Abnormal expression of Tau in damaged oligodendrocytes of HLD1 mice

Patients with hypomyelinating leukodystrophies(H LDs),multiple sclerosis(MS),and leukodystrophies including Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome,adrenoleukodystrophy,Alexander disease,Canavan disease,cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis,Krabbe disease/globoid cell leukodystrophy,metachromatic leukodystrophy.

Light of the stars:calcium signals light up astrocytes in the presence of autoreactive CD4+T cells

Introduction:Astrocytes play important roles in the central nervous system(CNS)to support and regulate CNS function.They are abundant type of glia that form a meshwork of interconnected cells almost completely tiling the CNS.Each astrocyte extends densely ramified processes that establish close contacts and interaction with other astrocytes,neurons and blood vessels,placing these cells in an ideal position to control extracellular milieu and to exert global effects on CNS physiology.

Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes

Osteocytes, the most abundant and long-lived cells in bone, are the master regulators of bone remodeling. In addition to their functions in endocrine regulation and calcium and phosphate metabolism, osteocytes are the major responsive cells in force adaptation due to mechanical stimulation. Mechanically induced bone formation and adaptation, disuse-induced bone loss and skeletal fragility are mediated by osteocytes, which sense local mechanical cues and respond to these cues in both direct and indirect ways. The mechanotransduction process in osteocytes is a complex but exquisite regulatory process between cells and their environment, between neighboring cells, and between different functional mechanosensors in individual cells. Over the past two decades, great efforts have focused on finding various mechanosensors in osteocytes that transmit extracellular mechanical signals into osteocytes and regulate responsive gene expression. The osteocyte cytoskeleton, dendritic processes, Integrin-based focal adhesions, connexin-based intercellular junctions, primary cilium, ion channels, and extracellular matrix are the major mechanosensors in osteocytes reported so far with evidence from both in vitro and in vitro studies. This review aims to give a systematic introduction to osteocyte mechanobiology, provide details of osteocyte mechanosensors, and discuss the roles of osteocyte mechanosensitive signaling pathways in the regulation of bone homeostasis.

CENP-A Regulates Chromosome Segregation during the First Meiosis of Mouse Oocytes

Proper chromosome separation in both mitosis and meiosis depends on the correct connection between kinetochores of chromosomes and spindle microtubules. Kinetochore dysfunction can lead to unequal distribution of chromosomes during cell division and result in aneuploidy, thus kinetochores are critical for faithful segregation of chromosomes. Centromere protein A(CENP-A) is an important component of the inner kinetochore plate. Multiple studies in mitosis have found that deficiencies in CENP-A could result in structural and functional changes of kinetochores, leading to abnormal chromosome segregation, aneuploidy and apoptosis in cells. Here we report the expression and function of CENP-A during mouse oocyte meiosis. Our study found that microinjection of CENP-A blocking antibody resulted in errors of homologous chromosome segregation and caused aneuploidy in eggs. Thus, our findings provide evidence that CENP-A is critical for the faithful chromosome segregation during mammalian oocyte meiosis.

Not only myelination: the immune-inflammatory functions of oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes(OLs)are highly specialized cells of the central nervous system(CNS).Their primary and most investigated role is to form myelin,a multilamellar fatty membrane that enwraps axons ensuring their insulation and the saltatory conduction of nerve impulses.The formation of myelin is a complex process during which the OL precursor cells(OPCs,also known as NG2-glia)become mature OLs through a highly regulated program of differentiation.In addition,OPCs persist in the adult grey and white matter parenchyma,representing approximately 6%of the total number of CNS cells.Beyond their role in myelin generation and turn-over,it is now clear that OPCs have the capability to control tissue homeostasis and to sense and react to inflammation which characterizes many neurological diseases.

Oligodendrocytes in a dish for the drug discovery pipeline:the risk of oversimplification

Myelination,remyelination and demyelination:modeling the in vitro drug discovery pipeline:Demyelination is a multifactorial event occurring in diseases primarily involving myelin forming cells(oligodendrocytes,OLs)and their precursors(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)such as multiple sclerosis,but is also involved in the pathology of other central nervous system(CNS)injuries and diseases,such as neonatal encephalopathy。

Overexpression of Lrp5 enhanced the anti-breast cancer effects of osteocytes in bone

Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone,which is a frequent site of breast cancer metastasis.Here,we focused on Wnt signaling and evaluated tumor-osteocyte interactions.In animal experiments,mammary tumor cells were inoculated into the mammary fat pad and tibia.The role of Lrp5-mediated Wnt signaling was examined by overexpressing and silencing Lrp5 in osteocytes and establishing a conditional knockout mouse model.The results revealed that administration of osteocytes or their conditioned medium(CM)inhibited tumor progression and osteolysis.Osteocytes overexpressing Lrp5 or β-catenin displayed strikingly elevated tumor-suppressive activity,accompanied by downregulation of tumor-promoting chemokines and upregulation of apoptosis-inducing and tumor-suppressing proteins such as p53.The antitumor effect was also observed with osteocyte-derived CM that was pretreated with a Wnt-activating compound.Notably,silencing Lrp5 in tumors inhibited tumor progression,while silencing Lrp5 in osteocytes in conditional knockout mice promoted tumor progression.Osteocytes exhibited elevated Lrp5 expression in response to tumor cells,implying that osteocytes protect bone through canonical Wnt signaling.Thus,our results suggest that the Lrp5/β-catenin axis activates tumor-promoting signaling in tumor cells but tumor-suppressive signaling in osteocytes.We envision that osteocytes with Wnt activation potentially offer a novel cell-based therapy for breast cancer and osteolytic bone metastasis.

CHROMOSOME ABERRATION IN LYMPHOCYTES OF INHABITANTS IN HIGH BACKGROUND RADIATION AREA IN YANGJIANG

Inhabitants living in high background radiationarea (HBRA) in Yangjiang county,Guangdong provincebordering on the South China Sea,expose to 330 mR/afrom environmental gamma radiation,which is threetimes as high as that in control area (CA).

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF DNA REPAIR IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

The purpose of this study is to check the effect ofDiabetes mellitus on DNA repair of peripheral lympho-cytes.With liquid scintillation counting,the valueof lymphocytes unscheduled ~3H-TdR incorporation in-dex in the aged patients with diabetes mellitus grou-

ANEUPLOID INDUCTI0N IN MOUSE SPERMATOCYTES BY TRIPTERYGIUM HYPOGLAUCUM(LEVEL.)HUTCH

Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Level.) Hutch (THH) is aChinese herb which block mitosis and inhibit germinalcell developing in human and rat.The experimentemployed a test system in which mouse spermatocyteswere analyzed for the aneuploid induction after micewere treated by THH (crude water-extracts).

CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES OF WORKERS AT A SULPHURIC ACID FACTORY

The frequencies of chromosomal aberrationsof the peripheral blood lymphocytes from 40workers chronically exposed to sulphurdioxide (SO2) at a sulphuric acid factory inTaiyuan city,North China,were studied.It was shown that the mean frequencies ofchromosomal aberrations or lymphocytes

Targeting senescent dermal fibroblasts responsible for hyperactive melanocytes in melasma

Melasma(chloasma)is a highly prevalent and cosmetically disfiguring pigmented skin disease that mainly manifests as bilateral irregular brown macules on sun-exposed areas of the face.[1]Although melasma causes no physical discomfort,it poses a significant psychological burden on patients due to distressing cosmetic concerns.The sustained epidermal hypermelanization is a prominent pathological feature of melasma,which is usually considered to result from melanin overproduction by hyperactive melanocytes.[2]However,existing therapeutic interventions that suppress melanocytes and tyrosinase.

Corrigendum to “Establishment and functional characterization of the reversibly immortalized mouse glomerular podocytes (imPODs)” [Genes & Diseases 5 (2018) 137–149]

The authors regret having an image assembly error in Figure 3A,in which the image for "imPOD Synaptopodin DAPl stain"groupwas erroneouslyduplicatedwiththe imagefrom the"tsPOD-33C SynaptopodinDAPIstain"group.We confirm the error is restricted to the image assembly,and the underlying data and conclusions are correct and unchanged.The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.

Using microglia-derived extracellular vesicles to capture diversity of microglial activation phenotypes following neurological injury

Microglia are one of the three glial cell populations in the central nervous system(CNS),along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.While microglia are unique among brain cells due to their hematologic origin and perform immune functions similar to peripheral macrophages,they are not simply macrophages of the CNS.

Cracking the Codes of Cortical Glial Progenitors:Evidence for the Common Lineage of Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

During the development of the central nervous system(CNS),neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone are multipotent stem cells that can generate neurons and macroglia(astrocytes or oligodendrocytes).It is generally thought that these progenitor cells sequentially produce neurons followed by glia.

Impaired ATP Release from Brain Astrocytes May be a Cause of Major Depression

Major depressive disease(MDD)is one of the most common mental disorders and a leading cause of disability[1].Core symptoms include depressed mood,increased apathy,and a general loss of interest.In consequence,it represents not only a personal hardship for the patients themselves,but also a major socio-economic burden for society as a whole.

Exosomes released by melanocytes modulate fibroblasts to promote keloid formation: a pilot study

Keloids are a common type of pathological scar as a result of skin healing,which are extremely difficult to prevent and treat without recurrence.The pathological mechanism of keloids is the excessive proliferation of fibroblasts,which synthesize more extracellular matrices(ECMs),including type I/III collagen(COL-1/3),mucopolysaccharides,connective tissue growth factor(CTGF),also known as cellular communication network factor 2(CCN2),and fibronectin(FN)in scar tissue,mostly through the abnormal activation of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/Smads pathway(Finnson et al.,2013;Song et al.,2018).

Heteromolecular Plasticity in Striatal Astrocytes

Astrocytes,which are at least as abundant as neurons in the central nervous system,are crucial for sustaining nearly all aspects of brain functions,including ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis,neural circuit formation,synaptic plasticity,and function as well as neurovascular coupling[1].Astrocytes are also involved in diseases,including Huntington’s disease(HD)[2].

Ultrastructural alterations of megakaryocytes in thrombocytopenia:A review of 43 cases

In the article titled“Ultrastructural alterations of megakaryocytes in thrombocytopenia:A review of 43 cases,”published on pages 107–112,Volume 3,Issue 4 of Blood Science,1 a coauthor’s name was incorrectly published as well as an affiliation was missing.The Journal and the authors wish to apologize for this error.

Cold air plasma:A potential strategy for inducing apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‐like synoviocytes

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is an autoimmune disease of the joints characterised by synovial hyperplasia and chronic inflammation.Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‐like synoviocytes(RA‐FLS)cells are the dominant cell type in the hyperplastic synovial membrane,which play a key role in the pathogenesis of RA.They can invade cartilage,cause inflammation,destroy joints,and show tumour‐like anti‐apoptosis characteristics.Thus,the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cold air plasma(CAP)on RA‐FLS cells.The results showed that CAP treatment for 120 s could significantly reduce the viability of RA‐FLS cells,increase the content of intracellular reactive ox-ygen species(ROS),and significantly down‐regulate the ratio of apoptosis‐related protein Bcl‐2 to Bax.In this study,a novel approach of inducing apoptosis in RA‐FLS cells using CAP was proposed,which may provide a new choice for joint tar-geting therapy of RA.