Comparative Study of the Rock-breaking Mechanism of a Disc Cutter and Wedge Tooth Cutter by Discrete Element Modelling

The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important to carry out the research on the stress characteristics and optimize the cutter parameters of cutters break high-strength hard rock.In this paper,the rock-breaking performance of cutters in an andesite stratum in the tunnel of Qingdao Metro Line No.8 was investigated using the discrete element method and theoretical analysis.The rock-breaking processes of a disc cutter and wedge tooth cutter were simulated by software particle flow code PFC^(3D),and the rock-breaking degree,stress of the cutter,and rock-breaking specific energy were analyzed.The rock damage caused by the cutter in a specific section was divided into three stages:the advanced influence,crushing,and stabilizing stages.The rock-breaking degree and the tangential and normal forces of the wedge tooth cutter are larger than that of the disc cutter under the same conditions.The disc cutter(wedge tooth cutter)has the highest rock-breaking efficiency at a cutter spacing of 100 mm(110 mm)and a penetration depth of 8 mm(10 mm),and the rock-breaking specific energy is 11.48 MJ/m^(3)(12.05 MJ/m^(3)).Therefore,two types of cutters with different penetration depths or cutter spacing should be considered.The number of teeth of wedge tooth cutters can be increased in hard strata to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the shield.The research results provide a reference for shield cutterhead selection and cutter layout in similar projects.

Experimental investigation on hard rock fragmentation of inserted tooth cutter using a newly designed indentation testing apparatus

This investigation aims to explore the effects of stress conditions and rock cutting rates on hard rock fragmentation through indentation tests on a newly designed triaxial testing apparatus.This apparatus was designed to realize a triaxial loading and indentation test of cylindrical specimens using inserted tooth cutter.The boreability and crushing efficiency of granite rock was investigated by analyzing the change rules of the thrusting force,penetration depth,characteristics of chippings and failure patterns.Several quantitative indexes were used to evaluate rock boreability in this investigation.The granite rock samples all had a chiselled pit and a crushed rock core.Under initial stress conditions,only flat-shape chippings were stripped from the rock surface when the thrusting force reached 20 kN.The rock cutting special energy had a close correlation with the initial stress conditions and inserted tooth shape.Moreover,a thrusting force prediction model was proposed in this paper.The contribution of this study is that for the first time the influence mechanism of the initial triaxial stress conditions on rock fragmentation is investigated using an inserted tooth and the newly designed testing apparatus.This study has a crucial importance for practical underground hard rock crushing in geoengineering.

The Design of Form Milling Cutter as the Curve of the Back of Tooth Is Logarithmic Spiral

Form milling cutter is built-for-purpose cutter which process the form surface, for example, usually process male and female circular arc face and form trench and so on. From the traditional concept, form milling cutter is divided into pointed tooth and relieving follow its structure. Relieving shaped cutter is more convenient than pointed tooth milling cutter, because only its rake face is needed to grind after it turn into blunting, so the current books which are used in college almost select relieving shaped cutter in order to introduce how to design the form milling cutter.The curve of the back of tooth of relieving cutter is the transversal which is formed by the rear face of tooth in the end cut plane of the milling cutter. In the past, because of the limit of the manufacturing technology, the curve of the back of tooth is often selected Archimedes’ curve, in order that the shovel-nose tool acquire the uniform motion when the cutter shovel the back, in other word, the rear face of the milling cutter rotate its axis by the new cutting lip, in the same time, it move uniformly to the axis in order to form the surface. Although this curve of the back of tooth meet the fixedness of the form of blade around grinding the cutter, the rear angle of the dot of the cutting lip don’t keep fixedness. With the development of the modern manufacturing technology, the unmanageable problem of many complex curves is already easily solved. So it is need to study the optimum profile of the curve of the back of tooth in theory, and study the design theory of the relieving shaped cutter under the condition of new manufacture, in order to ensure that the rear angle of the dot of the cutting lip keep fixedness after the relieving shaped cutter is grinded. The paper derive the curve profile of tooth of the form cutter and the modifier calculation formula of the profile of the cutter edge from the definition of the rear angle of the cutter, which establish the foundation for the precision design and manufacture of other form cutter.

THEORETICAL TOOTH PROFILE AND ITS SUBSTITUTE CURVE OF THE PINION CUTTER FOR PINHOLES

The formula for the engaging curve of the pinion cutter with pitholes and the formula forthe theoretical tooth profile of the tinion cutter for the generating gearing of pinhoes are developedbased on the engaging theory. The substitute curve of the theoretical tooth profile of the pinion cut-ter is determined by the least square method.

内凹刀盘加工的直齿锥齿轮齿面接触分析

为了在国产数控弧齿锥齿轮机床上采用内凹刀盘加工直齿锥齿轮,对使用内凹刀盘加工直齿锥齿轮的原理和齿面接触分析(Tooth Contact Analysis,TCA)方法进行了研究。基于内凹刀盘的加工原理和结构特点,建立了内凹刀盘加工的直齿锥齿轮的齿面数学模型,给出了相应的齿面接触分析方法;编写齿面接触分析程序,计算得到了齿轮副的接触斑点和传动误差曲线;通过实际的切齿加工和接触斑点检验,验证了齿面数学模型以及TCA方法的正确性。研究为锥齿轮加工参数及刀具参数的确定与啮合质量控制提供了理论依据。

高放废物处置坑小直径盲井掘进机预选刀具破岩性能对比分析

盲井掘进机是处置坑开挖的常用设备,刀具的合理设计与布置是其高效掘进的关键。北京工业大学TBM与盾构课题组针对北山高放废物处置坑小直径盲井掘进机预选了11英寸(279 mm)双排锥齿滚刀和双排镐齿滚刀两种刀型。本研究应用两种预选刀型对北山花岗岩试样进行线性切割破岩试验,对比分析两种刀型的滚刀力、破岩比能、岩片分布、振动特征和岩下损伤特性等指标。试验结果表明:锥齿滚刀在相同贯入度下的破岩法向力和振动强度小于镐齿滚刀,锥齿滚刀破岩效率整体上更高,并且锥齿滚刀破岩产生的贯通裂纹发育也更为显著。综合比较分析认为锥齿滚刀破岩性能更优,推荐采用预选的双排锥齿滚刀进行北山处置坑小直径盲井掘进机刀盘布置。本研究还可为盲井掘进机刀盘与推进系统设计及施工运行参数优化提供参考。

网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩试验研究

针对煤矿岩巷掘进过程中截齿破岩能力不足、效率低、磨损快等问题,提出了网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩方法,并进行了正交化物理模拟试验,研究了工况参数对破岩效果的影响。结果表明:(1)磨料射流对岩石预制割缝,能够显著提高截齿单位时间的破岩体积,且试验中网格尺寸和割缝深度取值越大,破岩效率越高。(2)当射流割缝辅助破岩时,截齿等效应力峰值和均值均显著降低,有效减少截齿磨损。(3)网格化磨料射流辅助截齿破岩参数的优选工况组合为:横向和纵向网格尺寸分别为44、30 mm,喷嘴进给速度为600 mm/min。研究成果为网格化磨料射流辅助机械截齿破岩技术推广应用提供了理论基础与数据支撑。

刀具形貌对交错轴变厚齿轮传动接触特性影响分析

从刀具修形角度出发,将抛物线型齿条刀具引入到变厚齿轮传动中,通过建立抛物线型齿条刀具的法向截面数学模型,以滚削加工理论为基础,推导了抛物线刀具加工变厚齿轮的齿面方程;采用轮齿接触分析方法,研究不同几何设计参数下,抛物线刀具对齿轮副TCA(轮齿接触分析)和LTCA(承载接触分析)的影响;建立交错轴变厚齿轮副啮合模型,研究抛物线修形前后不同FPD角(第一主方向角)对齿轮副的接触特性的影响规律,并分别对比抛物线修形前后的接触迹线、齿面接触力、传递误差、齿根应力和啮合印痕的数据.结果表明,抛物线型齿条刀具对加工变厚齿轮具有一定的优越性,本文研究可为变厚齿轮传动的修形方法提供新的思路.

矿用硬岩巷道机械化掘进破岩形式研究现状及展望

硬岩巷道快速掘进是实现煤矿智能高效开采的重要环节,悬臂掘进机、TBM和底切割装备都在尝试解决这一难点,掘进技术和装备的发展直接影响采矿的安全生产和经济效益。首先,总结了悬臂掘进机在硬岩截割工况的适用范围和截齿消耗现状,分析截割破岩形式的现场试验,发现在较高的岩石强度条件下,截齿消耗量较正常磨损翻倍,掘进速度与开采速度的不匹配,严重制约了矿井生产。其次,分析了滚刀破岩形式和装备在矿山领域的应用和新产品现状,得出移动式矿用掘进设备采用滚刀挤压破岩,块状渣土少,粉末多,刀盘推力小,导致破岩能力不足。最后,分析了线性底切割破岩技术和非线性底切割技术的原理和装备研发现状。结果表明:随着振荡频率的提高,切削力显著降低,非线性底切割破岩单位体积消耗能量少,优势明显。但在硬岩条件下的掘进效率、设备稳定性等关键问题有待验证,非线性底切割技术有望突破未来矿山硬岩掘进的技术难题。

Design and Machining of Combination Gear Cutter Hob

This paper takes the escapement plate of a mechanical pendulum clock as an example,analyses the design of combination form cutter hob for special profile gears, selection of parameters and calculation for tooth profile coordinates and discusses the grinding of cutter hob tooth profile on optical contour grinder.

大型绞吸式挖泥船绞刀齿受力分析及磨损仿真

针对目前绞吸式挖泥船挖掘产量较低、绞刀磨损较严重的问题,以4200KW大型绞吸式挖泥船为研究对象,对绞刀切削过程中刀齿受力及磨损进行仿真。建立刀齿切削受力与磨损的数学模型,运用MATLAB,对同一刀臂各刀齿的受力及磨损进行计算,比较不同工作参数下对刀齿磨损的影响,分析刀齿磨损与产量之间的关系,阐明绞刀在切削过程中刀齿相对磨损量较小相对产量较高时的工况参数。结果表明:横移速度应大于0.1 m/s,绞刀转速应大于0.3 r/s,绞刀转速在一定范围内越高工况越好,绞刀在高转速下磨损量较少挖掘生产量较大。

砾石层异型齿PDC钻头的设计及现场试验

塔里木盆地库车山前盐上砾石层发育,砾石含量高、粒径大、抗压强度高,地层可钻性差,钻速慢,井下复杂多。为此,文章针对山前盐上大段砾石层进行了地层砾石层特征和钻头失效模式分析,并在此基础上进行了PDC钻头的异型齿结构设计、优化布齿及冠部形状等设计,形成抗冲击、强攻击性的异型齿PDC钻头设计方案,从而提高了PDC钻头的抗冲击、抗涡动及破岩效率,有效扩大钻头在砾石层中的适用范围。钻头在山前高含砾地层进行了现场试验,取得了优异的应用效果,单只钻头平均进尺达到530 m,平均机械钻速达到4.28 m/h,同比邻井在该地层钻井效果最好的10只PDC钻头的单只钻头进尺提高了42%,平均机械钻速提高了52%,成功解决了塔里木盆地库车山前盐上砾石层钻井的低机械钻速及短进尺的问题。

超细刀具的齿槽加工方法

在一些超细刀具的制造过程中,产品报废率极高。若在刀具进行热处理之前进行齿槽加工,热处理之后往往会产生严重变形且无法校正,从而造成报废;热处理之后进行齿槽加工极易造成刀具退火,导致硬度降低,严重影响刀具的使用性能。通过分析该类刀具的特点,结合目前的设备加工能力,采用带有强冷的设备,通过设计一套工装来实现该类刀具的加工,不仅大幅提高了生产效率,刀具质量也得到了保证。

一种粗铣刀周齿分屑槽的数控磨削工艺算法

针对粗铣刀分屑槽形状的磨削工艺,对粗铣刀周齿分屑槽结构参数进行了定义,建立了加工坐标系及切深引导曲线方程;借助运动学理论,提出了砂轮磨削姿态和砂轮磨削轨迹的计算方法;在VC++环境开发了一套算法模块,并对其进行了仿真验证及与Numroto磨削软件的仿真结果对比。结果表明,该轨迹算法能够较好的实现预期效果,具有较好的刀具结构扩展性和加工精度。

基于平底铣刀的螺旋锥齿轮齿面加工轨迹规划

针对当前螺旋锥齿轮采用专用机床及刀盘加工时,设备价格高昂且通用性不强的问题,提出采用平底铣刀在通用五轴机床上进行螺旋锥齿轮加工。通过齿轮啮合原理和包络加工原理构建螺旋锥齿轮参数化模型,规划出采用平底铣刀端铣的粗加工轨迹,以及采用平底铣刀侧铣凹凸两侧面的半精加工及精加工轨迹,并对获得的刀具轨迹进行齿面加工仿真。结果表明加工表面相对均匀,能够实现在五轴机床上加工螺旋锥齿轮,提高了大规格或单件小批量齿轮加工的通用性和经济性。

圆锯式灌木切割试验装置设计与试验

为研究灌木切割机的工作机理和切割参数,设计了一种灌木切割试验装置。通过分析试验装置工作原理、灌木切割机理和灌木切削力,基于ADAMS进行灌木切割仿真,分析切割锯片位移、转动角速度和角加速度函数图像。利用单因素试验法以研制的试验装置进行灌木切割试验分析灌木切割最佳工作参数,得出灌木切割无漏割最佳工作参数,即进给速度600mm/s、切割速度1350r/min。

渗碳淬火硬齿面内齿圈刮齿齿形精度提升研究

某型号鼓形齿接轴内齿圈,具有窄空刀槽、齿面硬度高的特点。通过优化插齿刀具、刮削参数、刀具刃磨方式等工艺手段,完成了鼓形齿接轴硬齿面内齿圈的制造,其齿面精度满足设计预期,提升了鼓形齿接轴整体质量的稳定性及使用寿命。

双刃组合式刀型截齿的疲劳寿命分析

为了探究滚筒采煤机上双刃组合式刀型截齿在动载荷下的疲劳寿命,利用ABAQUS仿真研究了不同牵引速度和滚筒转速下双刃组合式刀型截齿三向载荷特性,通过nCode DesignLife对比分析三种不同齿身材料的双刃组合式刀型截齿的疲劳寿命,得到其在不同牵引速度和滚筒转速下的疲劳寿命。结果表明:三种材料中以35CrMnSiA作为齿身材料时双刃组合式刀型截齿的疲劳寿命最高;双刃组合式刀型截齿的疲劳寿命随着牵引速度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。

齿形链式切割器的试验研究

通过理论分析和田间试验，研制出了齿形链式切割器。介绍了齿形链式切割器的工作原理和有关设计参数。田间试验表明：用于收割机械上收割小麦、水稻等细茎杆作物和牧草，割刀工作平稳，割台振动小，可实现高速切割和高速作业。

基于高速摄像技术的芦竹切割过程的研究

为探讨芦竹切割过程和切割特性,设计研制了基于高速摄像技术的芦竹收割机切割试验系统,包括锯齿回转链式切割试验装置、夹持输送装置和高速摄像图像采集与处理系统;开发了基于高速摄像技术的序列图像采集与处理软件系统,通过对拍摄图片的处理、观察与分析,得出了影响芦竹切割质量和切割效率的要素;提出了切割器完成芦竹切割的接触、切入和切断3个过程;通过系统的标定,建立了切断芦竹的运动轨迹。