Beyond authorship: Analyzing contributions in PLOS ONE and the challenges of appropriate attribution

Purpose:This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of authorship attributions in scientific publications,focusing on the fairness and precision of individual contributions within academic works.Design/methodology/approach:The study analyzes 81,823 publications from the journal PLOS ONE,covering the period from January 2018 to June 2023.It examines the authorship attributions within these publications to try and determine the prevalence of inappropriate authorship.It also investigates the demographic and professional profiles of affected authors,exploring trends and potential factors contributing to inaccuracies in authorship.Findings:Surprisingly,9.14%of articles feature at least one author with inappropriate authorship,affecting over 14,000 individuals(2.56%of the sample).Inappropriate authorship is more concentrated in Asia,Africa,and specific European countries like Italy.Established researchers with significant publication records and those affiliated with companies or nonprofits show higher instances of potential monetary authorship.Research limitations:Our findings are based on contributions as declared by the authors,which implies a degree of trust in their transparency.However,this reliance on self-reporting may introduce biases or inaccuracies into the dataset.Further research could employ additional verification methods to enhance the reliability of the findings.Practical implications:These findings have significant implications for journal publishers,Beyond authorship:Analyzing contributions in PLOS ONE and Maddi,A.,&the challenges of appropriate attribution highlighting the necessity for robust control mechanisms to ensure the integrity of authorship attributions.Moreover,researchers must exercise discernment in determining when to acknowledge a contributor and when to include them in the author list.Addressing these issues is crucial for maintaining the credibility and fairness of academic publications.Originality/value:This study contributes to an understanding of critical issues within academic authorship,shedding light on the prevalence and impact of inappropriate authorship attributions.By calling for a nuanced approach to ensure accurate credit is given where it is due,the study underscores the importance of upholding ethical standards in scholarly publishing.

Opinions of Students on the Contribution of the DIVA 3D Virtual Dissection Table to the Teaching of Anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako

Objective: Study the contribution of the DIVA 3D dissection table in the teaching of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontology of Bamako. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out from November 1 to December 30, 2023 at the clinical and morphological anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako. Included in this study were students who participated in practical and tutorial sessions. The variables studied during this study were: the previous performance of dissection on a cadaver by the students, the opinion of the students on dissection on a cadaver, the replacement of dissection on a cadaver by virtual dissection in the absence of a body, the level student satisfaction. Results: We surveyed 130 participants. The average age was 22 ± 0.2 years with extremes of 17 and 29 years. 95.3% of participants were students. According to 66.7% of participants, virtual dissection is a good palliative in the absence of a corpse. 95.3% of participants found using the virtual dissection table easy with an average of 7.88 ± 1.4. The overall assessment was well rated by 99.3% of participants. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the virtual dissection table should be improved by integrating commented videos. The use of the DIVA 3D virtual dissection table during practical and tutorial sessions is well appreciated by the students. We believe that the teaching of anatomy using 3D digital technology should be included in the study programs of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology.

National Social Investment Programmes in Nigeria:A Descriptive Analysis of the Socio-Economic Contributions of N-Power Programme in Benue State

This study analysed the socio-economic contributions of N-Power programme amongst the beneficiaries of the scheme in Benue State.Prior to the introduction of N-Power programme,successive administrations in Nigeria have made concerted efforts towards improving the standard of living of the citizenry through the execution of various welfare or social intervention programmes,but not much successes were recorded.Learning from the mistakes of the past regimes,and by way of deliberate state policy,the Buhari’s government initiated a multi-pronged social investment policy,one of which is the N-power programme that came onboard in 2016,which also doubles as the subject of this study.To achieve the goal of this study,a combination of desktop research and survey design was employed.Questionnaires were administered to 390 respondents through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques.The results of the survey were matched with that of the secondary data obtained through online websites and other related sources.The result indicated that N-Power made positive contributions to the socio-economic life of the beneficiaries in Benue State:specifically,the scheme contributed in poverty eradication,employment generation,skills acquisitions and capacity building.However,some aspect of our findings revealed that the programme has a number of challenges such as:inadequate cash support,delay in monthly cash transfer to beneficiaries,distance participants had to move to their work stations,absence of posting in N-Teach scheme,and lack of adequate working tools amongst others.To salvage this problem the paper recommended the following solutions:expansion of the scheme to cover N-Teach and other aspects,increment in the monthly cash transfer to cushion the high rate of inflation,support for the participants/beneficiaries in transportation and logistics,enrolment of more youth into the various schemes,proper monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the schemes amongst others.

An Analysis of Innovative Contributions to the Important Discourse on the Development of New Quality Productivity

The discourse on developing high-quality productivity marks a significant theoretical innovation,which is conducive to the modernization and sinicization of Marxism.It refines our understanding of“new quality productivity,”defining it as an advanced form driven by innovation,embodying“high technology,efficiency,and quality,”with the aim of comprehensively enhancing productivity.It elucidates the necessity of cultivating such forces,asserting that they are crucial for achieving high-quality development,securing a leading position in global technology,and fulfilling the aspirations for a better life.Moreover,it outlines a new implementation route,emphasizing strategies such as fostering technological autonomy,nurturing emerging industries,integrating education and talent in technology,adopting a“build through challenges”approach,adjusting solutions locally,and providing categorized guidance,all of which are based on the ongoing comprehensive reforms.

The Contribution Margin due to a Limiting Factor in the Presence of Several Sales Options: Actuality Is Not Always As It Appears at the Beginning of the Analysis

The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sales options for one or more products in the presence of a limiting factor.The continuation of the investigation often denies the initial analysis.Not everything is as it appears,therefore,at the beginning of the deepening of the data useful for economic decisions.As it is well known,the choices of profitability concerning the planning of the sale of company products take place,at least in the majority of cases,through the determination of the contribution margin,i.e.the profitability margin connected to the individual goods/services sold by the companies(selling price net of variable costs).The contribution margin can be determined with four objectives:(1)Determination of the yield of the single product,net of variable costs only.In this case,the margin defines unitary,from net product yield to unitary contribution margin.(2)Determination of the return on total sales of an individual product,net of variable costs.In this hypothesis,reference is made to the first level(or gross)contribution margin.(3)Determination of the ability of the individual product to contribute to the coverage of fixed costs common to the company.This margin is determined net of special product variable and fixed costs.This aggregate is defined as a Level II(or semi-gross)margin.(4)Determination of the useful value in the planning choices in case of presence of scarce productive factors.In this case,it must identify the so-called unitary margin for low factor.Here we will only deal with the problem of the use of the contribution margin in the presence of rare factors.To complete the analysis,below are some very brief considerations regarding,respectively,the unitary,level I,and level II contribution margin in order to better understand where the problem of the most convenient choice of income is located in the event of the presence of rare production factors,especially in an environment characterized by a plurality of sales options.

Moisture Sources and Their Contributions to Summer Precipitation in the East of Southwest China

Complex topography,special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China(ESWC).However,the contributions,influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated.Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model,we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes.There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC,namely the Arabian Sea channel,Bay of Bengal channel,western Pacific channel,Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2.Among the five channels,the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories,while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity(33.33%)and moisture flux(33.14%).The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport,and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation.However,on interannual time scales,precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation.An apparent"+-+"wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia,and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific,the South China Sea,the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts,thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.

An evaluation method of contribution rate based on fuzzy Bayesian networks for equipment system-of-systems architecture

The contribution rate of equipment system-of-systems architecture(ESoSA)is an important index to evaluate the equipment update,development,and architecture optimization.Since the traditional ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method does not make full use of the fuzzy information and uncertain information in the equipment system-of-systems(ESoS),and the Bayesian network is an effective tool to solve the uncertain information,a new ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method based on the fuzzy Bayesian network(FBN)is proposed.Firstly,based on the operation loop theory,an ESoSA is constructed considering three aspects:reconnaissance equipment,decision equipment,and strike equipment.Next,the fuzzy set theory is introduced to construct the FBN of ESoSA to deal with fuzzy information and uncertain information.Furthermore,the fuzzy importance index of the root node of the FBN is used to calculate the contribution rate of the ESoSA,and the ESoSA contribution rate evaluation model based on the root node fuzzy importance is established.Finally,the feasibility and rationality of this method are validated via an empirical case study of aviation ESoSA.Compared with traditional methods,the evaluation method based on FBN takes various failure states of equipment into consideration,is free of acquiring accurate probability of traditional equipment failure,and models the uncertainty of the relationship between equipment.The proposed method not only supplements and improves the ESoSA contribution rate assessment method,but also broadens the application scope of the Bayesian network.

重庆针形绿茶滋味特征及主要贡献物质

滋味是评定茶叶品质的重要指标,为探索重庆针形绿茶滋味特征,该文通过检测分析绿茶主要呈味物质组分及含量,结合主成分及滋味物质贡献度进行分析。结果表明,重庆针形绿茶味感表现浓醇而鲜爽,总体品质较好。主要品质指标:水浸出物含量在45.2%~49.6%,多酚含量在14.7%~21.6%,游离氨基酸含量在2.8%~5.6%,咖啡碱含量在3.4%~4.7%(均为质量分数)。主成分分析表明,天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬酰胺、丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸12种氨基酸组分和没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin,EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)3个组分为重庆针形绿茶滋味主要特征成分。而通过滋味物质贡献度[浓度/阈值(dose-over-threshold,Dot)]分析出天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、GA、表没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)、ECG、EGC、儿茶素(catechin,D/L-C)对滋味的形成有重要贡献。滋味成分聚类分析表明永川、巴南两地的针形绿茶聚类效果较好。该研究为重庆针形绿茶品质成因及品质改善研究提供参考。

新《公司法》若干重要问题解读(笔谈)

新《公司法》修订所涉及的内容非常丰富,修订内容包括公司登记制度、股东出资责任、公司治理制度、公司资本制度、控股股东义务、董监高信义义务等方面。赵旭东教授指出,本次《公司法》修订在公司登记与信息公示制度、股东出资责任和法律后果、公司资本制度、公司治理制度、股东权益保护和控股股东义务这五个关键领域实现了重大突破和创新。周林彬教授集中解析了“国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定”一章,认为新《公司法》的亮点之一是通过新设这一章积极回应了我国国有企业治理的“本土实践”与“中国问题”,给出新时期国有企业治理的“中国方案”,推进了中国特色的国有企业治理制度的设计,重塑了国有企业的规范体系。刘凯湘教授对本次《公司法》修订中与公司资本制度相关的若干条文展开解析,包括限期认缴制、新增有限公司股东出资义务加速到期制度、股东违反出资义务的责任承担规则、董事会的催缴出资义务、股东失权制度、董监高对股东抽逃出资的连带责任、类别股的规定、授权资本制等。赵万一教授深入探讨了这次《公司法》修改的主要特点,认为新《公司法》既坚持了其商法属性,同时又充分考虑了《民法典》的既有制度内容,适当兼顾了与《民法典》之间的制度衔接关系,从而既为科学解决民法与商法的关系提供了理念和制度支持,也为中国式法律制度体系的创建提供了完美的立法实践样本。周友苏教授深入解析了新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的股东出资缴纳、股东出资“加速到期”、股东失权、股东出资责任这四条新规定,认为新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的这些新规定,积极回应了我国自2013年以来公司数量大幅增长所带来的股东盲目认缴、天价认缴、期限过长的现象突出,损害债权人利益的纠纷案件呈明显上升态势等问题,极大地强化了保护债权人的力度。李建伟教授深入解析了《公司法》修订中与法定代表人制度相关的若干条文,认为新《公司法》关于法定代表人的规定较之以往更加体系化,并有望基本解决困扰公司实践许多年的诸多难题,但其中亦存在不完全规范的问题。

《本草备要》药物十剂分类构成考察分析

唐代陈藏器《本草拾遗》药物十剂问世后,千余年间未能得到广泛传播和利用。研究表明,清代汪昂编撰《本草备要》时,大量标定药物十剂属性,并冠于药论之首,便于把握和选用;根据药物功能,提炼与药物功能吻合、单一或复合的十剂属性;大胆修改原十剂示范药物,扩充十剂属性的早期内涵。在充实和修改药物十剂方面做出了积极贡献。但因十剂去壅、去滞、去弱、去闭、去实、去怯、去脱、去着、去湿和去枯功能过于简约,且表达的象属性彼此重叠,随着归类后各剂药物数量的增加,超出原功能属性药物大量羼入,使十剂原始意涵发生不同程度的改变。故在阐明其学术价值和贡献时,应客观评价其得失。

基于生成式人工智能技术的对话机器人能促进在线协作学习绩效吗?

近年来,人工智能技术迅猛发展,对教育教学产生了巨大的冲击和影响,最引人注目的是基于生成式人工智能技术的对话机器人的兴起。为进一步提高在线协作学习绩效,研究旨在检验基于生成式人工智能技术的对话机器人对在线协作学习绩效、批判性思维意识及其知识激活量和贡献度的影响。研究邀请大学生参与在线协作学习,综合采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,深度分析对话机器人的影响。研究结果表明,基于生成式人工智能技术的对话机器人不仅在其知识激活量、贡献度方面明显优于传统媒体,而且也能够显著提升在线协作学习绩效和批判性思维意识。文章深入分析和讨论了研究结果,并提出若干启示和建议。

养老保险省级统筹对养老保险基金平衡的影响研究

提高基本养老保险统筹层次是增强养老金支付能力的重要改革举措,也是实现养老金制度安全规范发展的关键。文章基于养老保险省级统筹改革的准自然实验,利用2008-2019年中国A股上市公司数据,构建双重差分模型实证评估了养老保险统筹改革对企业实际缴费率及基本养老保险基金平衡的影响。研究发现:省级统筹显著降低了企业养老保险实际缴费率,该结果在更改变量度量方式、排除竞争性解释、考虑异质性处理效应等一系列稳健性检验中仍然成立。养老保险省级统筹在不同征管模式、企业类型及地区层面对企业养老保险实际缴费率存在异质性影响,对于社保征收和税务代征模式、劳动密集度高的企业、所在地区老龄化程度低和财政压力小的企业影响更明显。机制分析发现,市县政府由于“相对剥夺效应”和“逐底竞争效应”所产生的征管强度不足是造成省级统筹改革后企业缴费率下降的重要因素。进一步分析表明,省级统筹改革降低了基金收支平衡,并对中西部省份影响更明显。研究对于加强地方政府征管治理、促进养老保险基金平衡发展具有重要启示,为征管主体间利益关系的平衡及养老保险全国统筹的顺利推进提供了经验证据。

基于混合两阶段鲁棒的多微网合作优化运行

针对微网独立运行时面临运行成本高,受可再生能源出力和多能负荷功率不确定性影响大等问题,提出一种基于混合两阶段鲁棒优化的多微网合作运行方法。首先,为了应对源荷双重不确定性挑战,在传统两阶段鲁棒优化基础上,提出一种基于多场景数据的最恶劣概率场景驱动的混合两阶段鲁棒优化方法,并采用可并行计算列与约束生成(column and constraint generation,C&CG)算法来提高求解效率。然后,在建立的多微网点对点分布式能源交易系统框架上,根据纳什谈判理论构造多微网合作成本最小化问题和收益分配问题,并提出一种耦合可并行计算C&CG的交替方向乘子法进行求解。最后,根据各微网不同的贡献率,设计一种基于点对点电能交易贡献度的非对称纳什谈判机制来分配各微网的合作收益。算例结果表明,所提方法能兼顾系统的鲁棒性、经济性和隐私性,并实现每个微网公平合理的收益分配。

对标高等教育强国:我国高等教育系统关键指标的国际对比分析

对标世界高等教育强国,可以从发展水平和贡献能力两个方面来把握我国高等教育系统的发展状况。在发展水平方面,从体量规模、经费投入、师资队伍、国际化四个维度选择了十个关键指标进行国际对比分析;在贡献能力方面,从教育机会获得、满足社会发展需要、促进科技创新发展三个维度选择了七个关键指标进行国际对比分析。结果表明,改革开放以来,我国高等教育发展取得了一些成就,但是仍存在诸多问题,只有客观认识成就、准确研判问题,才能找到未来建设教育强国的发力点和突破点。

中国式现代化探索中顶层设计与实践探索之间关系的历史渊源与原创性贡献

推进中国式现代化是一个系统工程,需要正确处理一系列重大关系,顶层设计与实践探索就是其中的一对重大关系。人类现代化在处理这对关系上积累了一系列有益经验,原发现代化倚重自下而上的实践探索,而苏联计划经济推动的现代化则片面地倚重政府的顶层设计。中国式现代化汲取了这两种现代化的经验和教训,正确处理了顶层设计与实践探索的关系,中国式现代化的顶层设计以实践探索为基础,而实践探索又是以顶层设计为指导的实践探索。因此,推进中国式现代化必须进一步正确处理顶层设计与实践探索的关系。

国有企业在中国式现代化道路中的历史贡献和时代使命

国有企业是中国共产党发挥独特优势推进中国式现代化、探索人类文明新形态的重要工具。与“站起来—富起来—强起来”相对应,国有企业的历史贡献主要表现为:为建立完整的工业体系和国民经济体系发挥了关键作用;为国民经济以及民营经济发展提供了良好的外部条件;从提供发展环境到直接引领价值链、供应链、产业链变革。统筹推进新时代“五位一体”总体布局,国有企业需要全方位凸显使命担当。要在富足物质文明上,以全面强优大的新时代国有企业筑实中国式现代化的物质基础;在发展政治文明上,以坚持党的全面领导为社会主义制度提供物质支撑和政治保障;在富有精神文明上,做马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合的捍卫者;在提高社会文明上,做确保人民当家作主和促进全体人民共同富裕的推动者;在共建生态文明上,做践行习近平生态文明思想的支撑者和引领者。

习近平文化思想的科学内涵、价值意蕴与原创性贡献

确立习近平文化思想是推动实现中华民族伟大复兴的现实需要,也是正确应对国际领域复杂意识形态斗争的迫切需求。习近平文化思想深化了对文化本质和文化自信自强的认识,深化了对文化发展道路的认识,深化了对新时代文化使命的认识,深化了意识形态工作与党和国家中心工作之间关系的认识,深化了对意识形态阵地管理的认识。习近平文化思想回答了新时代我国文化建设举什么旗、走什么路、坚持什么原则、实现什么目标等根本问题,涵盖文化建设的方向、目标、道路、原则等重要方面,是相对完整的思想体系。要正确理解“两个结合”、特别是“第二个结合”,高度重视意识形态安全,在学思用贯通、知信行合一中把学习贯彻习近平文化思想引向深入。

土地经营权入股公司:股东出资、保本投资与配套制度

土地经营权入股发展农业产业化经营是深化农村土地制度改革的重要举措,也是促进农业适度规模经营、实现小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的重要途径。土地经营权入股公司应定性为股东出资行为,以公司法为基础,完善股东出资、法人运行与配套措施等方面的法律法规。在股东出资方面,应限定出资标的物范围,完善农村土地价值评估机制。在法人运行方面,为农民股东优先配置可转换的、可累积的及可参与嗣后分配的优先股以基本实现其“保底收益+按股分红”目的;为农民股东配置优先股赎回权、清算优先权与股份回购保险以基本实现“保本退出”目的。在配套措施方面,国家应灵活运用宏观调控措施以改善农业弱质性问题,完善农村社会保障制度以破除农民失地失业困境。

中国现代旧体打油诗词的戏仿手法

在中国现代旧体诗词创作中,带有戏谑性的打油诗词十分引人注目。而在打油诗词中,戏仿手法的广泛使用又成了一个艺术焦点。从创作动因来看,新文学家群体创作戏仿诗词主要为了强化旧体诗词的社会介入性,现代通俗文学家群体创作戏仿诗词主要为了发挥旧体诗词的娱乐消遣性,底层作家或业余作者创作戏仿诗词主要利用其快速便捷性。而这三种情形的区分是相对的,三位一体是常态。在戏仿诗词创作过程中,作者主要通过对经典诗词作品的模仿、改造、颠覆三个步骤建构新的戏仿诗词文本,同时借助现代报刊传媒的广泛传播实现戏仿的意图和效果。从文学史的效应来看,戏仿是中国现代旧体诗词文体演变和文体革新的重要途径,它不仅改造了旧体诗词的文体形式,而且扩大和提升了旧体诗词表现社会生活的广度和深度,为旧体诗词重新赢得了广大受众的支持和喜爱,对中华传统诗词的现代转型做出了积极贡献。

基础研究对生物医药企业科学产出的贡献研究——单篇论文属性划分视角

基础研究是核心技术的根基,尤其对于高科技企业的发展具有重要影响。如何准确地识别并测量研究开发中的基础研究对于探究基础研究的影响与作用机制具有重要意义。本文采用一种可定量衡量单篇论文基础程度的指标“LevelScore”,以全球生物医药企业作为研究对象,量化分析了其在2015—2017年引用和发表科学论文的研究性质与规律。研究结果表明,①基础研究为大部分生物医药企业的发展提供了重要参考与支撑,然而,同时进行基础研究和应用研究需要企业具备一定的规模和实力。中小型生物医药企业更倾向于从事极端基础或者极端应用的研究,而大型企业发表论文的基础程度居中。②生物医药企业科研产出的主要知识来源是基础研究而非应用研究,其科研活动对基础研究具有极强的依赖性,同时需要一定的应用研究支持。③生物医药企业的基础研究产出依赖于基础研究型的知识投入。④应用研究型的产出同样受益于基础研究型投入的支持;反之,则较难发生。这验证了基础研究在科技发展中的先导性和奠基性作用。