Effect of flow stress—strain relation on forming limit of 5754O aluminum alloy

A modified Swift type flow stress—strain relation was presented in order to describe the uniaxial tension test curve reasonably. The FLD-strain （forming limit diagram made up of limit strain） of 5754O aluminum alloy sheet was calculated based on the two flow stress—strain relations using Yld2000-2d yield function. By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, it is found that the calculated FLD-strain based on the modified Swift flow stress—strain relation can reasonably describe the experimental results. However, though the common Voce flow stress—strain relation can describe the deformation behavior during homogenous deformation phase accurately, the FLD-strain calculated based on it is obviously lower than the experimental result. It is concluded that the higher the hardening rate of sheet metal is, the higher the forming limit is. A method for determining the reasonable flow stress—strain relation is recommended for describing the material behavior during inhomogenous phase and the forming limit of sheet metal.

EFFECT OF DENTIN TUBULES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTIN. PART Ⅰ: STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS AND STRENGTH CRITERION

As known, there is a large number of dentin tubules in dentin. These tubules have varying radii and are shaped into radially parallel pattern. The anisotropy of microstructure of dentin shows that dentin should be treated as a ma- terial of varying transverse isotropy. In this Part, the elastic stress-strain relations and the quadratic strength criterion are established in the form of having varying transverse isotropy, in the framework of micromechanics to take into account of the effect of the microstructures-dentin tubules. Simplified forms for isotropic and ho- mogeneous cases, as well as the corresponding plane stress form of the stress-strain relations are also given. These theoretical models are very well supported by the experiments shown later in the continued paper (Part Ⅱ).

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS BRITTLE ROCK SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSIVE LOADS

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity,nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening.The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE (STRESS-STRAIN) RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS ROCK UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADING

The mechanical behavior of rock under uniaxial tensile loading is different from that of rock under compressive loads. A micromechanics-based model was proposed for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth. The complete stress-strain relation including linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening was obtained. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations were introduced into the constitutive relation by using the probability density function describing the distribution of orientations and the probability density function describing the distribution of sizes. The influence of Weibull distribution describing the distribution of orientations and Rayleigh function describing the distribution of sizes on the constitutive relation were researched. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

Non-uniform,axisymmetric misfit strain:in thin films bonded on plate substrates/substrate systems:the relation between non-uniform film stresses and system curvatures

Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through curvature measurements are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states which are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. By considering a circular thin film/substrate system subject to non-uniform, but axisymmetric misfit strain distributions in the thin film, we derived relations between the film stresses and the misfit strain, and between the plate system＇s curvatures and the misfit strain. These relations feature a “local” part which involves a direct dependence of the stress or curvature components on the misfit strain at the same point, and a “non-local” part which reflects the effect of misfit strain of other points on the location of scrutiny. Most notably, we also derived relations between the polar components of the film stress and those of system curvatures which allow for the experimental inference of such stresses from full-field curvature measurements in the presence of arbitrary radial non-uniformities. These relations also feature a “non-local” dependence on curvatures making a full-field measurement a necessity. Finally, it is shown that the interfacial shear tractions between the film and the substrate are proportional to the radial gradients of the first curvature invariant and can also be inferred experimentally.

THE GENERAL STRESS STRAIN RELATION OF SOILS INVOLVING THE ROTATION OF PRINCIPAL STRESS AXES

In the light of matrix theory, the character of stress increment which causes the rotation of principal stress axes is analysed and the general stress increment is decomposed into two parts: coaxial part and rotational part. Based on these, the complex three dimensional (3-D) problem involving the rotation of principal stress axes is simplified to the combination of the 3-D coaxial model and the theory about pure rotation of principal stress axes that is only around one principal stress axes. The difficulty of analysis is reduced significantly. The concrete calculating method of general 3-D problem is provided and other applications are also presented.

Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on the Threshold Shear Strain of Nanjing's Saturated Fine Sand

By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus, a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction αo, the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0, the initial average effective principal stress Po and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain γt of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that γt increases as η0,p0 and b0 increase respectively, while the other three parameters remain constant. ao has a great influence on γt, which is reduced when ao increases from 0° to 45°and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt, plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when ao is approximately 45°.

THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER AXIAL-DIMENSIONAL UNLOADING

An accurate and efficient numerical method for solving the crack-crack interaction problem is presented. The method is mainly by means of the dislocation model, stress superposition principle and Chebyshev polynomial expansion of the pseudo-traction. This method can be applied to compute the stress intensity factors of multiple kinked cracks and multiple rows of periodic cracks as well as the overall strains of rock masses containing multiple kinked cracks under complex loads. Many complex computational examples are given. The dependence of the crack-crack interaction on the crack configuration, the geometrical and physical parameters, and loads pattern, is investigated. By comparison with numerical results under confining pressure unloading, it is shown that the crack-crack interaction under axial-dimensional unloading is weaker than those under confining pressure unloading. Numerical results for single faults and crossed faults show that the single faults are more unstable than the crossed faults. It is found from numerical results for different crack lengths and different crack spacing that the interaction among kinked cracks decreases with an increase in length of the kinked cracks and the crack spacing under axial-dimensional unloading.

Cyclic behavior of reinforced sand under principal stress rotation

Although the cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction is important,its effect on the deformation behavior and dynamic properties of the reinforced soil has not been reported to date.Tests carried out on large-scale hollow cylinder samples reveal that the cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction results in significant variations of strain components(ε,ε,εand γ) with periodic characteristics despite the deviatoric stress being constant during tests.This oscillation can be related to the corresponding variations in the stress components and the anisotropic fabric that rotate continuously along the principal stress direction.Sand under rotation appears to develop a plastic strain.Similar trends are observed for reinforced sand,but the shear interaction,the interlocking between particles and reinforcement layer,and the confinement result in significant reductions in the induced strains and associated irrecoverable plastic strains.Most of the strains occur in the first cycle,and as the number of cycles increases,the presence of strains becomes very small,which is almost insignificant.This indicates that the soil has reached anisotropic critical state(ACS),where a stable structure is formed after continuous orientation,realignment and rearrangement of the particles accompanied with increasing cyclic rotation.Rotation in the range of 60°-135° produces more induced strains even in the presence of the reinforcement,when compared with other ranges.This relates to the extension mode of the test in this range in which σ>σand to the relative approach between the mobilized plane and the weakest horizontal plane.Reinforcement results in an increase in shear modulus while it appears to have no effect on the damping ratio.Continuous cycles of rotation result in an increase in shear modulus and lower damping ratio due to the densification that causes a decrease in shear strain and less dissipation of energy.

Experimental study of seismic cyclic loading effects on small strain shear modulus of saturated sands

The seismic loading on saturated soil deposits induces a decrease in effective stress and a rearrangement of the soil-particle structure, which may both lead to a degradation in undrained stiffness and strength of soils. Only the effective stress influence on small strain shear modulus Gmax is considered in seismic response analysis nowadays, and the cyclic shearing induced fabric changes of the soil-particle structure are neglected. In this paper, undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sands with the shear wave velocity measured by bender element, to study the influences of seismic loading on Gmax. And Gmax of samples without cyclic loading effects was also investigated for comparison. The test results indicated that Gmax under cyclic loading effects is lower than that without such effects at the same effective stress, and also well correlated with the effective stress variation. Hence it is necessary to reinvestigate the determination of Gmax in seismic response analysis carefully to predict the ground responses during earthquake more reasonably.

Study of experiment method for triaxial frost heaving constitutive relation of frozen soil

A new experiment method is introduced to study the relations between frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock under different moisture contents, temperatures and stress states. Based on experiments, a new triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation is presented aiming at tunnel in cold regions. The experimental equipments are strain-controlled and low temperature buildup, and different restrained conditions are controlled by changing the stiffness of a test-force-ring. Then the frost heaving strain and stress of soil or fracture rock can be obtained under different restrained conditions, and the frost heaving stress-strain relation can be got by regression analysis of some feature points. Experiments of saturated sandy soil conducted by this method show that the triaxial frost heaving stress-strain relation could be expressed by logarithmic curves, and the frost heaving stress changes linearly with the logarithm of the frost heaving strain. The stronger the constraint, the smaller the frost heaving strain and the larger the frost heaving stresses. The frost heaving stresses would tend to a limit value with increasing the constraint intensity. The larger the confining pressure, the larger the frost heaving strain and stress.

Permissible Stress Level of Brick Masonry under Compressive Cyclic Loading

Laboratory tests revealed that the behavior of brick masonry under compressive cyclic loading is characterized by three distinct stress-strain curves. These three curves are termed as envelope curve, common point curve and stability point curve. The envelope curve is obtained by superimposing the cyclic peaks on the monotonic stress-strain curve. The common point curve is the locus of intersection points of loading and unloading curves of the cycles. If for the same cycle, the loading and unloading are repeated several times, the intersection points of loading and unloading paths will stabilize at a lower bound. The locus of these stabilized points （lower bound points） of all cycles form the stability point curve. Therefore, the stability point curve can be used as a measure for the allowable stress for masonry under cyclic loadings. The proposed cyclic allowable stress level is associated with the accumulation of residual （plastic） strain levels as a result of cyclic loading history. The permissible stress level was found to be about two thirds of the cyclic peak stress of the specimen.

Comprehensive Analysis of Stress-Strain in Typical Metal Forming Processes

The corresponding positions of different metal plastic working processes in the plane stress state on a Mises yield ellipse are described.The paper points out that the forming of a workpiece inside its die is corresponding to a mass point moving along the ellipse and that its dimensional variation tendency in all directions can be judged according to a correspondence rule of the stress-strain order offered by the author.In addition,the paper also presents the corresponding three-dimensional positions of different metal plastic working processes on the Mises cylinder,from which the deformation force and technological plasticity required in different processes can be compared,and the dimensional variation tendency can be predicted.The analysis method used in this paper is not to calculate the variation of each stress component(σx,σy,σz) by convention,but to emphasize the variation of the stress state in the typical position,which is expressed correspondingly as the varying locus of points in principal stress space,and then based on the analysis the strain result is judged.

重塑黄土的往返加卸载真三轴试验研究

针对不同应力路径往返加卸载条件下黄土累积塑性应变发展特性,以重塑黄土为研究对象,利用真三轴仪开展不同应力路径的往返加卸载试验研究,探究不同应力路径、应力幅值下黄土的循环应力时程曲线、滞回曲线、骨干曲线及累积塑性应变曲线的影响规律。揭示了应力路径对重塑黄土力学特性的影响,描述了各主应力与中主应力比b和应力幅值的相关性,提出了重塑黄土的滞回曲线近似呈椭圆形,长轴斜率随中主应力比b值的增大而增大,随应力幅值的增大而减小;随着中主应力比b值的增大,循环应力-应变骨干曲线随之硬化,累积塑性应变曲线依次降低,且累积塑性应变发展更早的进入平缓阶段,为解决相关黄土工程问题提供了参考。

核酸切除修复途径相关基因对酿酒酵母耐受性的影响

酿酒酵母在工业发酵过程中会受到多种环境压力,包括氧化、高温、酸、乙醇及高渗等,因此选育高耐性酿酒酵母对工业生产具有重要意义。微生物中DNA重组酶、核酸修复酶等与核酸修复相关的蛋白与菌体对不良环境的耐受性有关。该实验基于核酸切除修复途径,通过基因工程手段,探究酿酒酵母内源核酸切除修复基因(RAD 16、RAD7、RAD23和RAD4)和外源基因(UVRA)对酿酒酵母耐受性的影响。结果表明,过表达酿酒酵母自身核酸切除修复基因RAD16、RAD7、RAD23及RAD4提高了酿酒酵母高渗耐受性。过表达UVRA基因可以提高菌株高渗耐受性,这意味着该元件在真核和原核细胞中存在功能上的保守性。这些结果有助于提高酿酒酵母对环境胁迫尤其是高渗透压环境的耐受性,并为研究酵母耐受性机制提供了新的思路。

TC4钛合金电致塑性本构方程建立

采用自行设计的绝缘夹具对TC4钛合金板材进行了电致塑性单向拉伸试验。基于对照试验的方法,以无脉冲电流且不同温度条件作为参照,与同等温度条件下脉冲电流加热情况进行对比,以探索电流参数对TC4钛合金电致塑性效应和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:在试验研究范围内,脉冲电流的占空比主要影响材料的温度变化,脉冲电流密度对TC4钛合金的电致塑性起主导地位,脉冲电流作用下的TC4钛合金材料抗拉强度大幅下降,塑性提高。基于Johnson-Cook模型和Arrhenius方程建立了耦合温度和脉冲电流密度的TC4钛合金电致塑性本构方程,并进行了验证。

循环荷载下双裂隙砂岩弹性模量及裂纹动态演化

为研究不同岩桥倾角砂岩在循环荷载作用下的弹性模量变化和裂纹动态演化规律,对裂隙倾角固定为45°,岩桥倾角分别为15°,45°,75°,90°,105°的砂岩试件开展了单轴循环加、卸载试验和PFC^(2D)模拟.结果表明,不同裂隙砂岩的弹性模量随循环荷载作用得到了明显的强化;在循环荷载作用下,应力-应变曲线与离散元模拟得到的试件瞬时微裂纹演化曲线存在对应关系;岩桥倾角对砂岩的破坏模式有影响,PFC^(2D)模拟的裂纹动态演化可以合理地反映岩石中裂纹的萌生位置、扩展方向.基于微裂纹数目所定义的损伤与破坏模式很好地对应,岩桥倾角为45°时原始损伤是最大的.

循环球应力作用下黄土变形特性研究

针对西安某地铁车站基坑Q3原状黄土,开展偏应力恒定的循环球应力加/卸载试验,对不同固结应力与不同动应力幅值条件下原状黄土的轴向变形与体应变发展规律进行分析。结果表明:循环球应力作用下,黄土会产生一定的不可逆塑性变形与可逆弹性变形,其变形增长规律与偏压程度和动应力幅值成正比,与固结应力成反比;轴向变形规律符合Monismith C L幂函数模型,且其模型参数与固结应力条件具有显著的相关性;原状黄土在加载初期体应变累积较明显,之后逐渐趋于稳定;固结应力比对体应变影响较小,固结球应力对体应变发展具有抑制作用,表明浅层土体更容易产生压缩变形。

含粗骨料超高性能混凝土的单轴受拉力学性能

考虑粗骨料掺量、钢纤维掺量及长径比等因素,研究了含粗骨料超高性能混凝土(UHPC-CA)的单轴受拉力学性能,揭示了纤维增强的机理和粗骨料的作用机制.结果表明:随着粗骨料掺量的增加,UHPC-CA的单轴抗拉强度与变形性能均下降;钢纤维掺量增加、长径比增大对UHPC-CA的受拉力学性能有较大的提升作用;钢纤维与基体间具有良好的握裹力,在基体内出现裂缝后,主要依靠握裹作用承受拉应力;粗骨料的掺入削弱了钢纤维空间分布的均匀性,同时引入了薄弱的粗骨料-基体界面过渡区,对UHPC-CA的受拉性能产生了不利的影响.

循环加载下压实黄土的边界面塑性本构模型

压实黄土的动应力应变关系预测是黄土高原平山填方工程长期运营涉及的关键问题之一,已有模型预测压实黄土的动本构关系难度较大。该文在边界面塑性框架下,引入动态映射法则,提出了一个反映应变累积的循环加载塑性模量表达式,构建了循环加载条件下压实黄土边界面塑性本构模型,分析了循环应力比与围压对应力应变关系与模量的影响规律,采用压实粉质黄土动三轴试验结果进行了验证。结果表明,该循环加载塑性模量基本反映了压实黄土的应变累积行为,所构建的本构模型考虑了循环应力比对动应力应变关系与模量的影响,可为填方压实黄土长期变形分析提供参考。