Palliative Local Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Tumor-stage Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma/ Mycosis Fungoides

Objective To determine the efficacy of palliative radiotherapy in treating tumor-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides(MF).Methods From January 2008 to January 2013,a total of 11 patients with tumor-stage MF were treated with local radiation therapy in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.The median age of these patients was 53.36±14.45 years.Female-male ratio was 1:1.2.The average course of disease was 10.82±3.37 years.All the patients were treated with local electronic beam irradiation with a total median dosage of 48.55±9.51(40-74) Gy in an average of 24.55±5.57(20-40) fractions,5 fractions per week.Results The median follow-up time was 55.27±29.3(13-103) months.No severe acute or chronic side effects of irradiation were observed.Complete clinical response(CR) rate of the radiated sites was 54.5%(6/11),partial response(PR) rate was 36.4%(4/11),and the overall response rate(CR+PR) was 90.9%.One patient showed no response.Conclusion Local radiotherapy with psolaren plus ultraviolet A and/or interferon maintaining treatment is an effective palliative therapy in the treatment of tumor-stage MF patients.

Low Dose Total Skin Electron Beam Radiation in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Review

The treatment of advanced stage MF is especially challenging as single agent overall response rates are in the 35% range and chronic recurrence is the rule. The treatment of CTCL across all stages of disease is aimed at the goal of achieving and sustaining remission. Increasingly, low dose total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) is being utilized as a skin directed component in combination therapy for advanced stage CTCL. Researchers are seeking to better define the utility of low dose TSEBT as a method of debulking skin disease while simultaneously treating other disease compartments and in combination with sustained maintenance therapies of both the skin directed and systemic varieties. Data exists showing the efficacy of low dose TSEBT in early and advanced disease. There is also data documenting prolonged treatment responses with TSEBT plus adjuvant skin directed therapies such as PUVA and topical nitrogen mustard. Emerging data examining the role of low dose TSEBT in the prestem cell transplant preparation is also promising. This brief review summarizes the utility of low dose TSEBT in multiagent treatment regimens in CTCL.

T-CELL RECEPTOR GENE REARRANGEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE PRIMARY CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA

Object: The present paper is to evaluate the significance of T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrange ments in primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (PCTCL) as detected by analysis of Southern Blot (SBA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Patients and Methods: Skin specimens and peripheral blood samples were taken from 44 patients with PCTCL, including 30 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF), 2 patients with Sezary's syndrome (SS), and 12 patients with PCTCL other than MF and SS (PNCTCL). 11 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of MF, 23 patients with lymphoproliferative dermatoses including lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and 8 patients with benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates were simultaneously studied by the amplification of junctional V (variable) J (joining) sequences of the rearranged TCRγ genes by PCR(TCRγPCR) and the analysis of TCRb chain genes by SBA(TCRβSBA) for detection of clonal gene rearrangements (GR). One lymph node specimen of a case with MF IIA was also detected by TCRγ PCR and TCRβSBA. Results: In MF, GR were detected by TCRγPCR and TCRβSBAb in 83.3 85.7% and 66.7% 71.4% of skin specimens of cases IIA IIB and in 57.1% 70.0% and 14.3% 10.0% of those of cases IA IB, respectively. GR were seen in 66.7% 71.4% and 33.3% 43.0.% of blood samples of cases IIA IIB, and 42.9% 40.0% and 0 10.0% of those of cases IA IB, respectively. GR was confirmed by TCRγ PCR and TCRβSBA in one lymph node showing dermato pathic lymphadenopathy of a case with MF IIA. In 11 patients of clinically suspected MF, GR were present in skin specimens of 5 cases (45.4%) and in blood samples of 3 cases ( 27.3% ) by TCRγ PCR. In PNCTCL, GR were found in 9 skin specimens (90.0%) from 10 patients detected by TCRγ PCR and in 6 skin specimens (75.0%) from 8 patients detected by TCRβSBA. GR were also seen in 6 blood samples (72.8%) from 11 patients detected by TCRγ PCR, and in 7 blood samples (70.0%) from 10 patients by TCRβSBA. In SS and LyP, GR were detected by TCRγ PCR and TCRβSBA in each of the two skin specimens of two cases with LyP and in each of the two blood samples of two cases with SS. GR were seen in one skin specimen of one case with SS and one blood sample of one case with LyP detected by TCRγPCR. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that TCRγ PCR is a rapid, more sensitive tool than TCRβSBA, can be used in the analysis of T cell clonality in skin, lymph node and blood samples of patients with PCTCL and indicated that this method forms a useful supplement to other methods for diagnosis of early and suspected MF, confirmation of PNCTCL and determination of extracutaneous involvement of lymph node and blood.

NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER REGIONS IN CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMAS

The present work studied the application of AgNOR count to differential diagnosis between cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and cutaneous pseudolymphoma (CPL). Paraffin sections from 50 mycosis fungoides (22 MFI-Premycotic stage, 24 MF Ⅰ infiltrative stage and 4 MF Ⅲ - tumor stage), 2 nonepidermotropic cutaneous T cell lymphoma (NECTCL) and 9 CPL were investigated. In each case, 200 cells randomly selected were examined using a × 100 oil immersion lens. The mean number, standard deviation and standard error of the mean of AgNOR counts were as follows: MFⅠ 1.17±0.09, SEM = 0.01; MⅡ 1.17±0.01, SEM = 0.01; MF Ⅲ. 3.55±0.87, SEM = 0.43; NECTCL 4.5±0.28, SEM -0.199; CPL 1.17±0.1, SEM ± 0.03. The results revealed a highly significant difference between CTCL (MFⅢ+NECTCL) and CPL (t = 4.75, P<0.001), tumor stage (MF Ⅲ) and pretumor stage (MFI, MF Ⅱ) of mycosis fungoides (t = 4.75, P<0.001). Thus. AgNOR count is valuable in differential diagnosis.

Primary Cutaneous Gamma Delta T Cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological Analysis

Primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGD-TCL) is a very uncommon and extremely aggressive tumor, and is described in the newly re-vised World health organization for research and treatment of cancer classification of cutaneous lymphomas. A 43-year-old male patient presented with a 4 months history of cutaneous lesion over upper lip, without plaque and any constitutional symptom. Histopathological examination of skin biopsy revealed infiltration of atypical lymphocytes with hyperchromatic irregular nuclei. Immunophenotyping pattern of skin biopsy was compatible with PCGD-TLC. It is a highly aggressive tumor resistant to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy. The GDTCL is characterized by a worse prognosis with a median survival of 15 months. Early diagnosis is essential and aggressive therapy is necessary.

Atypical Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorder: A Fatal Mimic of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with HIV Infection

Atypical cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder (ACLD) is a rare condition that has been associated with HIV infection. Patients with ACLD present with diffuse, erythematous and pruritic skin lesions accompanied by generalized lymphadenopathy. The clinical characteristics of ACLD overlap most notably with several other conditions including Mycosis Fungoides/Sézary Syndrome (MF/SS), a cutaneous lymphoma of T-cell lineage. Unlike Mycosis Fungoides, the noxious infiltrates of ACLD are not monoclonal but polyclonal and consist of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells instead of CD4+ T-cells or B-cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been reported to improve ACLD. We describe the case of a Caucasian man with longstanding HIV infection who presented with severe erythroderma. Skin and lymph node biopsies showed polyclonal CD8+ T-cell infiltrates. Gene rearrangement studies did not reveal an obvious clonal disorder. Hallmark peripheral blood findings consisting of a severe depletion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and markedly elevated CD8+ cells provided an important diagnostic clue. Despite the purported benefits of HAART in ameliorating this disorder, erythroderma and extreme pruritus improved only after the patient began taking mycophenolate mofetil and hydroxyurea. Unfortunately, he succumbed to complications of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. We alert readers to this rare HIV-associated condition which may mimic other benign and malignant skin conditions and briefly discuss diagnostic and therapeutic options.

Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma with subsequent leg involvement

Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma(CALCL)is regarded as an indolent type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.However,a few recent publications revealed that C-ALCL patients with initial leg involvement had significantly worse survival than those without initial leg involvement.Herein,we report a case of C-ALCL with subsequent leg involvement,which led to death after chemoradiation therapy.A 75 years old Japanese man presented with multiple erythematous nodules in his left arm and the side of his left chest.Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies led to the diagnosis of primary C-ALCL.At the initial diagnosis,no leg lesion was found.One year after the initial diagnosis,C-ALCL appeared in his right lower thigh and left hip.Radiation therapy,low-dose etoposide and CHOP therapy were performed;however,the patient died of malignant lymphoma 4 years after the initial diagnosis.We speculated that the occurrence of subsequent leg involvement may also be indicative of a worse prognosis,as in the case with initial leg involvement in C-ALCL.Therefore,we propose that C-ALCL patients with initial or subsequentleg involvement should be classified as a distinct clinicopathological variant of C-ALCL("leg-type"involvement)and that they may require intense therapy.

Natural killer reprogramming in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: Facts and hypotheses

To better understand the pathogenesis of Sézary cells, distinguish them from reactive skin-infiltrating T-cells and improve disease treatment, efforts have been made to identify molecular targets deregulated by the malignant process. From immunophenotypic analysis and subtractive differential expression experiments to pan-genomic studies, many approaches have been used to identify markers of the disease. During the last decade several natural killer(NK) cell markers have been found aberrantly expressed at the surface of Sézary cells. In particular, KIR3DL2/CD158 k, expressed by less than 2% of healthy individuals CD4+ T-cells, is an excellent marker to identify and follow the tumor burden in the blood of Sézary syndrome patients. It may also represent a valuable target for specific immunotherapy. Other products of the NK cluster on chromosome 19q13 have been detected on Sézary cells, raising the hypothesis of an NK reprogramming process associated with the malignant transformation that may induce survival functions.

TIGIT与相关皮肤疾病的研究进展

共抑制受体TIGIT由免疫球蛋白和免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序组成,主要表达在活化的T细胞和先天免疫淋巴细胞表面。TIGIT在黑素瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤等皮肤肿瘤中表达上调,与银屑病、特应性皮炎等炎症性皮肤病的疾病严重程度呈负相关。本文根据目前国内外研究现状,就TIGIT与相关皮肤病的研究进展进行综述。

Rothmund-thomson syndrome and cutan T-cell lymphoma in childhood

We report a 3-year-old girl suffering from RothmundThomson Syndrome (RTS). The patient at birth had multiplex anomalies: poikilodermatous rash, sceletal abnormalities: palatoschisis, micrognathi, aplasia radii, hypoplastic right and left thenar and thumbs, pesequinus on both site, ectopy renis. The patient in the later ages was detected dental malformation, facial dysmorfism. At the age 3, she had lasion in her muscle. After biopsy, histological examination showed cutan T-cell lymphoma. The patient is the first case who had cutan T-cell lymphoma associated with RTS in this young age.

皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤表观遗传学机制及临床应用

皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是最常见的原发皮肤淋巴瘤,阐明其发病机制已成为亟待攻克的重要课题。近20年的优秀研究成果,表明了表观遗传学在此类肿瘤发病及进展中至关重要的作用,不仅为临床早期诊断、预后判断提供了崭新思路,而且表观遗传学改变的可逆性也为药物疾病逆转提供了可能。本文将对本领域研究进行梳理与总结,以期对皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤表观遗传学机制研究与临床应用现状有一个清晰的展示。

CTCL患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群、血清sIL-2R及炎性因子的水平变化特点及意义

目的:探讨皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及血清可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)、炎性因子的水平变化特点及意义。方法:选取2013年1月至2018年1月在我院治疗的CTCL患者35例(CTCL组),同时选取炎症性皮肤病患者35例作为对照组,检测两组血清sIL-2R、B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞和NK细胞水平以及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)。结果:CTCL组血清sIL-2R为(770.15±87.44)U/ml,明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而B淋巴细胞为6.10(0.15～10.57)%,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);CTCL组和对照组T淋巴细胞和NK细胞比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CTCL组血清IL-6、TNF-α和CRP分别为110.02(67.39,230.03)pg/ml、(31.29±7.28)pg/ml和(36.60±6.10)mg/L,明显高于对照组(P<0.05);皮损改善患者治疗后sIL-2R为(230.04±78.11)U/ml,明显低于皮损未改善患者(P<0.05)。结论:CTCL患者血清sIL-2R、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP升高,而B淋巴细胞水平降低,其中sIL-2R与治疗效果有一定关系,值得进一步研究。

皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤的诊治进展

皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是一组异质性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,重要代表有蕈样肉芽肿(MF)和Sezary综合征(SS)。MF/SS的诊断主要依靠临床表现、皮肤组织病理、免疫组织化学染色、外周血流式细胞学分析、克隆性T细胞受体基因重排或其他克隆性检测。MF/SS的治疗需根据疾病分期进行阶梯性治疗,分为皮肤定向治疗和系统治疗。近年来,国内外专家针对MF/SS的诊疗提出新的见解和诊疗方案,且随着分子诊断方法、新型生物标志物、皮肤影像学、人工智能等领域的蓬勃发展,多种新型靶向及生物免疫治疗方法不断涌现。本文主要综述MF/SS的诊治进展,期待为临床应用提供新思路。

基于GC/MS的皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)异种移植小鼠血浆和皮肤组织的代谢组学分析

目的探讨皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,CTCL)异种移植小鼠血浆和皮肤组织代谢组的变化,寻找与其相关的差异代谢物。方法将21只Balb/c雌性裸鼠分为实验组和对照组,利用HH细胞(T细胞淋巴瘤ATCC CRL-2105)造模,基于GC/MS对CTCL荷瘤鼠的血浆和肿瘤组织样品进行代谢组学分析。结果共有62种差异代谢物,其中13种在血浆和组织样品中均有出现,结合课题组之前基于LC/MS的CTCL荷瘤鼠血浆和肿瘤组织的代谢组学的研究结果,有9种差异代谢物在GC/MS和LC/MS分析方法中同时出现。血浆中支链氨基酸和葡萄糖升高,血浆和肿瘤组织中3-磷酸甘油升高,血浆中鞘氨醇-1-磷酸盐降解的o-磷酸乙醇胺升高。结论62种差异代谢物可以提高对CTCL代谢物及其相关通路的认识,有助于CTCL的临床诊断。

原发性皮肤γδT细胞淋巴瘤并发噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症1例

报告原发性皮肤γδT细胞淋巴瘤并发噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症1例。患者女,33岁,左上臂结节1个月,下肢红斑伴发热1周。皮肤科检查:左上臂内侧皮肤红肿伴硬结节形成,约6~8 cm,皮温升高,触痛明显,中央可见一窦道渗出黄色透明液体。双下肢近踝部散在十余个大小不等红色结节性斑块,边界欠清,有明显压痛。皮损组织病理示真皮层异型淋巴样细胞浸润,免疫组化示CD3(+)、CD4(-)、CD5(+)、CD8(+)、CD56(-)、颗粒酶B(+)、TIA-1(+)、TCRγδ(+),Ki-67(约90%+)。骨髓穿刺活检示粒系成熟障碍,红系增生明显活跃,网状细胞中可见噬血细胞。TCRG基因重排检测在目标条带范围内可见单克隆性扩增峰。PET-CT示全身多发淋巴结增大。诊断:原发性皮肤γδT细胞淋巴瘤并发噬血性淋巴组织细胞增多症。予CHOP+VP-16联合化疗方案2周后,体温恢复正常,皮损逐渐消退,遂定期随访。随访时患者症状多次反复,复查仍反复有新发病灶,多次更改化疗方案未见明显好转,遂于1年后行造血干细胞移植术。现患者症状控制平稳,仍在随访中。

皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤与皮肤的结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的对比研究

目的:通过对20例皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤(subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma,SPTL)和19例皮肤的结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的对比研究,加深对2者的认识。方法:从临床病理、免疫标记、EB病毒(Epstein-Barrvirus,EBV)感染和T细胞受体(T-cell receptor,TCR)基因重排等多个方面对2者进行比较。结果:临床表现上2者不易鉴别,但皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤常伴皮肤外播散、预后差;组织学上,SPTL常严格局限于皮下脂肪组织,而皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤以真皮为中心形成弥漫性浸润,常累及皮下脂肪层,更易于见到大片凝固性坏死、血管中心性浸润和亲表皮现象;免疫表型上,SPTL常表达βF1、膜型CD3、CD8,不表达CD4、CD56,而大部分皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤则表达CD56和细胞质CD3ε,仅少数表达膜型CD3、CD8。CD56、CD3、CD8和βF1的表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SPTL患者中检出EBER1/2原位杂交阳性,而皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤100%病例为阳性,2者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SPTL患者中检出TCR-γ基因克隆性重排,而皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者仅有4/18例(22.2%)检出重排,2者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:有无皮肤外播散,组织学上有无大片凝固性坏死、血管中心性浸润和亲表皮现象,是否表达免疫组织化学标记CD56、CD3、CD3ε、CD8和βF1,EB病毒原位杂交阳性与否,以及TCR-γ克隆性重排检出与否,均可作为SPTL和皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的鉴别要点。准确鉴别2者需综合临床、组织病理学、免疫表型、EB病毒感染和基因重排等结果进行全面分析。

原发性皮肤CD_(30)^+间变性大T细胞淋巴瘤1例

报告 1例罕见的原发于皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。患者女 ,18岁 ,头顶部不明原因的反复出现结节状肿物。病理检查 ,免疫组织化学染色瘤细胞CD3 0 + 、CD3 + 、LCA+ 、EMA+ 、CEA-、CD2 0 -。对肿瘤局部放射治疗效果满意。

6例皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤临床病理特征及治疗分析

目的:观察皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤(SPTCL)的临床特点、病理及免疫表型,探讨其有效的治疗方法及预后因素。方法:回顾性分析6例SPTCL患者临床、病理特征及治疗疗效。结果:6例患者均表现为不同部位皮下结节和(或)硬结性红斑,伴或不伴淋巴结肿大。其中2例侵犯骨髓,2例EBV阳性,5例伴有发热。所有患者均有典型的病理学和免疫表型改变,肿瘤细胞浸润皮下小叶及脂肪组织,镜下淋巴瘤细胞花环状围绕单个脂肪细胞排列,中等或大细胞,染色质浓染细胞表达T细胞标记物CD3及CD45RO,不表达B细胞标志物CD20及CD79a,1例CD56阳性,3例TIA-1阳性,4例GranzymeB阳性,3例初始治疗应用CHOP均效果差未达到持续缓解,应用含吉西他滨方案治疗初治和复发患者4例,3例完全缓解(CR),1例部分缓解(PR),均未出现严重血液学毒性。1例合并噬血细胞综合征(HPS)和EBV感染者死亡。结论:含吉西他滨的联合化疗方案是一种对初治及复发SPTCL均有效的治疗方法。伴HPS、合并EBV感染是其不良预后因素。

干扰素联合窄谱中波紫外线治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤16例

目的:观察干扰素(IFN)-α联合窄谱中波紫外线(NB-UVB)治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤的临床疗效。方法:对16例皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤患者采用重组人IFN-α联合NB-UVB治疗。结果:治疗后16例患者完全缓解率为37.5%,有效率为87.5%,无明显不良反应。结论:IFN-α联合NB-UVB治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤是一种安全有效的方法。

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例

患儿女,5岁。面部、手背反复发作红斑、水疱4年,皮疹消退后遗留下痘疮样萎缩性瘢痕。血清抗EBVIgG(+)、EBV IgM(-)。皮损组织病理示:真皮全层及皮下脂肪弥漫性淋巴细胞浸润,伴少量嗜酸性粒细胞,可见核分裂象。免疫组化示LCA(+)、UCHL1(+)、CD3(+)、CD5(+)、CD10(+)、CD99(弱+)。基因重排检测示:TCR-γ基因JVI(+)、JVII(弱+)。诊断:种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。明确诊断后转至本院血液科,予CHOP方案化疗,现随访中。