Cyclic Shear Tests on Key Connection Joints of Modularized Constructions

Modularized construction is a new type of prefabricated building system with green environmental protection and excellent performance. There are few studies on the seismic performance of its key connection joint. This paper presents a new type of assembled connection joint for the high-rise modularized construction. Cyclic shear tests of full-scale joints were carried out, and the key indexes of their seismic performances including the hysteretic performance, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity were analyzed and obtained. The results show that the hysteresis loops of longitudinal and lateral cyclic shear tests were both plump in shapes. The ductility coefficients were 4.54 and 4.98, and the energy dissipation coefficients were 1.83 and 1.43, respectively. The test joint had good ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The positions of yield failure of specimens were mainly concentrated in the connection areas between the column and short beam or end-plate. The research can provide the technical reference for the seismic design and engineering application of related modularized constructions.

Effect of rock joint roughness on its cyclic shear behavior

Rock joints are often subjected to dynamic loads induced by earthquake and blasting during mining and rock cutting. Hence, cyclic shear load can be induced along the joints and it is important to evaluate the shear behavior of rock joint under this condition. In the present study, synthetic rock joints were prepared with plaster of Paris(Po P). Regular joints were simulated by keeping regular asperity with asperity angles of 15°-15° and 30°-30°, and irregular rock joints which are closer to natural joints were replicated by keeping the asperity angles of 15°-30° and 15°-45°. The sample size and amplitude of roughness were kept the same for both regular and irregular joints which were 298 mm×298 mm×125 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Shear test was performed on these joints using a large-scale direct shear testing machine by keeping the frequency and amplitude of shear load under constant cyclic condition with different normal stress values. As expected, the shear strength of rock joints increased with the increases in the asperity angle and normal load during the first cycle of shearing or static load. With the increase of the number of shear cycles, the shear strength decreased for all the asperity angles but the rate of reduction was more in case of high asperity angles. Test results indicated that shear strength of irregular joints was higher than that of regular joints at different cycles of shearing at low normal stress. Shearing and degradation of joint asperities on regular joints were the same between loading and unloading, but different for irregular joints. Shear strength and joint degradation were more significant on the slope of asperity with higher angles on the irregular joint until two angles of asperities became equal during the cycle of shearing and it started behaving like regular joints for subsequent cycles.

Numerical analysis of loess and weak intercalated layer failure behavior under direct shearing and cyclic loading

The mechanical behavior of the joints inside a loess layer is greatly important in weak intercalation studies owing to its involvement in a wide range of landslides in the loess region in China.The shear behavior of the joints in the loess stratum during direct shear and cyclic loadings was investigated using the PFC2D discrete element software.Loess mudstone and mudstone with weak intercalated layer materials were subjected to direct testing,and cyclic shear tests were conducted with consideration to the influence of normal stress and shear velocity.The macroscopic properties and damage patterns were obtained for six numerical configurations;namely,loess-weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°joints and weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°weak intercalated layers.The numerical test results revealed that,in the direct shear tests,the shear stress and shear displacement of the samples increased with the normal stress.In the cyclic shear tests with a total cycle number N=20,the shear stress-shear strain curve of the six different configurations exhibited a hysteresis loop.The numerical tests also revealed that,under cyclic shear,the normal stress and shear velocity affected the shear strength.The degree of damage increased as the shear velocity decreased from 0.1 mm/s to 0.005 mm/s for all six numerical configurations.Compared with the damage pattern of the direct shear tests,the damage of the cyclic shear tests mainly comprised shear cracks and fractures,some shaking consolidation settlement and fewer shear strain occurred around the joints.In the direct shear tests,more compression cracks and fractures occurred in the samples.The damage mainly developed along the joints,and shearing-off damage occurred.The results obtained by this study further elucidate the failure mechanism and microscopic damage response of the joints in the loess stratum in Northwest China.

Experimental study of seismic cyclic loading effects on small strain shear modulus of saturated sands

The seismic loading on saturated soil deposits induces a decrease in effective stress and a rearrangement of the soil-particle structure, which may both lead to a degradation in undrained stiffness and strength of soils. Only the effective stress influence on small strain shear modulus Gmax is considered in seismic response analysis nowadays, and the cyclic shearing induced fabric changes of the soil-particle structure are neglected. In this paper, undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sands with the shear wave velocity measured by bender element, to study the influences of seismic loading on Gmax. And Gmax of samples without cyclic loading effects was also investigated for comparison. The test results indicated that Gmax under cyclic loading effects is lower than that without such effects at the same effective stress, and also well correlated with the effective stress variation. Hence it is necessary to reinvestigate the determination of Gmax in seismic response analysis carefully to predict the ground responses during earthquake more reasonably.

联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

联肢钢板剪力墙结构是将2片钢板剪力墙通过钢连梁连接形成的抗侧力结构。通过对1榀1/3缩尺的4层联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙试件进行低周往复加载试验,从滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、承载力及刚度退化、耗能能力等方面研究了该结构体系的抗震性能,并且对试件的屈服顺序和变形模式进行了分析。结果表明:联肢钢板剪力墙试件的延性系数达到5.03,承载力退化系数均大于0.96,承载力和刚度退化稳定,等效黏滞阻尼系数达到0.25以上,表明联肢弯剪型钢板剪力墙具有优越的抗震性能。加载过程中,连梁先于墙板发生屈服,墙板先屈曲后屈服,此后柱脚和横梁相继屈服。连梁的引入改变了结构的屈服机制,提高了整体的延性和耗能能力,能够组成多道抗震防线,且试件整体最终也体现出合理的破坏机制。整体侧移曲线呈弯剪变形模式。该试验研究更加贴合实际工程中联肢钢板剪力墙结构的应用情况,为联肢钢板剪力墙结构的进一步研究和应用提供了试验基础。

水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC 剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为了揭示双轴耦合效应对不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的影响,对3个T形截面和2个L形截面RC剪力墙分别沿其主轴方向进行了低周往复加载试验,对比分析了水平单、双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、延性、极限位移角、耗能能力与钢筋应变。研究表明:T形墙和L形墙的破坏均呈现出明显的非对称性,即破坏集中于墙肢自由端,双轴加载加重了带翼缘RC剪力墙的开裂和损伤程度,且易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中;与单轴加载相比,双轴加载不仅削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力、增大了腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形在总变形中的占比、加速了耗能进程、降低了单个方向的耗能能力,并且增大了腹板与翼缘竖向钢筋的应变以及翼缘的剪力滞后效应;双轴耦合效应对L形墙损伤的影响较T形墙更为显著,并导致双轴加载下L形墙各抗震性能指标的衰减程度大于T形墙。考虑双轴受力后,中国抗震规范关于RC剪力墙层间位移角的限值仍较为安全,但安全冗余度降低。

循环剪切作用下土工袋组合体动力特性试验研究

土工袋具有承载力高、阻尼大、造价低等诸多优点,是一种适用于村镇地区中、低层房屋的减/隔震材料。通过开展室内循环剪切试验对土工袋组合体的剪切应力⁃剪切应变关系、动力特性参数以及抗剪强度进行分析讨论,探究不同竖向应力与剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体动剪切模量与等效阻尼比的变化规律,同时研究了循环次数对土工袋组合体动力特性参数以及抗剪强度参数的影响。试验结果表明:在小变形情况下,土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力和动剪切模量随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大,等效阻尼比则随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小;在大变形情况下,土工袋组合体发生层间滑移并出现界面软化现象,此时的峰值剪切应力(抗剪强度)随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小,动力特性参数随循环次数的变化与小变形情况下完全相反。随着循环次数的增加,土工袋组合体的抗剪强度参数似摩擦角逐渐减小,似黏聚力逐渐增大并趋于稳定。在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下,土工袋组合体通过袋内土体的剪切变形以及土工袋层间滑移产生摩擦耗能,具有较好的减振消能效果。

软-硬互层岩体节理峰前循环剪切疲劳损伤机理研究

三峡库区频发微小地震下岩体节理循环剪切疲劳损伤对边坡动力稳定性具有重要影响。通过室内峰前循环剪切试验和PFC2D细观数值计算,研究了考虑一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度、法向应力及循环剪切次数影响的软-硬互层岩体节理宏细观疲劳损伤机理。研究表明:①岩体节理剪切应力-剪切位移曲线历经初始非线性压剪变形、近似线弹性压剪变形、循环剪切疲劳损伤变形、应力缓升压剪变形、应力陡升压剪变形及应力脆性跌落压剪变形六个演化阶段。②岩体节理峰值(残余)剪切强度和疲劳剪切(法向)位移在相同一阶起伏角、含水率、剪切速率、剪切幅度或法向应力下随循环剪切次增多而分别降低和增大;且其在相同循环剪切次数下随一阶起伏角或法向应力变大而分别增大和降低,而随含水率、剪切速率或剪切幅度变大则分别降低和增大。③宏细观结果总体上吻合较好,且岩体节理细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹数量随剪切位移变化呈前期微增-陡增、中期缓增及后期陡增-缓增-陡增的发展特征,而其随循环剪切次数变化则呈前期陡增和后期缓增的发展特征。④岩体节理宏细观剪切疲劳损伤典型演化过程可概述为压密-起裂破坏、循环错动-贯通破坏及分离-啃断破坏3个渐进性发展阶段,且宏细观剪切疲劳损伤裂纹近似呈“倒U形”密集分布于岩体节理附近。

橡胶-粉土混合土动力特性试验研究

【目的】为了解橡胶颗粒掺入粉土中对其动力特性的影响,对橡胶粉土混合土进行动力特性研究。【方法】将不同体积分数(0%、5%、10%、20%)的橡胶颗粒掺入粉土试样中,在不同竖向应力作用下,采用GDS动态循环单剪试验系统,对混合土的动剪切模量和阻尼比进行研究。【结果】混合土的动剪切模量随竖向应力的增大而增大,随橡胶颗粒体积分数和动剪应变的增大而减小;阻尼比随竖向应力的增大而减小,随动剪应变的增大而增大;橡胶颗粒体积分数对阻尼比的影响分为两个阶段,在动剪应变小于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而增大,而在动剪应变大于0.1%时,阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒体积分数的增大而减小。【结论】本研究结果可为废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒在实际工程中的应用提供参考。

钢框架-灌浆轻钢剪力墙结构抗震性能试验研究

对钢框架-灌浆轻钢剪力墙结构足尺试件进行了水平低周往复加载试验,研究了灌浆轻钢剪力墙与钢框架的耦合效应,分析了结构的破坏模式、受力特征和耗能机理,得到了结构的承载能力、抗侧刚度、延性及耗能能力等。通过与纯钢框架及冷弯薄壁型钢灌浆墙体结构的试验结果对比,发现灌浆轻钢剪力墙通过自攻螺钉采用内嵌的方式与钢框架连接,二者具有良好的协同工作性能,框剪结构的抗剪承载力和抗侧刚度分别是钢框与墙体对应值之和的1.50倍和1.64倍,结构延性系数达5.42,抗震性能优良,研究结果可为该类结构的设计研究提供科学基础。

Experimental Study on Cyclic Mechanics Characteristic of Saturated Soft Clay Strata

浸透的软泥土的失败标准通过不同实验在周期的负担下面被学习。很多周期扭力砍，在 unconsolidated undrained 状况下面的浸透的软泥土上的周期的 triaxial 测试被进行。从测试结果分析，在静态、周期的负担下面的浸透的软泥土的失败满足协定标准，这被看见。来自不同测试压力状态的结果不与测试压力状态或限制压力有关。它能处于一般压力状态被使用。然后根据协定标准，在在测试压力状态和一般压力状态之间的失败时刻的相等的关系能被建立。在失败时刻的浸透的软泥土的周期的力学特征因此在这篇论文被澄清。而且，一个理论基础用伪静电干扰被提供 elasto 塑料的周期的力量模型评估周期的适用的能力。

Experimental study on the shear behavior of the interface between cushion materials and the concrete raft

Cushion is a layer of granular materials between the raft and the ground. The shear behavior of the interface between the cushion and the raft may influence the seismic performance of the superstructure. In order to quantify such influences, horizontal shear tests on the interfaces between different cushion materials and concrete raft under monotonic and cyclic loading were carried out. The vertical pressure P_v, material type and cushion thickness h_c were taken as variables. Conclusions include： 1） under monotonic loading, P_v is the most significant factor; the shear resistance P_（hmax） increases as P_v increases, but the normalized factor of resistance μ_n has an opposite tendency; 2） for the materials used in this study, μ_n varies from 0.40 to 0.70, the interface friction angle δ_s varies from 20° to 35°, while u_（max） varies from 3 mm to 15 mm; 3） under cyclic loading, the interface behavior can be abstracted as a ＂three-segment＂ back-bone curve, the main parameters include μ_n, the displacement u_1 and stiffness K_1 of the elastic stage, the displacement u_2 and stiffness K_2 of the plastic stage; 4） by observation and statistical analysis, the significance of different factors, together with values of K_1, K_2 and μ_n have been obtained.

Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-granulated rubber mixtures

Recycled waste tires when mixed with soil can play an important role as lightweight materials in retaining walls and embankments, machine foundations and railroad track beds in seismic zones. Having high damping characteristic, rubbers can be used as either soil alternative or mixed with soil to reduce vibration when seismic loads are of great concern. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamic properties of such mixtures prior to practical applications. To this reason, torsional resonant column and dynamic triaxial experiments were carried out and the effect of the important parameters like rubber content and ratio of mean grain size of rubber solids versus soil solids(D50,r/D50,s) on dynamic response of mixtures in a range of low to high shearing strain amplitude from about 4×10-4% to 2.7% were investigated. Considering engineering applications, specimens were prepared almost at the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content to model a mixture layer above the ground water table and in low precipitation region. The results show that tire inclusion significantly reduces the shear modulus and increases the damping ratio of the mixtures. Also decrease in D50,r/D50,s causes the mixture to exhibit more rubber-like behavior. Finally, normalized shear modulus versus shearing strain amplitude curve was proposed for engineering practice.

Rapid repair of severely earthquake-damaged bridge piers with flexural-shear failure mode

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a proposed rapid repair technique for severely earthquake-damaged bridge piers with flexural-shear failure mode. Six circular pier specimens were first tested to severe damage in flexural-shear mode and repaired using early-strength concrete with high-fluidity and carbon fiber reinforced polymers （CFRP）. After about four days, the repaired specimens were tested to failure again. The seismic behavior of the repaired specimens was evaluated and compared to the original specimens. Test results indicate that the proposed repair technique is highly effective. Both shear strength and lateral displacement of the repaired piers increased when compared to the original specimens, and the failure mechanism of the piers shifted from flexural-shear failure to ductile flexural failure. Finally, a simple design model based on the Seible formulation for post-earthquake repair design was compared to the experimental results. It is concluded that the design equation for bridge pier strengthening before an earthquake could be applicable to seismic repairs after an earthquake if the shear strength contribution of the spiral bars in the repaired piers is disregarded and 1.5 times more FRP sheets is provided.

An improved method of evaluating liquefaction potential with the velocity of shear-waves

According to the results of cyclic triaxial tests, a linear correlation is presented between liquefaction resistance and elastic shear modulus, which shows the relation of Gmax (kPa) with (σd/2)1/2(kPa)1/2. When applied to soils from different sites, the correlation can be normalized in reference to its minimum void ratio (emin). Accordingly, an improved method is established to evaluate the liquefaction potential with shear-wave velocity. The critical shear-wave velocity of liquefaction is in linear relation with 1/4 power of depth and the maximum acceleration during earthquakes, which can be used to explain the phenomenon that the possibility of liquefaction decreases with the increment of the depth. Compared with previous methods this method turns out simple and effective, which is also verified by the results of cyclic triaxial tests.

竹集成材钉节点抗剪性能试验研究

为研究铁钉直径和夹角对节点的破坏模式及承载力、滞回特性、刚度退化、耗能能力等性能的影响,对50个竹集成材(Laminated Bamboo Lumber,LBL)钉节点进行单调和低周反复荷载试验.结果表明:不同加载模式下的节点破坏模式存在明显区别.单调荷载作用下,节点的破坏模式主要表现为铁钉“双铰”模式和钉杆下部的纤维压碎破坏.而在低周反复荷载作用下大部分的铁钉发生了由于反复弯曲变形所致的疲劳断裂破坏,这种破坏现象却极少发生在振动台试验和实际的地震中.铁钉直径是影响钉节点受力性能的主要因素,节点的承载能力和刚度随铁钉直径的增加而显著提高,而夹角对节点的力学性能影响较小.LBL钉节点单调加载试件的承载力和刚度均比低周反复荷载加载试件高.加载初期试件的荷载-位移滞回曲线形状不饱满,具有明显的“捏缩”现象.试件的累积耗能随铁钉直径增大而增加,并随加载角度增大而减小.研究成果可为LBL钉节点的设计提供理论依据,并加速其在土木工程领域的应用.

Dynamic performance of angle-steel concrete columns under low cyclic loading-I:Experimental study

This paper describes low cyclic loading testing of nine angle-steel concrete column （ASCC） specimens. In the tests, the influence of the shear-span ratio, axial compression ratio and shear steel plate ratio on the hysteretic behavior, energy dissipation, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, skeleton curve and ductility of the ASCCs is studied. Based on the test results, some conclusions are presented. The P-A and sectional M -φ hysteretic models for the ASCCs are presented in a companion paper （Zheng and Ji, 2008）.

Constitutive Model of Saturated Soft Clay with Cyclic Loads under Unconsolidated Undrained Condition

An equivalent visco-elastic model of saturated soft clay was studied under unconsolidated undrained (UU) condition, which can be used to evaluate the stability of ocean foundation. Cyclic triaxial compression and extension tests were conducted to study the parameters of the model. Results showed that the relationships of the damping ratio and the octahedral shear modulus with the octahedral cyclic shear strain were nearly unique, when the initial octahedral shear stress ratios of specimens were equal to 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7. The relationships of the damping ratio and the octahedral shear modulus with the octahedral cyclic shear strain determined from the cyclic triaxial compression tests were basically the same as those determined from the cyclic triaxial extension tests. Furthermore, the relationships were not related to the initial stress condition, the test stress state and the octahedral cyclic shear stress ratio. The relationships determined from the cyclic triaxial tests under no deviatoric stress were basically the same as those determined from the cyclic triaxial tests under deviatoric stress. The change of the octahedral cyclic accumulative strain with the number of cycles was unique under different tests stress states. An equivalent visco-elastic constitutive model of saturated soft clay under UU condition was initially established.

Correlation of liquefaction resistance with shear wave velocity based on laboratory study using bender element

Recent studies using field case history data yielded new criteria for evaluating liquefaction potential in saturated granular deposits based on in situ, stress-corrected shear wave velocity. However, the conditions of relatively insufficient case histories and limited site conditions in this approach call for additional data to more reliably define liquefaction resistance as a function of shear wave velocity. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sand with shear wave velocity Vs measured by bender element. By normalizing the data with respect to minimum void ratio, the test results, in-corporated with previously published laboratory data, statistically revealed good correlation of cyclic shear strength with small-strain shear modulus for sandy soils, which is almost irrespective of soil types and confining pressures. The consequently determined cyclic resistance ratio, CRR, was found to be approximately proportional to Vs4. Liquefaction resistance boundary curves were established by applying this relationship and compared to liquefaction criteria derived from seismic field measure-ments. Although in the range of Vs1>200 m/s the presented curves are moderately conservative, they are remarkably consistent with the published field performance criteria on the whole.

配筋齿槽装配式剪力墙拼缝水平相对滑移研究

装配式剪力墙拼缝界面的水平相对滑移对构件的力学性能有很大影响,以一片普通预制剪力墙为参照,开展新型配筋齿槽装配式剪力墙拼缝水平相对滑移研究.通过对两个装配式剪力墙试件进行低周反复加载试验,分析其裂缝分布情况、拼缝水平相对滑移曲线、荷载-位移曲线和钢筋应变等试验现象和数据,得到配筋齿槽装配式剪力墙拼缝水平相对滑移性能.最后通过分析配筋齿槽装配式剪力墙边缘约束构件区的纵向连接钢筋销键剪切应力与拼缝水平滑移以及竖向位移的关系,对边缘约束构件区的纵向连接钢筋销键剪切应力的影响因素和性能进行了总结.研究结果表明,配筋齿槽拼缝连接形式具有良好的抗剪切能力和抗滑移能力,配筋齿槽装配式剪力墙构件具备更良好的塑性变形能力和耗能能力;纵向连接钢筋销键剪切应力受水平滑移比和竖向位移比的影响,对装配式构件塑性发展、抗震性能以及内力传递造成不良影响.