Effects of Planting Density and Cutting Time on Hay Yield and Nutritional Value of Forage Soybean HN389

Forage soybean is an important source of high protein forage.Variety screening and breeding not only can solve the adjustment of agricultural planting structure,but also can provide a large amount of high-protein forage material,and effectively solve the problem of a serious shortage of high-protein forage in herbivorous animal husbandry in China.In this study,the feeding-type soybean strain HN389 was selected as experimental material,with three planting densities of 270000,405000 and 540000 plants•hm^(-2) and three cutting periods of the initial pod stage(R1),the initial grain stage(R2)and the early mature stage(R3)were set to determine the yield and feeding quality,in order to obtain the best planting density and harvest time of the variety.The results showed that in forage soybean strain HN389 at the R1 and R2 stages,plant height increased with increasing planting densities,while fresh and dry weight per plant decreased with increasing planting densities,and there was no significant difference at the R3 stage.The yield of hay at the R1,R2 and R3 stages increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of planting densities,and the yield per hectare was R3>R2>R1.The order of contents of crude protein(CP),neutral detergent fibers(NDF)and acid detergent fiber(ADF)in feeding quality of HN389 were R2>R1>R3,and ether extract(EE)content order was R3>R1>R2,and there was no significant difference among different groups.Two principal components were extracted from five forage indexes including CP,NDF,ADF,EE and fresh grass yield by principal component analysis.The cumulative contribution rate of principal components 1 and 2 was 90.053%,and their characteristic values were 3.617 and 0.885,respectively.After a comprehensive evaluation,harvested at the R3 stage and the density was 405000 plants•hm^(-2),HN389 had the highest comprehensive score of 0.344,yield of 38035.53 kg•hm^(-2),CP,NDF,ADF and EE contents of 17.61%,17.61%,21.54%and 3.81%,respectively.

Active control of time-delay in cutting vibration

The system dynamics of turning processes can be described by a delay differential equation. How to improve the stability and suppress the vibration of cutting is of an interesting topic. In this paper, a multiple time-delay controller is developed based on discrete optimal control method for the turning vibrations control. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the efficiency of the controller. Results indicate the designed controller can suppress the cutting vibration efficiently and improve the stability of the cutting processes. The influence of designed time-delay and sampling time on the control performance is also discussed.

Solution and Analysis of Chatter Stability for End Milling in the Time-domain

In this paper, the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modeled to include the dynamic modulation caused by the tool vibration while the dynamic regenerative effects are taken into account. The numerical method is used to solve the differential equations goveming the dynamics of the milling system. Several chatter detection criteria are applied synthetically to the simulated signals and the stability diagram is obtained in time-domain. The simulation results in time-domain show a good agreement with the analytical prediction, which is validated by the cutting experiments. By simulating the chatter stability lobes in the time-domain and analyzing the influences of different spindle speeds on the vibration amplitudes of the tool under a Fixed chip-load condition, conclusions could be drawn as follows： In rough milling, higher machining efficiency can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed corresponding to the axial depth of cut in accordance with the simulated chatter stability lobes, and in Fmish milling, lower surface roughness can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed well beyond the resonant frequency of machining system.

带连通性约束的快速交互式Graph-Cut算法

Graph-Cut算法是图像及视频中经典且有效的前景和背景分离算法,针对其计算量较大导致实时性不佳、前景和背景颜色相似时分割结果易出现shrinking bias现象的问题,提出一种改进算法.该算法利用Mean-Shift技术对图像进行预处理,将原图像表示成基于区域的、而不是基于像素的图结构,预处理结果还可应用于后续的前景和背景颜色分布估计过程,使得计算量大大下降;在能量函数中引入了具有自适应权值调节功能的连通性约束项,有效地改善了shrinking bias现象,提高了分割结果的精确性.实验结果表明,文中算法具有良好的实时交互性,且分割效果更加稳定和精确.

局部颜色模型的交互式Graph-Cut分割算法

由于目前大多数交互式Graph-Cut分割算法很难达到精确分割且实时交互的效果.对此,提出一种基于局部颜色模型的改进算法.该算法利用Mean-Shift预分割,建立基于局部颜色模型的交互式分割框架,并将像素级的Graph-Cut算法转化为基于区域的算法进行快速求解.预分割之后的区域保持了原有图像的结构,不仅提高了采用局部颜色模型估计分布的准确性,而且基于区域Graph-Cut的算法明显降低了计算的复杂度.实验结果表明,改进后的算法不仅保证了分割的精确性,而且还达到了实时交互.

改进型双滤光片切换器(IR-CUT)测试机的设计

采用Microchip公司的16位高性能控制芯片,构建了改进型IR-CUT测试机,能实现多通道多次连续测试,测试时间间隔可调,支持三种供电电压模式选择。经过实践验证,测试机台运行稳定,测试过程安全可靠,方便常规作业。

Harvest Time and Fertility Effects on Yield and Quality of Forage from Alfalfa, Hybrid Bromegrass and Their Mixture

A field experiment with 24 treatments consisting of three perennial forage crops [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. AC Longview), hybrid bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm & Bromus inermis Leyss. cv. AC Success) and their mixture], four Cut 1 dates (approximately June 20, July 10, July 30 or August 20), and two fertilizer levels (unfertilized and fertilized) was established in late May 2014, on a Black Chernozem [Udic Boroll] silty clay soil. Forage dry matter yield [DMY], and concentration (g·kg−1 DM) of crude protein [CP], total digestible nutrients [TDN] and acid detergent fiber [ADF] data were collected over 3 years from 2015 to 2017. The fertilizer treatments were imposed in 2016 and 2017. Forage crops were initially cut at four Cut 1 dates, and again cut [Cut 2] in autumn (September 2 in 2015, November 7 in 2016 and October 5 in 2017). For all three forage crops, forage DMY usually increased when Cut 1 was delayed. Delaying Cut 1 reduced forage DMY for Cut 2. Total DMY (Cut 1 + Cut 2) for all three forage crops was highest from the combination of July 10 and late Autumn cuts. Alfalfa-bromegrass mixture produced higher DMY than bromegrass or alfalfa alone. Fertilizer application resulted in a significant increase in Cut 1 and total DMY for bromegrass. The CP concentration in Cut 1 forage usually declined as the forage crops matured. The CP concentration was highest for alfalfa, followed by alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, and much lower for bromegrass. There was little or no effect of forage crop maturity on the TDN and ADF concentrations in forage. The TDN concentration was higher and ADF concentration was lower in forage from alfalfa or alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass. Fertilizer application significantly increased CP concentration for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture. Delaying harvesting for Cut 1 increased ADF yield and TDN yield until Late July, but CP yield generally decreased with crop maturity. The ADF yield and TDN yield were higher for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass or alfalfa alone, and CP yield was similar for alfalfa and alfalfa-bromegrass mixture but considerably higher than bromegrass. Fertilizer application increased CP yield and ADF yield for bromegrass and alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, and TDN yield only for bromegrass. In conclusion, total DMY (Cut 1 + Cut 2) was highest for a combination of Early July and Autumn cuts. Forage yield was highest for alfalfa-bromegrass mixture, followed by alfalfa and lowest for bromegrass. The CP and TDN concentrations were higher, and ADF concentrations were lower in forage from alfalfa or alfalfa-bromegrass mixture than bromegrass.

On the Economic Benefits of Cut Roses Planting in Sanya

The study aims to promote the off-season cut roses industry in Hainan Province to the whole island and even whole China. Based on the production data in latest three years,the theory of time value was introduced to analyze the economic benefits of cut roses planting in South Hainan. According to the research findings,the cut roses create a NPV of $22 000 /667m2 with a net NPV rate of 34. 24%,an internal rate of return of 76. 36%,and a dynamic payback of 1. 05,bringing the farmers a revenue of $7 200 /667m2 per capita per year. Since the largescale planting of cut roses needs a high investment,it is suggested that the government should increase its support for the cut rose industry.

长视频的超级帧切割视觉内容解释方法

针对现有基于编码解码的视频描述方法存在的对视频较长、在视频场景切换频繁情况下视觉特征提取能力不足或关键性片段捕获能力不足等视频描述不佳的问题,提出一种基于超级帧切割长视频的视频字幕方法。首先,提出超级帧提取算法,计算关键视频时间占比率以满足视频浏览时长限制,缩短视频检索时间。然后,构建两层筛选模型以自适应提取超级帧,过滤冗余关键帧,执行多场景语义描述。将保留的关键帧嵌入周围帧,利用深层网络模型以及小卷积核池化采样域获取更多的视频特征,克服了经典视频标题方法不能直接用于处理长视频的困难。最后,通过用长短时记忆模型代替循环神经网络解码生成视频标题,给出视频内容的分段解释信息。在YouTube数据集视频、合成视频和监控长视频上进行测试,采用多种机器翻译评价指标评估了该方法的性能,均获得了不同程度的提升。实验结果表明,该方法在应对视频场景切换频繁、视频较长等挑战时,能够获得较好的片段描述。

Flexible Time Domain Averaging Technique

Time domain averaging(TDA) is essentially a comb filter,it cannot extract the specified harmonics which may be caused by some faults,such as gear eccentric.Meanwhile,TDA always suffers from period cutting error(PCE) to different extent.Several improved TDA methods have been proposed,however they cannot completely eliminate the waveform reconstruction error caused by PCE.In order to overcome the shortcomings of conventional methods,a flexible time domain averaging(FTDA) technique is established,which adapts to the analyzed signal through adjusting each harmonic of the comb filter.In this technique,the explicit form of FTDA is first constructed by frequency domain sampling.Subsequently,chirp Z-transform(CZT) is employed in the algorithm of FTDA,which can improve the calculating efficiency significantly.Since the signal is reconstructed in the continuous time domain,there is no PCE in the FTDA.To validate the effectiveness of FTDA in the signal de-noising,interpolation and harmonic reconstruction,a simulated multi-components periodic signal that corrupted by noise is processed by FTDA.The simulation results show that the FTDA is capable of recovering the periodic components from the background noise effectively.Moreover,it can improve the signal-to-noise ratio by 7.9 dB compared with conventional ones.Experiments are also carried out on gearbox test rigs with chipped tooth and eccentricity gear,respectively.It is shown that the FTDA can identify the direction and severity of the eccentricity gear,and further enhances the amplitudes of impulses by 35%.The proposed technique not only solves the problem of PCE,but also provides a useful tool for the fault symptom extraction of rotating machinery.

基于定切深和状态依赖时滞的共振冲击钻井系统动力学特性

为了研究共振冲击钻井系统的动力学特性,综合考虑钻柱的轴向动-静载复合冲击以及轴向冲击-周向扭转耦合运动,分别建立基于定切深方法和状态依赖时滞方法的钻进系统动力学模型。通过杜哈梅积分、四阶龙格-库塔方法对动力学模型求解,分析轴向简谐动载的频率和幅值对共振钻井系统动力学特性的影响;最后,基于数值求解结果和箱线图方法,对比分析两种钻进系统动力学模型特性差异。结果表明:在给定的初始条件下,当简谐动载频率从25 Hz提高到100 Hz时,钻进系统轴向方向的跳钻现象和扭转方向的黏滑效应明显减弱;当简谐动载幅值从30 kN提高到60 kN时,钻进系统轴向方向钻头跳钻现象频发,扭转方向黏滑效应加剧;在相同初始条件和简谐动载激励下,两种模型得到的动力学特性响应曲线无论是形状还是频率均存在差异,采用状态依赖时滞模型计算得到的数据点更加集中,更接近实际钻井工况;高频低幅的简谐动载能改善共振冲击钻井系统动力学特性,从而提高钻进效率。

Reproductive Development of Lotus tenuis (Fabaceae) Crop Defoliated at Different Times and Intensities

Lotus tenuis forage yield has been quantified under defoliation conditions in pastures, grasslands and under dual-purpose production of both livestock forage and seeds. However, little is known about the effects of defoliation management on L. tenuis flower and pod production and subsequent seed yield. Two field experiments were conducted to study the response of L. tenuis to defoliation at different flowering stages and intensities. In Experiment 1, crops were defoliated at the beginning of the flowering (DBF), mid-flowering (DMF) or full flowering (DFF). In Experiment 2, defoliation was in vegetative stage at low (LDI) or high (HDI) intensities. Defoliation in Experiment 1 neither affected plant cover nor the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the crop during pod production. There were less umbels with dehiscent (shattered) pods in the DFF treatment than in Control, DBF and DMF treatments. Flower peak occurred first in the Control, DBF and DMF treatments, and eight days later in DFF plots, however, seed yield was not affected (1324 ± 32.8 kg·ha-1). Defoliation intensity did not affect seed yield (962 ± 25.9 kg·ha-1) because of self-compensation which increased harvest index in HDI (14.5% ± 0.6%) compared to the Control and LDI (12.0% ± 0.3%) treatments. Plant survival was not affected by defoliation treatments in any of the experiments. Flowering can be synchronized through defoliation. The blooming of large numbers of flowers in a short time was achieved, reducing the number of shattered pods. Compensatory responses through plant plasticity conferred L. tenuis the ability to overcome defoliation without affecting seed yield. Lotus tenuis defoliation as management tool will be considered in future researches because it is possible to harvest forage and to increase seed yield through a reduction of shattered pods.

Dynamic Calibration of the Cutting Temperature Sensor of NiCr/NiSi Thin-film Thermocouple

In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.

孔洞缺陷对TC4切削加工影响的仿真研究

为研究孔洞缺陷对TC4材料切削加工的影响,使用有限元切削仿真方法对切削过程的应力应变、切屑形态和切削力特点和规律进行研究。通过热力耦合仿真、数据分析、时频分析等方法对含缺陷材料切削过程中的参数的研究,研究结果表明:位于切削路径上的缺陷,在切削完后缺陷处表面出现应力集中,位于切削路径上的缺陷处表面应力值相比无缺陷时明显减大;缺陷位于表层区域时,由于缺陷导致材料内部结构变化,切屑断裂,切屑形态剧烈变化;当缺陷位于切削路径上和表层区域时,切削至缺陷处时切削力发生突变,切削状态发生失稳,并且位于表层区域的缺陷对切削力的突变影响最大;最后通过Choi-Williams时频分析对含不同位置缺陷切削仿真得到的切削力信号进行分析,观察到不同位置缺陷情况下切削力波动的时频信号,判断缺陷的位置。

基于多因素分析的烘丝机智能调控研究

烘丝过程中影响出口烟丝水分和温度的干扰因素较多,为了保障出口烟丝水分与温度的稳定性,首先基于烘丝过程的历史数据,采用相关性分析方法对影响因子进行筛选。其次,选取出口烟丝水分和出口烟丝温度为目标值,通过对各机器学习模型的对比分析选取了能够快速建模与预测的极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)作为建模方法,以通过模型求解运算,得出预测值。最后,采用模拟退火(simulated annealing,SA)算法,实时优化热风风速和排潮风门开度的设定值,实现对出口烟丝水分和温度的预测和控制。实验结果表明,极限学习机模型的预测效果良好,预测当前出口水分的均方根误差为0.015,出口温度的均方根误差为0.638,误差较小,保障了烘丝机智能调控方法的调控精度。

基于STFF-ShuffleNet的掘进机截割头故障诊断

目的为了解决掘进机截割头故障振动信号信息量大且难以充分提取和现有的掘进机截割头故障诊断模型参数量多且计算量大,训练需要耗费大量时间,部署和使用对硬件设备的性能要求严苛的问题。方法提出一种小体积和运行速度快的轻量化网络模型时空特征融合(STFF)-ShuffleNet用于掘进机截割头故障诊断研究。ShuffleNet在模型进行时空特征提取时引入深度可分离卷积提高模型的运算效率,再对融合后的时空特征做通道混洗和分组卷积,既解决了通道分组的问题又提高了诊断精度。通过悬臂式掘进机截割头实验台模拟不同故障条件,将采集到的振动信号输入模型中进行测试。结果实验表明,STFF-ShuffleNet模型对掘进机截割头的诊断与其他传统模型相比参数量少,收敛速度快,运行效率更高,更容易满足掘进机截割头故障诊断高实时性要求,准确率达到99.3%。结论STFF-ShuffleNet模型对提高掘进机截割头故障诊断效率和降低硬件要求提供了一种新的解决思路。

Optimization of Injection Parameters for Profile Control and Flooding in an Oilfield during High Water Cut Period

In order to improve the effect of water control and oil stabilization during high water cut period, a mathematical model of five point method well group was established with the high water cut well group of an Oilfield as the target area, the variation law of water cut and recovery factor of different injection parameters was analyzed, and the optimization research of injection parameters of polymer enhanced foam flooding was carried out. The results show that the higher the injection rate, the lower the water content curve, and the higher the oil recovery rate. As the foam defoamed when encountering oil, when the injection time was earlier than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the better the oil displacement effect would be. When the injection time was later than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the worse the oil displacement effect would be. The larger the injection volume, the lower the water content curve and the higher the recovery rate. After the injection volume exceeded 0.2 PV, the amplitude of changes in water content and recovery rate slowed down. The optimal injection parameters of profile control agent for high water content well group in Oilfield A were: injection rate of 15 m3/d, injection timing of 80% water content, and injection volume of 0.2 PV.

基于混凝土切割面统计方法的纤维取向分布研究

纤维分布和取向是影响纤维增强混凝土力学性能的重要因素。本文采用混凝土切割面统计方法研究不同水胶比和振捣时间对钢纤维混凝土中纤维分布及取向的影响。结果表明:随着水胶比和振捣时间的增加,边壁效应对纤维分布影响减弱;高水胶比条件下纤维在垂直于振捣方向上出现了偏析现象(垂直方向上的不均匀分布),随振捣时间增加,偏析更显著;对于高性能混凝土,增加振捣时间有利于纤维的均匀分布,而普通混凝土应缩短振捣时间。此外,统计结果表明,钢纤维取向角分布呈现高斯分布规律,峰值处于40°~50°。当水胶比为0.45,振捣时间为20 s,纤维取向角在45°附近,纤维数量占比最大,纤维取向系数达到0.73。

金属矿山硬岩巷道分阶段掏槽爆破数值模拟研究

针对地下金属矿山深部硬岩强度高,掏槽难度大,掘进效率低下的问题,以首钢杏山地下铁矿巷道掘进项目为背景,基于数码电子雷管精准逐孔起爆,提出针对直眼桶形掏槽爆破的掏槽区孔内分段与孔间、孔内延时相结合的分阶段爆破方案。采用数值模拟以及现场试验方式,在现场原传统方案的基础上,对掏槽区炮孔进行孔内分段、孔间以及孔内微差起爆的分阶段起爆设置。通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立掏槽区三维模型,设置了原传统方案和3种分阶段方案进行模拟计算,对比分析了原传统爆破方案和分阶段方案在掏槽区的有效应力峰值演化情况。数值模拟结果表明:采用孔间短延时分阶段爆破方案能够改变有效应力峰值波动形态,与原传统方案相比,掏槽区沿炮孔方向岩体的有效应力峰值状态提升40%~57%,炮孔底部0~30 cm半径岩体有效应力峰值状态提升幅度在84%~92%。在数值模拟结果的基础上,开展了现场试验验证,现场试验表明:在矿石点位掘进中,采用孔间短延时微差起爆能够改善碎石挤死的现象,采用孔内短延时微差起爆能够提高抛掷能力,改善上段炮孔爆破后产生碎石的抛掷效果,避免影响后续炮孔爆破,在硬岩爆破中二者结合可以明显改善爆破效果,掏槽进尺提高28%;在岩石点位掘进中,采用孔间短延时,孔内长延时设置能获得良好的掘进效果。

多线切割保公差工艺对烧结钕铁硼永磁体表面质量的影响

采用多线切割保公差工艺切割烧结钕铁硼永磁体,利用SJ-410粗糙度仪、JMS-6010LA型扫描电子显微镜对微观形貌及表面粗糙度R_(a)进行表征。结果表明:随着进给速度增高和线速度的降低,金刚石磨粒压入深度减小,微观形貌由深犁沟、凹坑、破损变为浅犁沟、浅凹坑和破碎,材料去除机理由塑性去除变为塑性变形。粗糙度R_(a)随着进给速度和线速度的增高而减小;进给速度和线速度对法向载荷呈相反作用,在不同工艺参数下的材料去除方式中,塑性变形和塑性去除占据主导作用,进给速度10 mm/h和线速度1190 m/min的粗糙度最低,表面质量最优。切割时间只与进给速度有关,线弓随着进给速度增加,随线速度降低。