Occurrence,identification and phylogenetic analyses of cereal cyst nematodes(Heterodera spp.)in Turkey

Plant-parasitic nematodes are very common on cereal crops and cause economic losses via reduction in grain quality and quantity. During 2014, 83 soil samples were collected from wheat and barley fields in 21 districts of 13 provinces across five regions （CentralAnatolia, Marmara, Aegean, SoutheastAnatolia, and Black Sea Region） of Turkey. Cyst-forming nematodes were found in 66 samples （80%）, and the internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequencing and species-specific PCR identified the species in 64 samples as Heterodera filipjevi, Heterodera latipons, and Heterodera avenae. The predominant patho- genic cereal cyst nematode was H. filipjevi, which was found in all five regions surveyed. H. avenae was only detected in Southeast Anatolia whereas H. latipons was detected in Southeast Anatolia and Central Anatolia. ITS-rDNA phylogenetic analyses showed that H. avenae isolates from China clustered with H. australis, and Turkish isolates were closely related to European and USA isolates of this species. H. filipjevi from Turkey and China were clustered closely with those from the UK, Germany, Russia, and the USA. The density of many of these populations exceeded 6r approached the maximum threshold level for economic loss. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. filipjevi in Diyarbakir, Edirne, and Kutahya provinces, and the first report of H. avenae in DiyarbakJr Province. These results exhibit the most rigorous analysis to date on the occurrence and distribution of Heterodera spp. in Turkey＇s major wheat-producing areas, thus providing a basis for more specific resistance breeding, as well as other management practices.

Hatching and development of maize cyst nematode Heterodera zeae infecting different plant hosts

The occurrence, distribution, and rapid molecular detection technology of Heterodera zeae Koshy et al. 1971, have been reported in China. We explored the biological characteristics of H. zeae sampled in Henan Province, China to understand its interaction with plants. Cysts and second-stage juveniles(J2s) were identified under an optical and scanning electron microscope, internal transcribed spacer(ITS) phylogenetic tree, and sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR)-PCR analyses. The optimum hatching temperatures of H. zeae were 30°C and 28°C, with cumulative hatching rates of 16.5 and 16.1%, respectively, at 30 days post-hatching(dph). The hatching rate of H. zeae eggs was improved by 20-and 50-time maize soil leachate and root juice, and 10-time root exudates. The hatching rate in 10-time root exudates was the highest(25.9%). The 10-time root exudates of maize and millet produced the highest hatching rate at 30 dph(25.9 and 22.9%, respectively), followed by wheat(19.9%), barley(18.3%), and rice(17.6%). Heterodera zeae developed faster in maize than in other crops. Fourth-stage juveniles(J4s) were detected in maize roots 8 days post-inoculation(dpi) at 28°C but not in other crops. Combined with hatching tests, the Huang–Huai–Hai summer maize region and the south and central-southwest mountainous maize areas are highly suitable for H. zeae in China. This is the first systematically study of the hatching and infection characteristics on different plant hosts of corn cyst nematode H. zeae in temperate regions. This study laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid spread and high environmental adaptability of corn cyst nematode.

Molecular diagnosis and direct quantification of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera filipjevi) from field soil using TaqMan real-time PCR

Heterodera filipjevi continues to be a major threat to wheat production worldwide.Rapid detection and quantification of cyst nematodes are essential for more effective control against this nematode disease.In the present study,a TaqManminor groove binder(TaqMan-MGB)probe-based fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)was successfully developed and used for quantifying H.filipjevi from DNA extracts of soil.The primers and probe designed from the obtained RAPD-SCAR marker fragments of H.filipjevi showed high specificity to H.filipjevi using DNA from isolatesconfirmed species of 23 Heterodera spp.,1 Globodera spp.and 3 Pratylenchus spp.The qPCR assay is highly sensitive and provides improved H.filipjevi detection sensitivity of as low as 4^(-3) single second-stage juvenile(J2)DNAs,10^(-3) female DNAs,and 0.01μgμL^(-1) genomic DNAs.A standard curve relating to the threshold cycle and log values of nematode numbers was generated and validated from artificially infested soils and was used to quantify H.filipjevi in naturally infested field soils.There was a high correlation between the H.filipjevi numbers estimated from 32 naturally infested field soils by both conventional methods and the numbers quantified using the qPCR assay.qPCR potentially provides a useful platform for the efficient detection and quantification of H.filipjevi directly from field soils and to quantify this species directly from DNA extracts of field soils.

Identification of Endophytic Bacillus BHL3501 from Wild Soybean and Its Inhibitory Effect against Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)

[ Objective] The paper was to identify endophytic bacillus BHL3501 from wild soybean and its inhibitory effect against soybean cyst nematode. [ Meth- od] Through morphological characteristic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis, a strain of endophytic bacterium BHL3501 with ne- maticidal activity isolated and screened from the root of wild soybean was identified, the effects of BHL3501 metabolite solutions with different dilution multiples on egg hatching and activity of 2rd instar juvenile of soybean cyst nematode were also studied. [ Result ] BHL3501 strain was preliminarily identified to be Bacillus sp.. The relative inhibitory rate of its original fermentation broth on egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode after 24 h was 98.3% ; the relative inhibitory rate under 10- time diluted solution treatment was 79.5%, which had significant difference with sterile water control. The corrected mortality rate of 24 instar juvenile was 93.1% after treated by original fermentation broth for 24 h, the treatments of all diluted solutions had significant difference with sterile water control. [ Conclusion ] BHL3501 metabolites had strong inhibitory effect against egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode, which also had strong toxic effect on its 2nd instar juvenile.

Effects of Abiotic Environmental Factors on Soybean Cyst Nematode

As a pest, in order to complete its life history and reproduces effectively, soybean cyst nematode （SCN） （Heterodera glycines Ichinche 1952） must adapt to various environments and conditions for long periods of evolution. The nematode is widely dispersed year after year. Controlling this pest requires understanding characters and adaptability of SCN. Effects of abiotic factors, such as temperature, soil humidity, agrotype, pH value, ions, plant exudates, agricultural chemical and cultivation systems on SCN, are reviewed in this paper. The results show that SCN is able to endure various environmental stresses, especially low temperature. Because of its special life history, cyst stage help SCN over winter, resistance of SCN to environmental stress is strong. A few studies have reported the mechanism of SCN environmental adaptability. We emphasized the importance of studying environmental adaptability of SCN, which would benefit the control of SCN by ecological means.

A new pathotype characterization of Daxing and Huangyuan populations of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera avenae) in China

The cereal cyst nematode（CCN, Heteroder aavenae） causes serious yield loss on cereal crops, especially wheat, worldwide. Daxing population in Beijing City and Huangyuan population in Qinghai Province, China, are two CCN populations. In this study, the CCN pathotypes of Daxing and Huangyuan populations were characterized by tests on 23 standard ＂International Test Assortment＂ with the local species Wenmai 19 as the susceptible control. Tested materials were grouped by three nematode populations＇ virulence on resistant genes（Rha1, Rha2, Rha3, Cre1） and nonresistant genes, varieties and lines. Both Daxing and Huangyuan populations were avirulent to Ortolan（Ha1）. Barley cvs. Ortolan, Siri, Morocco, Bajo Aragon 1-1, and Martin 403-2 were all resistant to both populations. Cultivars Herta, Harlan 43 and wheat Iskamish-K-2-light were all susceptible to Huangyuan population, all of them, however, were resistant to Daxing population. The other five oats were all resistant to the two tested CCN populations. Except Iskamisch K-2-light, all the other wheat cultivars（Capa, Loros×Koga, AUS 10894, and Psathias） were susceptible to Daxing population. Because the pathotypes of the two tested CCN populations in Beijing and Qinghai were not identical to any of the 13 pathotypes previously characterized by the test assortment, we classified Daxing and Huangyuan populations as the new pathotypes, named Ha91.

Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Profiling Between Resistant and Susceptible Varieties Infected With Soybean Cyst Nematode Race 4 in Glycine max

Soybean cyst nematode （SCN） is one of the most devastating pathogen for soybean. Therefore, identiifcation of resistant germplasm resources and resistant genes is needed to improve SCN resistance for soybean. Soybean varieties Huipizhiheidou and Wuzhaiheidou were distributed in China and exhibited broad spectrums of resistance to various SCN races. In this study, these two resistant varieties, combined with standard susceptible varieties （Lee and Essex）, were utilized to identify the differentially expressed transcripts after infection with SCN race 4 between resistant and susceptible reactions by using the Affymetrix Soybean Genome GeneChip. Comparative analyses indicated that 21 common genes changed signiifcantly in the resistant group, of which 16 increased and 5 decreased. However, 12 common genes changed signiifcantly in the susceptible group, of which 9 increased and 3 decreased. Additionally, 27 genes were found in common between resistant and susceptible reactions. The 21 signiifcantly changed genes in resistant reaction were associated with disease and defense, cell structure, transcription, metabolism, and signal transduction. The fold induction of 4 from the 21 genes was conifrmed by quantitative RT-PCR （qRT-PCR） analysis. Moreover, the gene ontology （GO） enrichment analyses demonstrated the serine family amino acid metabolic process and arginine metabolic process may play important roles in SCN resistance. This study provided a new insight on the genetic basis of soybean resistance to SCN race 4, and the identiifed resistant or resistant-related genes are potentially useful for SCN-resistance breeding in soybean.

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode （SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe） is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.

Chemical mutagenesis and soybean mutants potential for identification of novel genes conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode

The resistance of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) to soybean cyst nematode(SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), which is a devastating pathogen in soybean production and causes a large quantity of annual yield loss worldwide, can shift during the long-term interaction and domestication. It is vital to identify more new resistance genetic sources for identification of novel genes underlying resistance to SCN for management of this pathogen. In the present study, first, two ethane methylsulfonate-mutagenesis soybean M2 populations of PI 437654, which shows a broad resistance to almost all of SCN races, and Zhonghuang 13, which is a soybean cultivar in China conferring strong resistance to lodging, were developed. Many types of morphological phenotypes such as four-and five-leaflet leaves were observed from these two soybean M2 populations. Second, 13 mutants were identified and confirmed to exhibit alteration of resistance to SCN race 4 through the forward genetic screening of 400 mutants of the PI 437654 M2 population, the rate of mutants with alteration of SCNinfection phenotype is 3.25%. Third, these identified mutants were further verified not to show any changes in the genomic sequences of the three known SCN-resistant genes, GmSHMT08, GmSNAP18 and GmSANP11, compared to the wildtype soybean; and all of them were still resistant to SCN race 3 similar to the wild-type soybean. Taken together, we can conclude that the 13 mutants identified in the present study carry the mutations of the new gene(s) which contribute(s) to the resistance to SCN race 4 in PI 437654 and can be potentially used as the genetic soybean sources to further identify the novel SCN-resistant gene(s).

Soybean cyst nematode-resistance: Gene identification and breeding strategies

Soybean cyst nematode(SCN,Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)is the most economically damaging disease of soybean worldwide,and breeding host plant resistance is the most feasible option for SCN management.In this review,we summarise the progress made so far in identifying nematode-resistance genes,the currently available sources of resistance,possible mechanisms of SCN resistance and strategies for soybean breeding.To date,only two sources of SCN resistance have been widely used,from the accessions PI 88788 and Peking,which has resulted in a shift in SCN resistance and created a narrow genetic base for SCN resistance.These resistant germplasms for SCN are classified into two types according to their copy number variation in a 31-kb genomic region:PI 88788-type resistance requires high copy numbers of a rhg1 resistance allele(rhg1-b)and Peking-type resistance requires both low copy numbers of a different rhg1 resistance allele(rhg1-a)and a resistant allele at another locus,Rhg4.Resistance related to rhg1 primarily involves impairment of vesicle trafficking through disruption of soluble NSF-attachment protein receptor(SNARE)complexes.By contrast,resistance via Rhg4 involves disturbance of folate homeostasis at SCN feeding sites due to alteration of the enzymatic activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase(SHMT).Other potential mechanisms,including plant defences mediated by salicylic acid(SA)and jasmonic acid(JA)signalling modulation,have also been suggested for SCN resistance.Indeed,genome-wide association studies(GWAS)have identified other candidate SCN resistance genes,such as Gm SNAP11.Although gene functional analysis in a transient expression system could increase the efficiency of candidate gene identification,information on novel genes and mechanisms for SCN resistance remains limited.Any beneficial candidate genes identified might,when fully exploited,be valuable for improving the efficiency of marker-assisted breeding and dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying SCN resistance.

Breeding Soybeans for Resistance to Physiological Race 4 of Cyst Nematode

Soybean cyst nematode causes serious damage to soybean production. In 1991, we started breeding studies on the resistance of soybeans to the cyst nematode. We found that near the Beijing area the dominant race of the cyst nematode was race 4. We made more than 50 combinations of cross. The best combination was Dan 8 X PI 437654 which resulted in marked segregation in plant height, pod habit, resistance to cyst nematode and maturity. We obtained many new soybean lines highly resistant to the cyst nematode through the pedigree method of selection, enlarging the number of plants of good combinations, alternative breeding in the North and in the South, and identification at an early generation. We now have released three soybean cultivars, Zhonghuang 12, Zhonghuang 13 and Zhonghuang 17 with moderate resistance to the cyst nematode in Beijing, Anhui, Tianjin and Northern China. In addition, we obtained many lines which were highly resistant to the cyst nematode.

First report of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera filipjevi) on winter wheat in Shandong Province, China

The cereal cyst nematodes(Heterodera avenae,Heterodera filipjevi,Heterodera latipons)are considered to be one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes attacking most cereals and can cause significant crop losses(Sikora 1988).In China,H.filipjevi(Madzhidov 1981)Stelter,1984,was first reported from Henan province(peng et al.2010)and a few years later in Anhui province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(peng et al.2016,2018).In December 2017,a survey for cereal

Microscopy Method to Compare Cyst Nematode Infection of Different Plant Species

The cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is an obligate, biotrophic pathogen of potato, causing up to 80% yield loss. In the present study, a non-destructive imaging technique was used to compare the development and behavior of G. pallida in its host Solanum tuberosum and in the non-host S. sisymbriifolium. We used microscopy-rhizosphere chambers coupled with the fluorescent stain PKH26, and compared this with destructively sampled acid fuchsin staining. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.90) in G. pallida numbers was found whether stained with PKH26 or acid fuchsin for either plant species indicating no toxic effect from the vital stain. PKH26 labelled J2s successfully located and penetrated roots of both S. tuberosum and S. sisymbriifolium. Two days after inoculation, PKH26 stained G. pallida was clearly observed migrating intercellularly through root tissues of both S. tuberosum and the non-host S. sisymbriifolium. Overall, more nematodes were observed in S. tuberosum than in S. sisymbriifolium roots. No live J2s were observed in S. sisymbriifolium roots stained with either acid fuchsin or PKH26 after 8 days. Understanding the time line of development of G. pallida in S. sisymbriifolium is important towards comprehensive understanding of plant defense responses.

A fragment of a 70-kDa Heterodera glycines heat shock protein(HgHSP70)interacts with soybean cyst nematode-resistant GmSHMT08

Soybean cyst nematode(SCN)Heterodera glycines is considered as the major constraint to soybean production.Gm SHMT08 at Rhg4 locus on chromosome 08,encoding a serine hydroxylmethyltransferase,is a major gene underlying resistance against H.glycines in Peking-type soybeans.However,the molecular mechanism underpinning this resistance is less well characterized,and whether Gm SHMT08 could interact with proteins in H.glycines remains unclear.In this study,yeast two-hybrid screening was conducted using Gm SHMT08 as a bait protein,and a fragment of a 70-kDa heat shock protein(Hg HSP70)was screened from H.glycines that exhibited interaction with Gm SHMT08.This interaction was verified by both GST pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays.Our finding reveals Hg HSP70 could be applied as a potential candidate gene for further exploring the mechanism on Gm SHMT08-mediated resistance against SCN H.glycines.

Mophological and Molecular Identification of Potato Cyst Nematode from Sichuan,China

[Objectives]The infection symptoms of cyst nematodes were found in Yuexi, Sichuan. In order to identify the pathogen, the isolated nematodes were identified by morphology and molecular biology. [Methods] The potato roots and soil around the roots were collected, the nematodes in the roots were stained and observed, and the cysts were separated by the simple floating method. The second-stage juveniles(J2 s), females and cysts were found, and they were photographed and morphologically measured. The DNA of cysts and J2 s were extracted and identified by species-specific PCR. The DNA sequences of 18 S gene, 28 S D2-D3 region and ITS region in ribosomal DNA were obtained. Sequences of some cyst nematode species were downloaded from GenBank for sequence alignment, and MrBayes 3.2.3 software was used to construct a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. [Results] The nematodes could invade hosts’ root system. The basal knobs of J2 s was nearly round and inclined backward;the average length of the stylet was shorter than 23 μm;the Granek ratio of cysts was greater than or equal to 3, which is highly consistent with that of Globodera rostochiensis. The DNA templates of three cysts and four J2 s were amplified by species-specific PCR, and a band of about 430 bp was obtained. After further sequencing, the length was 434 bp, which is consistent with G. rostochiensis. The evolutionary analysis of rDNA 18 S and 28 S showed that the cyst nematode population was a Globodera species, and further evolutionary analysis of ITS gene confirmed that the population was G. rostochiensis. [Conclusions] The nematodes are G. rostochiensis, which is a quarantine species of great concern to both domestic and import quarantine. Once introduced and colonized, it is hard to eradicate. It is necessary to establish a monitoring system as soon as possible, strengthen the quarantine, supervision and management, increase investment in G. rostochiensis research and development, and develop detection and control technologies, so as to escort the healthy and sustainable development of China’s potato industry.

Host status of Brachypodium distachyon to the cereal cyst nematode

Cereal cyst nematode（Heterodera avenae, CCN） distributes worldwide and has caused severe damage to cereal crops, and a model host will greatly aid in the study of this nematode. In this research, we assessed the sensitivity of 25 inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon to H. avenae from Beijing, China. All lines of B. distachyon were infested by secondstage juveniles（J2s） of H. avenae from Daxing District of Beijing population, but only 13 inbred lines reproduced 0.2–3 cysts/plant, showing resistance. The entire root system of the infested B. distachyon appeared smaller and the fibrous roots were shorter and less numerous. We found that a dose of 1 000 J2s of H. avenae was sufficient for nematode infestation. We showed that Koz-1 of B. distachyon could reproduce more cysts than TR2A line. Line Koz-1 also supported the complete life cycles of 5 CCN geographical populations belonging to the Ha1 or Ha3 pathotype group. Our results suggest that B. distachyon is a host for CCN.

The prevalence of deleterious mutations during the domestication and improvement of soybean

Soybean(Glycine max L.)is a protein and oil crop grown worldwide.Its fitness may be reduced by deleterious mutations,whose identification and purging is desirable for crop breeding.In the published whole-genome re-sequenced data of 2214 soybean accessions,including 221 wild soybean,1132 landrace cultivars and 861 improved soybean lines,we identified 115,275 deleterious single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).Numbers of deleterious alleles increased from wild soybeans to landraces and decreased from landraces to modern improved lines.Genes in selective-sweep regions showed fewer deleterious mutations than the remaining genes.Deleterious mutations explained 4.3%-48%more phenotypic variation than randomly selected SNPs for resistance to soybean cyst nematode race 2(SCN2),soybean cyst nematode race 3(SCN3)and soybean mosaic virus race 3(SMV3).These findings illustrate how mutation load has shifted during soybean domestication,expansion and improvement and provide candidate sites for breeding out deleterious mutations in soybean by genome editing and/or conventional breeding focused on the selection of progeny with fewer deleterious alleles.

Identification of Heterodera schachtii on sugar beet in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China

The sugar beet cyst nematode,Heterodera schachtii,is a major parasite of sugar beet which has been recognized and listed as a quarantine nematode in China and more than 20 countries and regions worldwide.A survey for important nematodes was undertaken in the sugar beet planting area of China during 2015-2018,and numerous cysts were collected from sugar beet fields in Xinyuan County,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.The observations of morphological and morphometric characteristics revealed that cysts,vulval cones and second-stage juveniles of the Xinjiang population were in the same range of each other and within those of other reported H.schachtii populations.Molecular analysis of rDNA-ITS,28S-D2/D3 and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(COI)gene sequences suggested that the Xinjiang population clustered in a branch with those foreign populations,and the sequence similarity was as high as 99.81-100%.Moreover,this result was confirmed by PCR assay with species-specific primer SHF6 and rDNA2 of H.schachtii,and the pathogenicity test confirmed successful Xinjiang population reproduction in both plant hosts.In conclusion,based on morphological and molecular characterization,this study confirmed that the cyst nematode population collected from sugar beet fields in Xinjiang is H.schachtii.As far as we know,this is the first report of H.schachtii on sugar beets in Xinjiang,China.

Current Research Status of Heterodera glycines Resistance and Its Implication on Soybean Breeding

Heterodera glycines （i.e., soybean cyst nematode, SCN） is the most damaging nematode pest affecting soybean crop worldwide. This nematode is managed by means of crop rotation with selected resistant sources. With increasing reports of virulent SCN populations that are able to break the resistance within commonly used sources, there is an increasing need to find new sources of resistance or to broaden the resistance background. This review summarizes recent findings about the genes controlling SCN resis- tance in soybean, and about how these genes interact to confer resistance against SCN in soybean. It also provides an update on molecular mapping and molecular markers that can be used for the mass selection and differentiation of different resistance lines and cultivars in order to expedite conventional breeding programs. In-depth knowledge of SCN parasitism proteins and soybean resistance responses to the pathogen is critical for the diversification of resistant sources through gene modification, gene stacking, or incorporation of novel sources of resistance through backcrossing or genetic engineering.

Assaying the potential of twenty-one legume plants in Medicago truncatula and M. sativa for candidate model plants for investigation the interactions with Heterodera glycines

Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines is one of the most serious soil-borne pathogens in soybean production. However, the researches were limited in China due to lack of an effective pathosystem. In this study, we screened 21 legume Medicago plants in both Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa to obtain candidate model plants for establishing a new pathosystem for legume-H. glycines interactions. The nematode infection of tested plants was assayed with Race 3 and 4 respectively, which were two dominant H. glycines inbred races in China soybean producing areas. The results showed that the model legume plant M. truncatula A17 failed to allow Race 3 of H. glycines to complete its life cycle, in contrast, it provided the Race 4 population to form several cyst nematodes, however, the female index（FI） value was approximately 1.6. Three M. sativa cultivars, including Xunlu, Aergangjin and Junren, provided either Race 3 or 4 of H. glycines to develop into mature cysts with their FI value below 5 as well. Our results demonstrated that legume plants in both M. truncatula and M. sativa were not likely to be a model plant for H. glycines because of an extreme high resistance.