Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological co...Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.展开更多
The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoro...The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively correlated with plant drought tolerance.展开更多
Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax f...Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax forms a protective barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants against environmental stresses.ABCG11encodes an ATP binding cassette(ABC) transporter that functions in the cuticular wax transport pathway.In this study,Zx ABCG11 from the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum was introduced into alfalfa by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Compared to the wild type(WT),transgenic alfalfa displayed faster growth,higher wax crystal density,and thicker cuticle on leaves under normal condition.Under either drought or heat treatment in greenhouse conditions,the plant height and shoot biomass of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of the WT.Transgenic alfalfa showed excellent growth and 50% greater hay yield than WT under field conditions in a hot,arid region.Overexpression of Zx ABCG11 up-regulated wax-related genes and resulted in more cuticular wax deposition,which contributed to reduction of cuticle permeability and thus increased water retention and photosynthesis capacity of transgenic alfalfa.Thus,overexpression of Zx ABCG11 can simultaneously improve biomass yield,drought and heat tolerance in alfalfa by increasing cuticular wax deposition.Our study provides a promising avenue for developing novel forage cultivars suitable for planting in hot,arid,marginal lands.展开更多
To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Deli...To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Delicious')fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis,the expression of genes related to fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,ethylene production rate,respiration rate,wax constituents and structure,and fruit quality were determined at harvest and during cold storage.The results showed that 1-MCP inhibited the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling-related genes,decreased fruit ethylene production,and inhibited the expression of Md LACS1,Md CER6,Md CER4 and Md WSD1,which resulted in decreases in alcohols,acids,and esters content in fruit cuticular wax.1-MCP also reduced fruit dropping rate from 17.17%to 12%;maintained fruit firmness,soluble solids,titratable acidity during cold storage;showed about as one fifth in the total length and one third in the widest width of wax crack as that in control at harvest.In contrast,Ethephon produced the opposite effects.In conclusion,1-MCP inhibited fruit ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,and influenced fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis.Thus,the fruit cuticular wax constituents and structure was altered,and the fruit quality were maintained at harvest and during cold storage.The results provide a new technology for improving apple fruit harvest and postharvest quality by preharvest application of sprayable 1-MCP.展开更多
Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reti...Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reticulata)has a significantly higher postharvest water loss rate than ZK(Poncirus trifoliata).Here,we investigated the fruit water loss rate of the HJ×ZK F1pseudo-testcross population in 2016 and 2019.QTL mapping for fruit water loss rate was performed by high-density genetic map and bulk segregant analysis,and QTL9 was identified to be associated with fruit water loss.The expression of NAC042 from QTL9 in ZK was 170-fold that in HJ.Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis showed that NAC042could reduce the water loss of leaves by increasing the cuticular wax content(especially alkanes).Further expression analysis revealed that NAC042 could enhance the expression of many wax-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves,including AtKCS1,AtKCS2,AtKCS9,AtKCS20,At CER1 and At CER3.Therefore,NAC042 might be involved in fruit cuticular wax synthesis to reduce fruit water loss.The findings provide new insights into the regulation of cuticular wax and fruit water loss as well as valuable information for breeding of citrus with better storability.展开更多
Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-...Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2,were isolated from Brassica napus.Transcription of BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 in B.napus were induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and drought treatment,while transcription of BnCER1-2 was induced only by drought treatment.All three gene transcripts decreased significantly when plants were treated with methyl jasmonate(MeJA)or subjected to cold stress.Overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax on transgenic B.napus leaves.BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 overexpression led to similar differences from non-transformed plants,with significantly higher levels of aldehydes(C29 and C30),alkanes(C28,C29,and C31)and secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and a significantly lower level of C29 ketone.Overexpression of BnCER1-2 led to an increase in alkanes(C27,C28,C29,and C31),a decrease in secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and insignificant changes in other wax components.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 in B.napus resulted in a higher density of wax crystals on the leaf surface than observed in non-transformed plants.Transgenic plants showed a reduced rate of water loss and increased drought tolerance compared to non-transformed plants.These results suggest that BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 gene products can modify the cuticular wax of B.napus.Changing cuticular waxes using transgenic approaches is a new strategy for genetic improvement of plant drought tolerance and provides an opportunity for development of B.napus as a surface-wax crop.展开更多
Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular ...Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular wax constitutes the first physical line of defense against herbivores.Here,we report the function of Glossy 8(ZmGL8),which encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase belonging to the fatty acid elongase complex,in orchestrating wax production and jasmonic acid(JA)-mediated defenses against herbivores in maize(Zea mays).The mutation of GL8 enhanced chemical defenses by activating the JA-dependent pathway.We observed a trade-off between wax accumulation and JA levels across maize glossy mutants and 24 globally collected maize inbred lines.In addition,we demonstrated that mutants defective in cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize exhibit enhanced chemical defenses.Comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that the gl8 mutant confers chemical resistance to herbivores by remodeling VLCFA-related lipid metabolism and subsequent JA biosynthesis and signaling.These results suggest that VLCFA-related lipid metabolism has a critical role in regulating the trade-offs between cuticular wax and JA-mediated chemical defenses.展开更多
Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a ric...Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a rice leaf wax-deficient mutant osgll-1 derived from a spontaneous mutation, which exhibited a wax-deficient and highly hydro- philic leaf phenotype. We cloned the OsGLI-1 gene by the map-based cloning method and performed a complementation test to confirm the function of the candidate gene. Molecular studies revealed that OsGLI-1 was a member of the OsGL1 family, and contained regions that were homologous to some regions in sterol desaturases and short-chain dehydro- genases/reductases. Compared to the wild-type, the osgll-1 mutant showed decreased cuticular wax deposition, thinner cuticular membrane, decreased chlorophyll leaching, increased rate of water loss, and enhanced sensitivity to drought. OsGL 1-1 is expressed ubiquitously in rice. The transient expression of OsGLl-l-green fluorescent protein fusion protein indicated that OsGLI-1 is localized in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus.展开更多
White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defe...White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defensive enzymes activities of immune(Chrysanthemum makinoi var.wakasaense)and highly susceptible(Ajania shiwogiku var.kinokuniense)species were compared.Trichome density of two species was markedly different,negatively associated with plant resistance to P.horiana.Total wax load in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was two times more than that in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense.The wax composition in immune one was abundant in esters and primary alcohols.Superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),polyphenoloxidase(PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL,EC 4.3.1.5)activitieswere investigated.In C.makinoi var.wakasaense,the activity of SOD and POD increased rapidly after inoculation,whichmight be non-host induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)activated antioxidant enzymes,however SOD and POD remained a low and steady level in the highly susceptible one after inoculation.Quick increase in PPO activities after inoculation was observed in both species,however it remained higher in C.makinoi var.wakasaense at the late period of inoculation.PAL in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was induced after pathogen inoculation,but not in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense,suggesting that these two enzymes might contribute to the resistance to P.horiana.展开更多
Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting plants against water loss and pathogen infection and in the adaptations to environmental stresses. The genetic mechanism of the biosynthesis and accumulation of epic...Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting plants against water loss and pathogen infection and in the adaptations to environmental stresses. The genetic mechanism of the biosynthesis and accumulation of epicuticular wax in rice remains largely unknown. Here, we show a spontaneous mutant displaying wax crystal-sparse leaves and decreased content of epicuticular wax that was derived from the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) restorer line Zhenhui 714. Compared with the wild type Zhenhui 714, the mutant exhibited hydrophilic features on leaf surface and more sensitivity to drought stress. The mutation also caused lower grain number per panicle and thousand grain weight, leading to the decline of yield. Genetic analysis indicates that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene, named wax crystal-sparse leaf3 (wsl3). Using segregation populations derived from crosses of mutant/Zhendao 88 and mutant/Wuyujing 3, respectively, the wsl3 gene was fine-mapped to a 110-kb region between markers c3-16 and c3-22 on chromosome 3. According to the rice reference genome and gene analysis, we conclude that a novel gene/mechanism involved in regulation of rice cuticular wax formation.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2021JD02)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000607)。
文摘Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.
基金supported by Professor Zhukuan Cheng from Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciencessupported by the Funds of Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2022LZGC006)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2023LZGC006)。
文摘The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively correlated with plant drought tolerance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1003200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31730093)。
文摘Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax forms a protective barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants against environmental stresses.ABCG11encodes an ATP binding cassette(ABC) transporter that functions in the cuticular wax transport pathway.In this study,Zx ABCG11 from the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum was introduced into alfalfa by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Compared to the wild type(WT),transgenic alfalfa displayed faster growth,higher wax crystal density,and thicker cuticle on leaves under normal condition.Under either drought or heat treatment in greenhouse conditions,the plant height and shoot biomass of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of the WT.Transgenic alfalfa showed excellent growth and 50% greater hay yield than WT under field conditions in a hot,arid region.Overexpression of Zx ABCG11 up-regulated wax-related genes and resulted in more cuticular wax deposition,which contributed to reduction of cuticle permeability and thus increased water retention and photosynthesis capacity of transgenic alfalfa.Thus,overexpression of Zx ABCG11 can simultaneously improve biomass yield,drought and heat tolerance in alfalfa by increasing cuticular wax deposition.Our study provides a promising avenue for developing novel forage cultivars suitable for planting in hot,arid,marginal lands.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772024)。
文摘To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Delicious')fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis,the expression of genes related to fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,ethylene production rate,respiration rate,wax constituents and structure,and fruit quality were determined at harvest and during cold storage.The results showed that 1-MCP inhibited the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling-related genes,decreased fruit ethylene production,and inhibited the expression of Md LACS1,Md CER6,Md CER4 and Md WSD1,which resulted in decreases in alcohols,acids,and esters content in fruit cuticular wax.1-MCP also reduced fruit dropping rate from 17.17%to 12%;maintained fruit firmness,soluble solids,titratable acidity during cold storage;showed about as one fifth in the total length and one third in the widest width of wax crack as that in control at harvest.In contrast,Ethephon produced the opposite effects.In conclusion,1-MCP inhibited fruit ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,and influenced fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis.Thus,the fruit cuticular wax constituents and structure was altered,and the fruit quality were maintained at harvest and during cold storage.The results provide a new technology for improving apple fruit harvest and postharvest quality by preharvest application of sprayable 1-MCP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31772368,31972473)China Agriculture Research System of MOFMARA。
文摘Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reticulata)has a significantly higher postharvest water loss rate than ZK(Poncirus trifoliata).Here,we investigated the fruit water loss rate of the HJ×ZK F1pseudo-testcross population in 2016 and 2019.QTL mapping for fruit water loss rate was performed by high-density genetic map and bulk segregant analysis,and QTL9 was identified to be associated with fruit water loss.The expression of NAC042 from QTL9 in ZK was 170-fold that in HJ.Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis showed that NAC042could reduce the water loss of leaves by increasing the cuticular wax content(especially alkanes).Further expression analysis revealed that NAC042 could enhance the expression of many wax-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves,including AtKCS1,AtKCS2,AtKCS9,AtKCS20,At CER1 and At CER3.Therefore,NAC042 might be involved in fruit cuticular wax synthesis to reduce fruit water loss.The findings provide new insights into the regulation of cuticular wax and fruit water loss as well as valuable information for breeding of citrus with better storability.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(31771694,31670407)the Chongqing Basic and Advanced Research Project(cstc2018jcyj AX0263,cstc2016jcyj A0170)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(XDJK2017B028)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)
文摘Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2,were isolated from Brassica napus.Transcription of BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 in B.napus were induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and drought treatment,while transcription of BnCER1-2 was induced only by drought treatment.All three gene transcripts decreased significantly when plants were treated with methyl jasmonate(MeJA)or subjected to cold stress.Overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax on transgenic B.napus leaves.BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 overexpression led to similar differences from non-transformed plants,with significantly higher levels of aldehydes(C29 and C30),alkanes(C28,C29,and C31)and secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and a significantly lower level of C29 ketone.Overexpression of BnCER1-2 led to an increase in alkanes(C27,C28,C29,and C31),a decrease in secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and insignificant changes in other wax components.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 in B.napus resulted in a higher density of wax crystals on the leaf surface than observed in non-transformed plants.Transgenic plants showed a reduced rate of water loss and increased drought tolerance compared to non-transformed plants.These results suggest that BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 gene products can modify the cuticular wax of B.napus.Changing cuticular waxes using transgenic approaches is a new strategy for genetic improvement of plant drought tolerance and provides an opportunity for development of B.napus as a surface-wax crop.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China to Chun-Peng Song (U21A20206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102187)+4 种基金Hainan Province Joint Cultivation Project (2021JJLH0014)to Xi Zhangthe Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (SCKJ-JYRC-2022-78) to Bao Zhu Lithe Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in the University of Henan Province (21IRTSTHN019) to Siyi Guothe Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (111 Project, number D16014)Henan Province Key Research and Development Project (221111112200) to Shutang Zhou and Xi Zhang
文摘Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular wax constitutes the first physical line of defense against herbivores.Here,we report the function of Glossy 8(ZmGL8),which encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase belonging to the fatty acid elongase complex,in orchestrating wax production and jasmonic acid(JA)-mediated defenses against herbivores in maize(Zea mays).The mutation of GL8 enhanced chemical defenses by activating the JA-dependent pathway.We observed a trade-off between wax accumulation and JA levels across maize glossy mutants and 24 globally collected maize inbred lines.In addition,we demonstrated that mutants defective in cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize exhibit enhanced chemical defenses.Comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that the gl8 mutant confers chemical resistance to herbivores by remodeling VLCFA-related lipid metabolism and subsequent JA biosynthesis and signaling.These results suggest that VLCFA-related lipid metabolism has a critical role in regulating the trade-offs between cuticular wax and JA-mediated chemical defenses.
文摘Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a rice leaf wax-deficient mutant osgll-1 derived from a spontaneous mutation, which exhibited a wax-deficient and highly hydro- philic leaf phenotype. We cloned the OsGLI-1 gene by the map-based cloning method and performed a complementation test to confirm the function of the candidate gene. Molecular studies revealed that OsGLI-1 was a member of the OsGL1 family, and contained regions that were homologous to some regions in sterol desaturases and short-chain dehydro- genases/reductases. Compared to the wild-type, the osgll-1 mutant showed decreased cuticular wax deposition, thinner cuticular membrane, decreased chlorophyll leaching, increased rate of water loss, and enhanced sensitivity to drought. OsGL 1-1 is expressed ubiquitously in rice. The transient expression of OsGLl-l-green fluorescent protein fusion protein indicated that OsGLI-1 is localized in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus.
基金supported by Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(18)2020]the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31672192 and 31700620)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000402)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.KJQN201812).
文摘White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defensive enzymes activities of immune(Chrysanthemum makinoi var.wakasaense)and highly susceptible(Ajania shiwogiku var.kinokuniense)species were compared.Trichome density of two species was markedly different,negatively associated with plant resistance to P.horiana.Total wax load in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was two times more than that in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense.The wax composition in immune one was abundant in esters and primary alcohols.Superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),polyphenoloxidase(PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL,EC 4.3.1.5)activitieswere investigated.In C.makinoi var.wakasaense,the activity of SOD and POD increased rapidly after inoculation,whichmight be non-host induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)activated antioxidant enzymes,however SOD and POD remained a low and steady level in the highly susceptible one after inoculation.Quick increase in PPO activities after inoculation was observed in both species,however it remained higher in C.makinoi var.wakasaense at the late period of inoculation.PAL in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was induced after pathogen inoculation,but not in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense,suggesting that these two enzymes might contribute to the resistance to P.horiana.
基金supported by grants from Jiangsu Province Self-innovation Program,China (CX(13)5073)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20141291)the Jiangsu 333 Program,China (BRA2014170)
文摘Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting plants against water loss and pathogen infection and in the adaptations to environmental stresses. The genetic mechanism of the biosynthesis and accumulation of epicuticular wax in rice remains largely unknown. Here, we show a spontaneous mutant displaying wax crystal-sparse leaves and decreased content of epicuticular wax that was derived from the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) restorer line Zhenhui 714. Compared with the wild type Zhenhui 714, the mutant exhibited hydrophilic features on leaf surface and more sensitivity to drought stress. The mutation also caused lower grain number per panicle and thousand grain weight, leading to the decline of yield. Genetic analysis indicates that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene, named wax crystal-sparse leaf3 (wsl3). Using segregation populations derived from crosses of mutant/Zhendao 88 and mutant/Wuyujing 3, respectively, the wsl3 gene was fine-mapped to a 110-kb region between markers c3-16 and c3-22 on chromosome 3. According to the rice reference genome and gene analysis, we conclude that a novel gene/mechanism involved in regulation of rice cuticular wax formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772042)Ramóny Cajal grant(RYC2020-030365-I)+1 种基金Xunta de Galicia for supporting the program(Excelencia-ED431F2022/01)the Key Research&Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C02015).