Influence of Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺and Zn²⁺Cations on ¹³C-¹⁸O Bonds in Precipitated Aragonite, Calcite and Dolomite: An <i>ab Initio</i>Study

The influence of metal cations on 13C-18O bonds in carbonates is still under debate. This paper used ab initio method to investigate this kind of influence of Mg2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ cations on 13C-18O bonds in precipitated aragonite, calcite and dolomite. The polynomials of Δ47 and reduced partition function ratios (RPFRs) for 13/12C, 14/12C and 18/16O of these minerals were given within temperatures ranging from 260 to 1500 K. We found that these cations significantly decreased the Δ47 values at the level of 10-3 - 10-2 per mil, comparing with pure crystals;and that if the Δ47 values were used to reconstruct the temperatures Ts, the deviation of T was about 7.2°C for, for instance, zinc-enriched aragonite, as discussed in our paper. It was suggested that due to such influence, researchers would better use a proper thermometer according to the main impurity metal cations in carbonates. We also found that according to the probability theory, the theoretical value of the influence of phosphoric acid on Δ47 of CO2 degassed from different carbonates was zero.

¹³C-¹⁸O Bonds in Precipitated Calcite and Aragonite: An <i>ab Initio</i>Study

The 13C-18O bonds in carbonates are potential single-phase geo-thermometers. However, their theoretical distributions (noted as Δ47s) in CO2 degassed from calcite and aragonite with phosphoric acid are unclear. Thus, the isotope reactions of 13C-18O bonds on the growing surfaces of calcite (0001) and aragonite (001) planes were investigated using ab initio techniques. It was found that these reactions determined 13C-18O clumped isotope signatures in bulk calcite and aragonite minerals with novel Δ47 polynomials: and for temperatures ranging from 260 to 1500 K. These theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the influence of phosphoric acid on these polynomials was at the level of 0.01‰.

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of sulfur-containing atropisomers by C-S bond formations

Chiral organosulfur compounds are not only widely distributed in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals,but also play a significant role in chiral ligands/catalysts.Throughout the history of synthetic organic chemistry,chemists have been absorbed in the construction of centrally chiral organosulfur compounds.Nevertheless,there are relatively few reports on installing sulfur functional groups into axially chiral compounds.Atropisomerism is one of the fundamental phenomena in nature,which ubiquitously exists in natural products.After more than a century of development,atropisomers have been designed and extensively applied to pharmaceuticals,functional materials and chiral ligands/catalysts.Due to the importance of chiral sulfurcontaining atropisomers,there is an increasing demand for enantioselective synthesis of them.Recently,a diversity of approaches by C-S bond formations have been established for the construction of enantioenriched sulfur-containing atropisomers,however,there is no comprehensive review to summarize this great progress.In this mini-review,we summarize recent progress in catalytic asymmetric synthesis of sulfur-containing atropisomers by C-S bond formations,which includes sulfur nucleophilic reactions,sulfur electrophilic reactions and sulfur radical reactions.Furthermore,the reaction mechanisms are also discussed.We hope that this mini-review will enable more researchers to further explore this field.

Electric-field-controlled highly regioselective thiocyanation of N-containing heterocycles

Achieving highly regioselective synthesis in organic chemistry is challenging due to the uncontrollable orientation between reacting partners.External electric fields(EEFs)can influence the reactivity and selectivity of the substrate by causing directional adsorption.However,scalable and efficient techniques for using EEFs as“smart catalysts”have been lacking,hindering their application.In this study,we present a novel method for modifying the regioselectivity of quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones by functionalizing their C7-position using the electric double layer(EDL)theory.This approach led to moderate to good yields of the corresponding C7-thiocyanation products.DFT calculations and control experiments demonstrated that EEFs could reverse the regioselectivity of quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones,allowing the C7-thiocyanation to proceed via a radical reaction mechanism.Additionally,the resulting 7-thiocyano-1-methylquinoxaline-2(1H)-ones exhibited promising AIE properties.Our work showcases a promising strategy for achieving highly regioselective functionalization by aligning the electric field with the desired reaction/bond axis.

2-苯基环己硫醇在γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)负载的MoS_(2)催化剂上的脱硫反应

合成了2-苯基环己硫醇(2-PCHT),在临氢和非临氢条件下研究了其在γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)担载的MoS_(2)催化剂上的脱硫反应。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、N2吸附-脱附等温曲线和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对所制备的样品进行分析表征。结果表明:MoO3高度分散于载体γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和SiO_(2)中;在240℃和5.0 MPa H2条件下,2-PCHT在MoS_(2)上主要通过β消除、氢解和脱氢3条路径脱硫,其中β消除和氢解并重,氢解快于β消除;非临氢条件下,主要通过β消除、C-S键均裂(或氢解)以及脱氢3条平行路径脱硫,并以β消除为主,临氢和非临氢条件下,2-PCHT在MoS_(2)催化剂上β消除路径不同。临氢条件下,MoS_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)的氢解活性高于MoS_(2)/SiO_(2);非临氢条件下,MoS_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)的β消除活性高于MoS_(2)/SiO_(2)。含氮化合物哌啶对β消除路径和脱氢路径有较强的抑制作用,但对氢解和C-S键均裂路径几乎没有影响。MoS_(2)的加氢活性以及对2-PCHT的脱硫活性均高于WS2。

2-苯基环己硫醇在γ-Al2O3和SiO2负载的WS2催化剂上的脱硫反应

合成了2-苯基环己硫醇(2-PCHT);通过等体积浸渍法制备了分别以γ-Al2O3和SiO2作载体的WS2催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附和透射电镜(TEM)技术对催化剂进行表征。在临氢和非临氢(Ar)条件下研究了2-PCHT在WS2/Al2O3和WS2/SiO2催化剂上的脱硫反应。结果表明:在240℃和5.0 MPa H2条件下,2-PCHT在WS2催化剂上主要通过β消除、氢解和脱氢3条平行路径脱硫,其中β消除和氢解并重,β消除反应速率快于氢解;非临氢条件下,主要通过β消除、C-S键均裂(或氢解)及脱氢3条平行路径脱硫,并以β消除为主;哌啶对β消除路径的抑制作用最大、对脱氢路径作用次之,但对氢解几乎没有影响,并促进了C-S键均裂;WS2/Al2O3的反应活性优于WS2/SiO2,可能与其活性组分的分散度较高有关;临氢条件下,2-PCHT的反应动力学可以用假一级模型描述;但其在非临氢条件下则不能用简单的幂函数拟合,可能归因于环烷基C-S键断裂机制的复杂性。

C-S coupling with nitro group as leaving group via simple inorganic salt catalysis

An efficient and practical synthetic protocol to synthesize nonsymmetrical aryl thioethers by nucleophilic aromatic substitution(S_NAr)reaction of nitroarenes by thiols with potassium phosphate as the catalyst is described.Various moderate to strong electron-withdrawing functional groups are tolerated by the system to provide thioethers in a good to excellent yields.We also showed that the present method allows access to 3 drug examples in a short reaction time.Finally,mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction may form the classic Meisenheimer complex through a two-step additionelimination mechanism.

Oxidative dual C-H sulfenylation:A strategy for the synthesis of bis(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)sulfanes under metal-free conditions using sulfur powder

An efficient approach to sulfur-bridged imidazopyridines has been developed under metal-free conditions using inexpensive sulfur powder as the sulfur source.Most appealingly,the reaction can proceed smoothly without addition of any additives,ultimately decreasing the production of chemical waste.The inexpensive and green method should provide a useful strategy for constructing a library of novel and biological interesting heteroaromatic sulfides.

A mild and highly efficient one-pot three-component reaction for carbon-sulfur bond formation catalyzed by potassium tert-butoxide

Potassium tert-butoxide has been found to be a highly efficient catalyst for one-pot,three-component reaction of aryl aldehydes, acetophenones,and thiols via Claisen-Schmidt/Michael addition reactions for the synthesis of thia-Michael adducts in high yields. The reactions are best carried out in tert-butyl alcohol at room temperature.

Boron-promoted reductive deoxygenation coupling reaction of sulfonyl chlorides for the C(sp3)-S bond construction

Herein,we report a borane-promoted reductive deoxygenation coupling reaction to synthesize sulfides.This reaction features excellent functional group compatibility,high efficiency,broad substrate scope,and application in late-stage functionalization of biomolecules.Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest diaryl sulfides are the intermediates of this reaction.Moreover,the real active aryl sulfide anions may be generated in situ with the aid of B2pin2 and react with alkyl tosylates through a concerted SN2 pathway.

Development of catalyst-free carbon-sulfur bond formation reactions under aqueous media and their applications

Methods for the carbon-sulfur bond formation under catalyst-free,aqueous conditions are extremely useful in organic synthesis and chemical biology.Our laboratory has developed methodologies to construct carbon-thiol bonds,carbon-sulfinic acid bonds,and carbon-disulfide bonds and such methodologies have been widely adopted by other research groups over multidisciplinary fields.In this article,our work on C-S bond formation in an aqueous solvent and its corresponding applications is summarized.

Carbon–sulfur bond formation via photochemical strategies: An efficient method for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds

The development of green and convenient methods for C–S bond formation has received significant attention because C–S bond widely occurs in many important pharmaceutical and biological compounds.Recently, visible-light photoredox catalysis has been established as an efficient and general tool for the construction of C–C and C-heteroatom bonds. In this review, we have focused on the research on recent advances in C–S bond formation via visible-light photoredox catalysis, and the growing opportunities they present to the construction of complex chemical scaffolds for applications encompassing bioactive molecules synthesis, synthetic methodology development, and sulfur-containing drugs. We hope that this review will provide chemists with a synthetic tool that will open the door to further development of organsulfur chemistry.

Discriminating non-ylidic carbon-sulfur bond cleavages of sulfonium ylides for alkylation and arylation reactions

A sulfonium ylide participated alkylation and arylation under transition-metal free conditions is described.The disparate reaction pattern allowed the separate activation of non-ylidic S-alkyl and S-aryl bond.Under acidic conditions,sulfonium ylides serve as alkyl cation precursors which facilitate the alkylations.While under alkaline conditions,cleavage of non-ylidic S-aryl bond produces O-arylated compounds efficiently.The robustness of the protocols were established by the excellent compatibility of wide variety of substrates including carbohydrates.

Visible-light-induced regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 2-isothiocyanatonaphthalenes with amines using molecular oxygen

An efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the construction of naphtho[2,1-d]thiazol-2-amines through visible-light photoredox-catalyzed C(sp2)–H/S–H cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions between 2-isothiocyanatonaphthalenes and amines was established.In this reaction,the new C–N and C–S bonds are formed simultaneously in a single step.This new method provides a straightforward approach for constructing valuable sulfur-containing compounds.

Identification and formation of sulfur-containing steroids in sulfur-rich heavy oils in the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China

High abundant sulfur-containing steroids were identified and detected in saturate hydrocarbon fractions of heavy oil with a high sulfur content in the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China.These sulfur-containing steroids were structurally merged into the D-ring of steroid nucleus with thiophene ring and/or combined into the C-22 in the side-chain.Based on the previous reports of sulfur-containing steroids with methylthio-steroids and intra-molecular form,four formation mechanisms of sulfur-containing steroids and diagenetic pathway of steroids under S-rich conditions were proposed in this paper according to the double bond positions in the sterene compounds.Hydrogenation and sulfurization both occurred in the diagenetic processes of olefinic bond in the side-chain of steroids:abiogenic chemical hydrogenation of H2S and HS-leads to the formation of regular steranes;a successful sulfurization process leads to the formation of the side-chain sulfur-containing steroids whereas unsuccessful cyclization and/or sulfurization result in the generation of short-chain steranes.This kind of mechanism of hydrogenation/sulfurization of side-chain olefinic bond provides a potential genesis clue for the occurrence of high abundance of short-chain steranes(higher than the common regular steroids,phytane and n-alkanes)in S-rich heavy oils and source rocks in the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China.