准则的基础上,分析了复合地基的承载特性,引入了弹性垫层模拟实际工况的可行性。结果表明,随着垫层厚度的增大,桩土应力比有所减小,上刺入量会逐渐增大。柔性桩的桩顶面中心点沉降量明显小于半刚性桩,一般差值在10 mm左右;柔性桩的分级加载分界点在60 kPa左右,半刚性桩则在80 kPa左右。弹性垫层相比于砂垫层和碎石垫层,其整体性相对更好,可将原有的“100~200 mm砂垫层+荷载板”改为“小于100 mm的砂粒找平层+弹性垫层+荷载板”,以更好地发挥实际垫层在复合地基的作用。

包裹碎石桩在粉质黏土地基中的承载特性研究

为了探究包裹碎石桩对粉质黏土地基的加固效果,基于模型试验和数值模拟方法,对包裹碎石桩与传统碎石桩复合地基承载力特性进行了研究,并分析了碎石模量、碎石内摩擦角和土工格栅刚度等参数对包裹碎石桩复合地基承载及变形的影响。结果表明:传统碎石桩复合地基在荷载小于20 kPa时,沉降增大不明显。当荷载大于30 kPa时,沉降迅速增大,复合地基失稳破坏;在一定的粒径范围内,相同级配下,碎石粒径越大,碎石桩整体变形越小,承载能力越高;包裹碎石桩的碎石模量在高应力状况下,对复合地基沉降的影响效果较为明显。当桩土模量比大于30时,其对复合地基的沉降影响逐渐减弱;增大碎石内摩擦角能有效增大桩土应力比,并提高桩身应力传递效率。随着内摩擦角的增大,复合地基的沉降逐渐减小,在高荷载水平下,其影响效果更加明显;土工格栅的包裹能减少复合地基沉降,但影响程度有限,当包裹刚度J>1000 kN/m时,对沉降的影响逐渐减弱。

CFG桩复合地基新型嵌入式褥垫层桩-土应力比改善特性

CFG桩复合地基具有较好的环保效益,近年来在软基处理中推广迅速。鉴于天然地基自身较差的工程特性,加之CFG桩施工扰动易引发表层土持力性能进一步弱化,受荷状态下刚性的CFG桩与桩间土易形成过大的桩-土应力比,褥垫层结构破坏风险增大,不利于复合地基协同受力。研究提出对截桩面下约50 cm厚剧烈影响区土层采用压实碎石换填,再铺设水泥土垫层而形成新型嵌入式褥垫层结构,以改善CFG桩复合地基持力性能,得到以下结论:①基于单桩复合地基现场载荷试验对比分析,采用嵌入式褥垫层测得的桩-土应力比显著低于常规平铺褥垫层,极限载荷下桩-土应力比较常规褥垫层的22.9降至13.8,降幅约40%,且全过程桩-土应力比曲线波动相对平缓,尤其是达到极限承载力后无陡降,有利于地基安全受荷;②采用数值试验手段模拟CFG群桩复合地基竖向受荷特性,嵌入式褥垫层对桩间土压缩层起到了显著的综合强化作用,既有效减小了桩向褥垫层的相对刺入,也使得褥垫层的变形形态更均匀平整,局部刺入和翘起得到有效缓解,避免了桩-土应力比过大对褥垫层结构的破坏;③嵌入式褥垫层条件下不同部位CFG桩的水平变形状态更优,顶部较强的约束将CFG桩受力模式由接近“悬臂式”变为接近“简支式”,对复合地基边桩和角桩的变形受力状态改善显著。

锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基荷载传递特性分析

锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基属于一种新型的地基处理方法,相关计算理论仍处于探索性阶段。通过室内模型试验,分析竖向荷载作用下锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基荷载-沉降曲线、桩身轴力、桩土应力比的变化规律,揭示其荷载传递特性。研究结果表明:1)相同荷载作用下锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基沉降小于无锥有孔管桩,在一定锥度范围内,锥度越大复合地基总沉降越小,复合地基极限承载力越大;2)相较于无锥有孔管桩复合地基,锥形-有孔柱形组合管桩复合地基桩身侧摩阻力有更好的发挥;3)复合地基桩土荷载分担比随着桩身锥度的增大而减小。研究成果能为锥形-有孔管桩复合地基理论研究提供实践基础,并对其应用推广和优化设计起辅助作用。

CFG桩复合地基在建筑工程中的应用

CFG桩体和桩间土共同承担上部结构荷载,二者与褥垫层组成复合地基,区别于常规桩基主要靠桩体承受荷载的模式。CFG桩具有取材方便、经济实用、可明显提高软弱地基的承载力、减小建筑工程的沉降量等特点,在建筑工程中得到较为广泛的应用。结合皖北某高层住宅建筑采用CFG桩的工程实例,分析探讨了CFG桩在建筑工程中应用的常见问题,为类似的基础工程提供了经验参考的依据。

微型劈裂注浆桩复合地基桩土应力比算法研究

劈裂注浆技术是加固黄土地基的常用技术,在进行劈裂注浆桩复合地基沉降计算时,需要合理的桩土应力比公式作为理论支撑。根据黄土劈裂注浆原理将桩周土划分为注浆压密区和原地基土区,认为注浆压密区土体呈现水泥土特性。考虑到劈裂注浆桩与注浆压密区间相互作用受劈裂支脉的影响,在假设桩侧摩阻力线性分布的基础上,建立了劈裂注浆桩侧摩阻力计算方法,结合垫层桩土体在应力与位移协调下的相互作用,得到了桩土应力比计算公式。通过现场试验结果与计算结果对比发现,两者相对误差在10%左右,满足工程实用性。最后采用单一变量法分析发现,劈裂支脉长度的增加使得桩体所分担荷载增加,而注浆压密区压缩模量增加能够明显分担桩体应力。