Morphological evolution and flow conduction characteristics of fracture channels in fractured sandstone under cyclic loading and unloading

In coal mining,rock strata are fractured under cyclic loading and unloading to form fracture channels.Fracture channels are the main flow narrows for gas.Therefore,expounding the flow conductivity of fracture channels in rocks on fluids is significant for gas flow in rock strata.In this regard,graded incremental cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on sandstones with different initial stress levels.Then,the three-dimensional models for fracture channels in sandstones were established.Finally,the fracture channel percentages were used to reflect the flow conductivity of fracture channels.The study revealed how the particle size distribution of fractured sandstone affects the formation and expansion of fracture channels.It was found that a smaller proportion of large blocks and a higher proportion of small blocks after sandstone fails contribute more to the formation of fracture channels.The proportion of fracture channels in fractured rock can indicate the flow conductivity of those channels.When the proportion of fracture channels varies gently,fluids flow evenly through those channels.However,if the proportion of fracture channels varies significantly,it can greatly affect the flow rate of fluids.The research results contribute to revealing the morphological evolution and flow conductivity of fracture channels in sandstone and then provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the gas flow pattern in the rock strata of coal mines.

Dynamic Expression of Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Cation Channel 4 Involved in Microwave Induced Pacemaker Cell Injuries

To investigate the mechanisms of microwave induced pacemaker cell injuries, Wistar rats and the primary pacemaker cells of newborn Wistar rats were exposed to microwave at average power density of 50 mW/cm2. Slower spontaneous beating rate, intercellular Ca2＋ aggregation and cell membrane perforation were detected immediately after the exposure. Moreover, hyperpolarizationactivated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 （HCN4） was down-regulated immediately after the exposure and up-regulated at 12 h after the exposure. In the sinoatrial node （SAN） of the rats,

Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic nucleotide-gated Channel and Cardiac Biological Pacemaker:Part Ⅰ

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the heart modulate cardiac automaticity via the hyperpolarization-activated cation current ( named Ⅰf, Ⅰh, or Ⅰq). Recent studies have unveiled the molecular identity of HCN (HCN1-4) channels. HCN isoforms are unevenly expressed in the heart, even in the sinoatrial node. Features of HCN currents have been characterized in cardiac and other types of cells or in cell lines transfected with the HCN isoforms. The factors modulating Ih and the physiological significance of HCN channels in the heart have been extensively investigated in recent years. The hypothesis for transplanting and/or creating biological pacemakers to replace diseased sinoatrial and/or atrioventricular nodes has been postulated and tested in animal models. Local overexpression of HCN2 channels in the left atrium or in the left conductive bundle branch of the left ventricle via gene delivery induced significant Ⅰh and escape rhythms during vagal stimulation in canines. In addition, implantation of human mesenchymal stem cells with overexpression of HCN2 channels to the canine left ventricular wall was associated with formation of spontaneous escape rhythms of left-sided origin during vagal-stimulation-induced sinus arrest. This preliminary data suggest that the use of HCN channels may hold great promise in,the development of biological pacemakers.

Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic nucleotide-gated Channel and Cardiac Biological Pacemaker:Part Ⅱ

Abstract Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated ( HCN) channels in the heart modulate cardiac automaticity via the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (named If, Ih, or Iq). Recent studies have unveiled the molecular identity of HCN (HCN 1-4) channels. HCN isoforms are unevenly expressed in the heart, even in the sinoatrial node. Features of HCN currents have been characterized in cardiac and other types of cells or in cell lines transfected with the HCN isoforms. The factors modulating Ih and the physiological significance of HCN channels in the heart have been extensively investigated in recent years. The hypothesis for transplanting and/or creating biological pacemakers to replace diseased sinoatrial and/or atrioventricular nodes has been postulated and tested in animal models. Local overexpression of HCN2 channels in the left atrium or in the left conductive bundle branch of the left ventricle via gene delivery induced significant Ih and escape rhythms during vagal stimulation in canines. In addition, implantation of human mesenchymal stem cells with overexpression of HCN2 channels to the canine left ventricular wall was associated with formation of spontaneous escape rhythms of left-sided origin during vagal-stimulation-induced sinus arrest. This preliminary data suggest that the use of HCN channels may hold great promise in the development of biological pacemakers.

Modulation Recognition with Frequency Offset and Phase Offset over Multipath Channels

Modulation recognition becomes unreliable at low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)over fading channel.A novel method is proposed to recognize the digital modulated signals with frequency and phase offsets over multi-path fading channels in this paper.This method can overcome the effects of phase offset,Gaussian noise and multi-path fading.To achieve this,firstly,the characteristic parameters search is constructed based on the cyclostationarity of received signals,to overcome the phase offset,Gaussian white noise,and influence caused by multi-path fading.Then,the carrier frequency of the received signal is estimated,and the maximum characteristic parameter is searched around the integer multiple carriers and their vicinities.Finally,the modulation types of the received signal with frequency and phase offsets are classified using decision thresholds.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is better than the traditional methods when SNR is over 5dB,and that the proposed method is robust to frequency and phase offsets over multipath channels.

General anesthesia mediated by effects on ion channels

Although it has been more than 165 years since the first introduction of modern anesthesia to the clinic, there is surprisingly little understanding about the exact mechanisms by which general anesthetics induce unconsciousness. As a result, we do not know how general anesthetics produce anesthesia at different levels. The main handicap to understanding the mechanisms of general anesthesia is the diversity of chemically unrelated compounds including diethyl ether and halogenated hydrocarbons, gases nitrous oxide, ketamine, propofol, benzodiazepines and etomidate, as well as alcohols and barbiturates. Does this imply that general anesthesia is caused by many different mechanisms? Until now, many receptors, molecular targets and neuronal transmission pathways have been shown to contribute to mechanisms of general anesthesia. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most likely candidates for general anesthesia, in particular γ-aminobutyric acid type A, potassium and sodium channels, as well as ion channels mediated by various neuronal transmitters like acetylcholine, amino acids amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the involvement in general anesthesia of other ion channels with distinct gating properties suchas hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic- nucleotide-gated channels. The main aim of the present review is to summarize some aspects of current knowledge of the effects of general anesthetics on various ion channels.

Glabridin Relaxes Vascular Smooth Muscles by Activating BK_(Ca) Channels and Inhibiting Phosphodiesterase in Human Saphenous Vein

The aim of the current study was to investigate the pharmacological activity of glabridinon the isolated human saphenous vein (SV) and explore the underlying mechanisms. Samples of patients' SVs were removed during bypass surgery, and 4-mm lengths of the vessels were placedin Krebs solution at ±4℃ and hung in an isolated organ bath to assess their contraction/relaxationresponses. The contraction/relaxation responses were recorded to observe if the cyclic guanosinemonophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G (PKG) pathway mediates the relaxant effect of glabridinafter treatment with blockers like ODQ (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor), KT5823 (a PKG inhibitor),isobutylmethylxanthine [IBMX, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor], and cantharidin [Cant,a myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP) inhibitor]. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO), cGMP, andPKG levels in SV tissues were determined by ELISA after incubation with glabridin, N(o)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-Name, a NO synthetase inhibitor), phenylephrine (PE), ODQ, IBMX,and KT5823. The results showed that glabridin relaxed the vascular smooth muscle of humanSV pretreated with PE in a dose-dependent manner, which was independent of the endothelium.The vasorelaxant effect of glabridin was only inhibited by iberiotoxin (IbTX), Cant, and KT5823.Glabridin increased cGMP and PKG levels in SV homogenates, whereas it did not alter the NOlevel. The enhancing efects of cGMP and PKG levels by glabridin were abolished by ODQ andKT5823. In conclusion, glabridin has a vasorelaxant effect, which is associated with the activationof BKc. channels and inhibition of PDE.

Channel Estimation for Cyclic Postfixed OFDM

A novel channel estimation algorithm is presented in this paper for the recently proposed cyclic postfix based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. Phase equalization with the erasure decision is used to reduce both the channel estimation error and the computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed channel estimation algorithm can effectively estimate the channel impulse response （CIR） and the performance of the proposed phase equalization with erasure decision is comparable with the minimal mean square error （MMSE） equalization, but it offers less computational complexity.

The Role of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels in Plant Immunity

Since the first plant cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel （CNGC）, HvCBT1, was identified as a calmodulin bind- ing protein, more than a decade has passed and a substantial amount of work has been done to understand the molecular nature and function of these channel proteins. Based on electrophysiological and heterologous expression analyses, plant CNGCs function as non-selective cation channels and, so far, their biological roles have been reported in defense responses, development, and ion homeostasis. Forward genetic approaches identified four AtCNGCs （AtCNGC2, 4, 11, and 12） to be involved in plant immunity, as null mutants for AtCNGC2, 4, 11, and 12 as well as a gain-of- function mutant for AtCNGC11 and 12 exhibited alterations in defense responses. Since ion flux changes have been reported as one of the early events upon pathogen recognition and also are an essential component for the activation of defense responses, the involvement of CNGCs in these ion flux changes has been suggested. However, the recent detailed characterization of null mutants suggested a more complex involvement of this channel family. In this review, we focus on the discoveries and character- ization of these CNGC mutants and discuss possible roles of CNGCs as components in plant immunity.

环核苷酸门控离子通道及其功能的研究进展

环核苷酸门控(CNG)离子通道是一种非选择性的四聚体阳离子通道,可以直接被细胞内信使小分子——环核苷酸活化,是钙离子进入细胞的主要通道之一。CNG通道蛋白由6种不同基因编码:4个A亚单位和2个B亚单位。CNG离子通道的活性可被钙离子/钙调素(Ca2+/CaM)及磷酸化或膜上磷酸肌醇作用调节,从而改变细胞内钙离子浓度,参与多种生物学功能的调控。自从在视杆细胞中发现CNG离子通道以来,经历了对其生理功能、克隆相关基因、理解调控方式、解析晶体结构和开发相关的基因治疗方法等研究过程,在视觉和嗅觉感觉神经元(OSNs)的信号转导中发挥着重要作用。现就CNG离子通道的功能、结构、调控机制及其与相关疾病关系等方面进行简要综述,以期为CNG离子通道相关疾病的治疗提供理论依据。

机载PLC非充分循环前缀加窗OFDM容量优化

机载电源线通信(PLC)技术可以减少机载设备间布线的数量和复杂度,但电源线中多径分量衰减小,信道持续时间长,采用常规循环前缀(CP)设计方法,使用长度不小于信道最大多径时延扩展的CP,会导致容量非最优,可通过选择非充分CP,并结合加窗技术进行优化。基于此,采用对内外侧的子载波施加不同长度CP的边窗技术,以提高通信容量为优化目标,提出一种综合分析通信窗函数和内外侧子载波CP长度的参数设计方法。根据分段机载PLC通信的互连拓扑和频变阻抗,利用传输线理论,建立PLC信道衰落模型;分三阶段调整CP和窗函数参数,进行设计优化,第1阶段得到满足邻道干扰(ACI)约束下的最小加窗扩展长度,第2阶段在该窗函数条件下,调整CP长度增大系统容量,第3阶段通过边窗技术分别优化内外侧子载波,得到最终的优选参数。仿真实验分析表明:所提方法能够在减小ACI的同时避免正交频分复用(OFDM)符号的过度时域扩展,使保守的CP和窗函数选择导致的波特率损失得到改善,最终提高OFDM系统容量;同时,所提方法可以接近或达到全空间枚举的优化效果,且使计算量可接受。

HCN通道在听觉传导通路中的作用研究进展

超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通(hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel,HCN channel)广泛表达于中枢和周围神经系统,通过其介导的超极化激活阳离子电流(hyperpolarization-activated cation current,Ih)调节神经元的静息膜电位和兴奋性来影响听觉的精确加工和传导,对时间信息的精确分析起着至关重要的作用。因此,本文通过对HCN通道结构和分布以及电生理作用进行综述,进一步探讨HCN通道在正常及单侧聋或双侧聋情况下听觉传导通路中的作用及机制。

基于循环谱的单通道时频混叠信号识别

随着通信技术的发展和电磁环境的日益复杂,通信领域中的时频混叠信号频繁显现。一方面,这类信号会干扰通信系统的正常接收;另一方面,当混叠信号中引入虚假信号时,接收器极有可能接收虚假信号,从而导致获取欺骗信息。因此,有必要对混叠信号做出准确的识别,确保通信的可靠性,从而提出了一种基于循环谱特征的时频混叠信号识别算法。该算法基于非合作方式设计,不依赖于特定的调制参数,具备较优的普适性,并且测试表明,该算法对时频混叠信号的识别准确率优于传统算法。

超极化激活的环核苷酸门控通道1参与七氟烷诱导的顺行性遗忘作用的机制研究

目的旨在探讨超极化激活的环核苷酸门控通道1(hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 1,HCN1)在七氟烷诱导的顺行性遗忘中的作用机制。方法采用雄性SPF级C57BL/6J野生型小鼠(WT组,n=60)和HCN1基因全身敲除(HCN1-/-)小鼠(HCN1-/-组,n=60)。将两组小鼠分别暴露于不同浓度的七氟烷(0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%)下,每个浓度10只小鼠。随后进行条件性恐惧实验,计算两组小鼠七氟烷抑制条件性恐惧记忆的半数效应浓度(median effective concentration,用EC50表示)。采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录0.125mmol/L七氟烷浓度灌流液对转染HCN1的人胚肾293细胞(HEK293-HCN1)上HCN1电流的影响,比较七氟烷处理前(Control组)和处理后(Sevoflurane组)HCN1电流的变化。结果与-/-WT组小鼠相比,HCN1组小鼠在七氟烷抑制场景恐惧记忆和声音恐惧记忆中的EC50值升高,差异有统计学意义(场景恐惧记忆:0.18%比0.26%,P<0.001;声音恐惧记忆:0.47%比0.49%,P<0.001)。全细胞电生理记录显示,与基础值相比,0.125mmol/L七氟烷抑制HEK293-HCN1细胞在﹣90~﹣140mV范围内的电流幅度(P值均<0.05),并增加了半最大激活电压(V1/2a)值[(﹣108±2.9)mV比(﹣100.1±3.0)mV,(P<0.001)]。结论HCN1电流的抑制可能参与了七氟烷诱导的顺行性遗忘作用。

水淹水窜油藏的数值模拟开发方案对比分析

随着开发的深入,大多数油田已经进入高含水阶段。以新疆某水淹水窜油藏为研究对象,该区水淹严重,开发效果差。针对上述问题,利用油藏数值模拟手段,对改善开发效果的4种技术方案进行研究。研究结果表明,深层调剖方案增产效果明显,可有效提高日产油量、降低含水率;浅层调剖方案作用范围、受效时间有限,措施效果较差;井网调整方案含水率明显下降,产油量上升,增油效果介于深层调剖与浅层调剖之间;周期注水增油效果最差,呈负增长趋势。经方案对比分析,建议对研究区水窜严重的井实施深层调剖。该研究为同类水淹水窜油藏改善开发效果提供了重要理论指导和借鉴。

高铁环境下基于循环神经网络的无线传播信道模型研究

为了解决高铁高移速带来的无线通信传播中的信号不稳定问题,提出利用LSTM循环神经网络来设计均衡器,辅助信道搭建。为此建立基本的信道模型,根据高铁环境带来的信号变化,利用LSTM循环神经网络设计自适应均衡器对信道进行跟踪。结果中显示,LSTM循环神经网络均衡器最低信号符号错误率可降至0.4%以下。以上结果说明面对高移速的无线信号,基于LSTM循环神经网络设计均衡器可帮助信道搭建,实现信号远程无差别传播,有助于高铁网络的发展。

Electrophysiology of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotidegated cation channel 2 and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 expressed in HEK293 cells

The action potential of pacemaker cells in the sino-atrial node forms the automatic rhythm of the heart. The automatic depolarization in phase 4 is me DaSlS of the automaticity in pacemaker cells. Many currents are included in phase 4, such as calcium current, TTX-sensitive sodium current, sustained inward current （Isi）, decay of delayed rectifier potassium current, etc. Funny current （If） has long been recognized as important in this phase and is activated at hyperpolarized potentials during cell diastole and in turn activates other currents to form automatic depolarization.

Reducing Cyclic Prefix Overhead Based on Symbol Repetition in NB-IoT-Based Maritime Communication

With the increasing maritime activities,a great demand of wide-area maritime digital data services is needed.Therefore,Narrowband Internet of Things(NB-IoT)that can provide wide coverage has been expected as an application for maritime communication networks(MCNS).In this paper,we aim to enhance the spectral efficiency in NB-IoT by reducing the cyclic prefix(CP)overhead in random access signal without causing interference.The key point of the proposed scheme is the symbols transmitted for multiple times repeatedly in NB-IoT.Specifically,all CP are removed and multi-path fading effect is eliminated by using a repeated symbol to cover the disturbed symbol to construct a circular convolution structure of the channel with the same effect as adding CP.In addition,a single-tap equalization is still appropriate.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme,simulation results are carried out with respect to the bit error ratio(BER).

ZD 7288,an HCN channel blocker,attenuates chronic visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome-like rats

AIM:To investigate the effects of ZD 7288,a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated(HCN)channel blocker,on rats with chronic visceral pain.METHODS:Rats with visceral hypersensitivity were generated using neonatal colon irritation during postnatal days 8-15 as described previously.Visceral hypersensitivity was evaluated using electromyographic(EMG)responses of abdominal external oblique muscles to 20-80 mmHg colorectal distentions(CRD).Abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR)scores and pain thresholds were also detected in adult rats.Different doses of ZD7288(25,50,and 100 nmol/L)were intrathecally administered in rats to study the role of spinal HCN channel in chronic visceral hypersensitivity.RESULTS:EMG responses to 20-80 mmHg CRD and AWR scores under 20-60 mmHg CRD significantly increased in rats with visceral hypersensitivity compared to control rats(P<0.05).The pain threshold in rats with visceral hypersensitivity significantly decreased compared to control rats(P<0.05).Treatment with50-100 nmol/L ZD 7288 significantly inhibited EMG responses(16%-62%,80-20 mmHg CRD,P<0.05)and AWR scores(24%-37%,40-20 mmHg CRD,P<0.05;12%-61%,80-20 mmHg CRD,P<0.05,respectively),and significantly increased pain thresholds(32%-77%,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Spinal HCN channels may play an important role in chronic visceral hypersensitivity.