The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required ...The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.展开更多
Opportunistic networks are random networks and do not communicate with each other among respective communication areas.This situation leads to great difficulty in message transfer.This paper proposes a reducing energy...Opportunistic networks are random networks and do not communicate with each other among respective communication areas.This situation leads to great difficulty in message transfer.This paper proposes a reducing energy consumption optimal selection of path transmission(OSPT) routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.This algorithm designs a dynamic random network topology,creates a dynamic link,and realizes an optimized selected path.This algorithm solves a problem that nodes are unable to deliver messages for a long time in opportunistic networks.According to the simulation experiment,OSPT improves deliver ratio,and reduces energy consumption,cache time and transmission delay compared with the Epidemic Algorithm and Spray and Wait Algorithm in opportunistic networks.展开更多
This paper presents the evaluation of the “capacity to the total energy consumption per bit ratio” of multiple antennas systems with distributed fashion. We propose an adequate geometric channel modeling for the wir...This paper presents the evaluation of the “capacity to the total energy consumption per bit ratio” of multiple antennas systems with distributed fashion. We propose an adequate geometric channel modeling for the wireless communication system which operates in indoor propagation environment with scatterers. The channel model is derived in function of both the line of sight (LOS) and the non line of sight (NLOS) components. The aim of this paper is to study the limits in the gain concerning the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio when additional antennas are implemented in the communication system. To do so, we have evaluated by simulations both the capacity and the total energy consumption per bit. Then, we have determined the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio. Finally, the computational capacity to the total energy ratio is obtained for different system configurations. We have shown that the gain in capacity increases with the number of antennas but it stills be limited by the total energy consumption. The limits for increasing the number of transmit antennas are determined in function of the separation distances between the transmitter and the receiver sides of the communication system. Optimal power allocation strategy via water-filling algorithm has been carried out for evaluating the capacity to energy ratio. We find by simulation that optimal power allocation brings a gain in the addressed metric reaching a level of about 1.7 at transmit signal to noise ratio of 8 dB if comparing to the case when transmit energy is equally split among transmit antennas.展开更多
Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers ...Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China's energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.展开更多
目的探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)在维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis...目的探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)在维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者蛋白质能量消耗(protein energy wasting,PEW)的联合诊断价值。方法收集泰州市人民医院327例接受MHD治疗患者临床资料,根据国际肾脏营养和代谢学会(international society of renal nutrition and metabolism,ISRNM)诊断标准,将MHD患者分为PEW组和非PEW组。探索NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2在MHD患者PEW诊断中的应用价值。结果327例患者中有101例患者发生PEW,发生率为31%。PEW组患者体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、白蛋白、前白蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐、尿酸水平均低于非PEW组患者(Z/t=-5.358、-8.147、-5.363、-2.297、-4.168、-2.326,P<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、0.022、<0.001、0.020),年龄、NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平均高于非PEW组(Z/t=-2.753、-5.588、-4.672、-9.269,P=0.006、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001)。多因素二元Logistic逐步回归方程分析结果显示NLR(OR=1.094,95%CI:1.004~1.192,P=0.041)、PLR(OR=1.021,95%CI:1.009~1.033,P<0.001)、Lp-PLA2(OR=1.085,95%CI:1.056~1.114,P<0.001)水平是血液透析患者发生PEW的独立风险因子。NLR(95%CI:0.631~0.756,P<0.001)、PLR(95%CI:0.597~0.726,P<0.001)、Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.735~0.841,P<0.001)、NLR联合PLR(95%CI:0.650~0.775,P<0.001)、NLR联合Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.800~0.889,P<0.001)、PLR联合Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.782~0.875,P<0.001)、NLR联合PLR及Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.809~0.895,P<0.001)在ROC曲线下面积分别为0.693、0.662、0.788、0.713、0.844、0.829、0.852,NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2均对MHD患者发生PEW具有一定的诊断价值,且当三者联合时ROC曲线下面积为0.852(95%CI:0.809~0.895,P<0.001),诊断效能最大。结论NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平可作为MHD患者发生PEW的参考指标,加强对NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平的联合监测可为PEW的诊断及治疗提供干预证据。展开更多
文摘The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61379057,61073186,61309001,61379110,61103202)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.20120162130008)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2014CB046305)
文摘Opportunistic networks are random networks and do not communicate with each other among respective communication areas.This situation leads to great difficulty in message transfer.This paper proposes a reducing energy consumption optimal selection of path transmission(OSPT) routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.This algorithm designs a dynamic random network topology,creates a dynamic link,and realizes an optimized selected path.This algorithm solves a problem that nodes are unable to deliver messages for a long time in opportunistic networks.According to the simulation experiment,OSPT improves deliver ratio,and reduces energy consumption,cache time and transmission delay compared with the Epidemic Algorithm and Spray and Wait Algorithm in opportunistic networks.
文摘This paper presents the evaluation of the “capacity to the total energy consumption per bit ratio” of multiple antennas systems with distributed fashion. We propose an adequate geometric channel modeling for the wireless communication system which operates in indoor propagation environment with scatterers. The channel model is derived in function of both the line of sight (LOS) and the non line of sight (NLOS) components. The aim of this paper is to study the limits in the gain concerning the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio when additional antennas are implemented in the communication system. To do so, we have evaluated by simulations both the capacity and the total energy consumption per bit. Then, we have determined the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio. Finally, the computational capacity to the total energy ratio is obtained for different system configurations. We have shown that the gain in capacity increases with the number of antennas but it stills be limited by the total energy consumption. The limits for increasing the number of transmit antennas are determined in function of the separation distances between the transmitter and the receiver sides of the communication system. Optimal power allocation strategy via water-filling algorithm has been carried out for evaluating the capacity to energy ratio. We find by simulation that optimal power allocation brings a gain in the addressed metric reaching a level of about 1.7 at transmit signal to noise ratio of 8 dB if comparing to the case when transmit energy is equally split among transmit antennas.
基金the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (Grant No.70673069)the Ministry of Education’s philosophy & social sciences research project (Grant No.05JZD00018)
文摘Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China's energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.
文摘目的探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)在维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者蛋白质能量消耗(protein energy wasting,PEW)的联合诊断价值。方法收集泰州市人民医院327例接受MHD治疗患者临床资料,根据国际肾脏营养和代谢学会(international society of renal nutrition and metabolism,ISRNM)诊断标准,将MHD患者分为PEW组和非PEW组。探索NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2在MHD患者PEW诊断中的应用价值。结果327例患者中有101例患者发生PEW,发生率为31%。PEW组患者体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、白蛋白、前白蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐、尿酸水平均低于非PEW组患者(Z/t=-5.358、-8.147、-5.363、-2.297、-4.168、-2.326,P<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、0.022、<0.001、0.020),年龄、NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平均高于非PEW组(Z/t=-2.753、-5.588、-4.672、-9.269,P=0.006、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001)。多因素二元Logistic逐步回归方程分析结果显示NLR(OR=1.094,95%CI:1.004~1.192,P=0.041)、PLR(OR=1.021,95%CI:1.009~1.033,P<0.001)、Lp-PLA2(OR=1.085,95%CI:1.056~1.114,P<0.001)水平是血液透析患者发生PEW的独立风险因子。NLR(95%CI:0.631~0.756,P<0.001)、PLR(95%CI:0.597~0.726,P<0.001)、Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.735~0.841,P<0.001)、NLR联合PLR(95%CI:0.650~0.775,P<0.001)、NLR联合Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.800~0.889,P<0.001)、PLR联合Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.782~0.875,P<0.001)、NLR联合PLR及Lp-PLA2(95%CI:0.809~0.895,P<0.001)在ROC曲线下面积分别为0.693、0.662、0.788、0.713、0.844、0.829、0.852,NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2均对MHD患者发生PEW具有一定的诊断价值,且当三者联合时ROC曲线下面积为0.852(95%CI:0.809~0.895,P<0.001),诊断效能最大。结论NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平可作为MHD患者发生PEW的参考指标,加强对NLR、PLR、Lp-PLA2水平的联合监测可为PEW的诊断及治疗提供干预证据。