Natural variation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B OsCOX5B regulates seed vigor by altering energy production in rice

Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.

Phylogeny of Apaturinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome OxidaseⅠ Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.

The Phylogenetic Relationships among Four Subspecies of the Genus Locusta Based on Sequences of Three Subunit of Cytochrome Oxidase

[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.

Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase Ⅰ

AIM: To investigate whether defi ciency of expressionof cytochrome c oxidase I (CcOI) in colonic crypts is associated with colon cancer.METHODS: The pattern and level of expression of CcOI in non-neoplastic colonic crypts,and in dysplastic tissues,was assessed using standard immunohis-tochemical methods.Biopsies were obtained from individuals undergoing colonoscopies for screening purposes or for a medically indicated reason.Tissue samples were also obtained from surgical colonic resections.Samples from resections were taken from colonic mucosa 1 and 10 cm from tumors and from the tumors themselves.Samples were evaluated for frequency of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI.In most crypts the loss was apparent throughout the entire crypt,while in a small minority the loss was segmental.The strong immunoreactivity using this monoclonal antibody makes the scoring unambiguous.The percent of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI or (infrequent) segmented loss of expression was then calculated.Data analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package 17.0.RESULTS: The average frequency of CcOI deficient crypts (CcOI-DC) is low in individuals between 20 and 39 years of age,with 0.48% ± 0.40% CcOI-DC for women and 1.80% ± 0.35% for men.CcOI-DC increases after age 40 years,so that between the ages of 40 and 44 years the average frequency of CcOI- DC goes up to 5.89% ± 0.84% in women and 2.15% ± 1.27% in men.By 80-84 years of age,the average frequency of CcOI-DC goes up in women to 15.77% ± 0.97% and in men to 22.6% ± 0.65%.The increases in CcOI-DC from ages 40-44 years compared to 80-84 years in women and men are significantly different with P < 0.01.For women over age 60 years,deficiency of CcOI expression is greater in those women who have had a cancer in their colon.The frequency of CcOI-DC,measured in men,increased in tissues adjacent to colon cancer,being 4.03% ± 0.27% in individuals free of neoplasia in the age range 55-64 yearsand 14.13% ± 0.35% in resected histologically normal tissue of men with cancer in the same age range,P < 0.001.Similar signifi cant differences were noted in older age ranges.The frequency of CcOI-DC crypts in the cecum and sigmoid colon of an individual are signifi cantly correlated,with an R2 = 0.414 for women and R2 = 0.528 for men,P < 0.001.This suggests that the factors determining the level of CcOI deficiency act throughout the colon.Most defective crypts are in clusters of two or more,a likely consequence of crypt fission.In the non-neoplastic margins of cancers,crypts are frequently defi cient for CcOI,and such crypts may appear in large clusters,some containing more than 100 defi cient crypts.CcOI defi ciency is also apparent in colon cancers and sometimes involves a large section of the tumor.Overall,CcOI deficient cells can be visualized in segments of crypts,in whole crypts that increase in frequency with age,in crypts undergoing f ission,in clusters of crypts where the clusters increase in size with age,in increased frequency near tumors,in large clusters in the intimate margins of tumors,and in the tumors themselves.There is no clear dividing line between early stages that can be considered aspects of aging and later stages that can be considered aspects of the progression to cancer.This ambiguity may re ect a rather general situation leading to adult cancer where the early stages of cellular change appear to be relatively innocuous features of the aging process but over decades may evolve into malignancy.CONCLUSION: CcOI defi cient crypts increase in frequency with age,and clusters of defi cient crypts are associated with,and may give rise to,colon cancer.

Phylogeny of Limenitidinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences

The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17 species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony （MP） under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood （ML） trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subclusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.

Hippocampal mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity and gene expression in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia

The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria. Results showed significantly decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and cytochrome C oxidase II mRNA expression with prolonged ischemia time. Further analysis revealed five mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II gene mutations, two newly generated mutations, and four absent mutational sites at 1 month after cerebral ischemia, as well as three mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase III gene mutations, including two newly generating mutations, and one disappeared mutational site at 1 month after cerebral ischemia. Results demonstrated that decreased cytochrome C oxidase gene expression and mutations, as well as decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity, resulting in energy dysmetabolism, which has been shown to be involved in the DatholoQical Process of ischemic brain iniurv.

Histochemical Study and Microspectrophotometric Analysis of Regional Distribution of Cytochrome Oxidase in Normal Rat Brain.

Histochemical study and determination of cytochrome oxidase (CTO) relative activ-ity with a Leitz MPV-III microspectrophotometer in different regions of normal rat brain werecarried out.9 healthy male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 2 groups;an enzyme activi-ty studied group and a control group with HE staining.It was found that 2 kinds of CTO distri-bution areas exist in the brain of rats;the high activity area including cerebral cortex,corpusstriatum (gray matter),thalamus,cerebellar cortex,etc,and low activity area including corpuscallosum,corpus striatum (white matter),hippocampus,cerebellar white matter,etc.The dif-ference of CTO activity between the 2 areas is statistically significant (P【0.01).Moreover,according to the intensity of positive response to CTO detecting stain,the granular layer of thecerebellum can be classified as cytochrome oxidase richly-contained area(CTORA)orcytochrome oxidase poorly-contained area (CTOPA).The CTO activity of the former issignificantly higher than that of the latter(P【0.01).

Retinal ganglion cells of high cytochrome oxidase activity in the rat

Retinal ganglion cells in the rat were studied using the heavy metal intensified oytochrome oxidase and horseradish peroxidase histochemieal methods. The results show that a population of large retinal ganglion cells was consistently observed with the eyto3hrome oxidase staining method in retinas of normal rats or rats which received unilateral thalamotomy at birrth. These oytochrome oxidase rich ganglion cells appeared to have large somata, 3-6 primary dendrites and extensive dendritic arbors, and are comparable to ganglion cells labeled by the wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). However, the morphological details of some of the cells revealed by the cytoahrome oxidase staining method are frequently better than those shown by the HRP histochemieal method. These results suggest that the mit03hondrial enzyme oytoohrome oxidase can be used as a simple but reliable marker for identifying and studying a population of retinal ganglion cells with high metabolie rate in the rat.

Simplifying the Analysis of Enzyme Kinetics of Cytochrome <i>c</i>Oxidase by the Lambert-W Function

Conventional analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions uses a set of initial rates of product formation or substrate decay at a variety of substrate concentrations. Alternatively to the conventional methods, attempts have been made to use an integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to assess the values of the Michaelis-Menten KM and turnover kcat constants directly from a single time course of an enzymatic reaction. However, because of weak convergence, previous fits of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to a single trace of the reaction have no proven records of success. Here we propose a reliable method with fast convergence based on an explicit solution of the Michaelis-Menten equation in terms of the Lambert-W function with transformed variables. Tests of the method with stopped-flow measurements of the catalytic reaction of cytochrome c oxidase, as well as with simulated data, demonstrate applicability of the approach to de termine KM and kcat constants free of any systematic errors. This study indicates that the approach could be an alternative solution for the characterization of enzymatic reactions, saving time, sample and efforts. The single trace method can greatly assist the real time monitoring of enzymatic activity, in particular when a fast control is mandatory. It may be the only alternative when conventional analysis does not apply, e.g. because of limited amount of sample.

Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase contributes to health and optimal life

The generation of cellular energy in the form of ATP occurs mainly in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation.Cytochrome c oxidase(CytOx),the oxygen accepting and rate-limiting step of the respiratory chain,regulates the supply of variable ATP demands in cells by“allosteric ATP-inhibition of CytOx.”This mechanism is based on inhibition of oxygen uptake of CytOx at high ATP/ADP ratios and low ferrocytochrome c concentrations in the mitochondrial matrix via cooperative interaction of the two substrate binding sites in dimeric CytOx.The mechanism keeps mitochondrial membrane potentialΔΨm and reactive oxygen species(ROS)formation at low healthy values.Stress signals increase cytosolic calcium leading to Ca^2+-dependent dephosphorylation of CytOx subunit I at the cytosolic side accompanied by switching off the allosteric ATPinhibition and monomerization of CytOx.This is followed by increase ofΔΨm and formation of ROS.A hypothesis is presented suggesting a dynamic change of binding of NDUFA4,originally identified as a subunit of complex I,between monomeric CytOx(active state with highΔΨm,high ROS and low efficiency)and complex I(resting state with lowΔΨm,low ROS and high efficiency).

Enzymatic Activity of Escherichia Coil Lactate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome c Oxidase

The catalytic activity of two common bacterial enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and cytochrome c oxidase （COX） from Escherichia coli was examined following bacterial exposure to microwave （MW） radiation under well-defined experimental conditions. The experiments were conducted in a specialized microwave processing apparatus, with an exposure frequency of 18 GHz, and a temperature profile that was restricted to below 40℃ to avoid thermal degradation of the bacteria. The absorbed power was calculated to be 1,500 kW/m3 and the electric field was determined to be 300 Wm. Both values were theoretically confirmed using Computer Simulation Technology （CST） Microwave Studio 3D Electromagnetic Stimulation Software. Results showed that the activity of both enzymes was increased following MW radiation compared to negative controls and thermally treated samples subjected to similar temperature profiles. It is suggested that the increase in COX and LDH enzyme activity could not be explained by conventional heating alone, but was rather a result of micro-thermal effects that incorporated ＇undetectable＇ thermal mechanisms.

Microevolution of Mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I in Drosophila melanogaster at ＂Evolution Canyon＂, Israel

We determined the sequence of mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I （CO1） in two Drosophila melanogaster strains originating at ＂Evolution Canyon＂, Israel. CO1 nucleotide sequences from two iso-female strains, 2-1 and 6-1, were 1,534 and 1,543 base-pairs, respectively. In each strain, ATAA was used in initiation of translation. Exchange rates for nucleotide and amino acid sequences were larger in the 6-1 strain than in the 2-1 strain when Oregon-R was used as the standard. Non-synonymous exchange rate was larger than synonymous exchange rate among the three strains.

Construction of Cox7a2 fluorescent vector and its effect on cytochrome C oxidase activity in mouse Sertoli cell line TM4

Objective To construct Cox7a2 fluorescent vector and study its effect on cytochrome C oxidase ( COX) activity in mouse Sertoli cell line TM4. Methods The coding region of CoxTa2 was amplified from mouse Sertoli cell line TM4 by RT-PCR. PCR product was

热补针法对类风湿关节炎家兔关节滑膜LDH、SDH和CCO活性的影响

目的观察热补针法对类风湿关节炎(RA)机体能量代谢酶的调节作用,初步解析热补针法"取热"的作用机制。方法将40只青紫蓝家兔随机分为正常组、模型组、平补平泻组、捻转补法组和热补针法组。除正常组外,采用卵蛋白诱导法和低温冷冻法对其他4组家兔进行RA寒证模型复制。造模成功后第2天,正常组和模型组与其他针刺组相同方法抓取与固定(捆绑)1次/d,30 min/次。平补平泻组施以平补平泻法,捻转补法组施以捻转补法,热补针法组施以热补法,每次操作1 min,留针30 min/次,1次/d,共7 d。观察治疗前后RA家兔膝关节周径和关节滑膜组织病理切片炎症积分的变化;干预结束后处死家兔,快速分离关节滑膜,冰冻切片,借助组织化学染色技术观察膝关节滑膜组织乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)活性改变。结果针刺干预后,平补平泻组、捻转补法组、热补针法组都能减少RA家兔膝关节周径,但热补针法组对减少RA家兔的膝关节周径作用优于平补平泻组和捻转补法组(P<0.05);热补针法组对减少RA家兔的关节滑膜组织病理切片炎症积分方面,也优于平补平泻组和捻转补法组。模型组滑膜LDH积分光度、阳性总面积、面积百分比显著高于正常组(P<0.05);平补平泻组、捻转补法组和热补针法组滑膜LDH积分光度、阳性总面积、面积百分比均显著低于模型组(P<0.05);热补针法组LDH积分光度、阳性总面积、面积百分比均显著低于平补平泻组和捻转补法组(P<0.05)。与正常组比较,模型组家兔关节滑膜SDH、CCO活性显著增高(P<0.05)。平补平泻组、捻转补法组和热补针法组家兔滑膜SDH和CCO积分光度、阳性总面积、面积百分比均显著高于模型组(P<0.05);热补针法组SDH和CCO积分光度、阳性总面积、面积百分比显著高于平补平泻组和捻转补法组(P<0.05)。结论热补针法治疗RA疗效确切,可增强RA模型家兔SDH、CCO活性,从而增强有氧代谢,使机体局部产生更多的能量,这可能是热补针法"取热"的可能机制之一。

氡染毒大鼠肺组织病理改变与CcO活性的相关性研究

目的观察氡染毒对大鼠肺组织的病理改变以及线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(CcO)活性的影响。方法多功能生态氡室对Wistar大鼠进行氡及其子体染毒,累积染毒剂量分别达100、200、400WLM,染毒后观察各组大鼠的肺组织损伤程度,提取大鼠肺组织线粒体进行CcO活性的测定。结果染毒后肺组织主要病理变化为肺间质充血水肿,炎症细胞浸润,纤维化变性,肺泡腔萎缩消失。线粒体CcO的活性随着染氡剂量的增加逐渐降低,并且与肺泡间隔厚度成负相关,与肺泡腔面积成正相关。结论氡染毒后肺组织的病理改变与CcO的活性相关。

小鼠脑缺血再灌后海马组织SDH、CCO活力的动态变化

目的 :观察高脂血症小鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马组织琥珀酸脱氢酶 (Succinodenhydrogenase,SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶 (Cytochrome C oxidase,CCO)活力的动态变化。方法 :在造成小鼠高脂血症基础上 ,制备脑缺血再灌注模型。采用差速离心法提取脑海马组织线粒体 ,用生化法测定 SDH、CCO活力。结果 :模型组小鼠海马组织 SDH活力在术后第 1、7、1 5、30天均显著低于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,且随着时间的延长 ,酶活力一直处于低水平。 CCO活力与 SDH活力的变化趋势相同。结论 :SDH、CCO活力降低导致的能量代谢障碍是脑缺血再灌注引起神经元损伤的机制之一。

斑蝥素中毒大鼠酶化学研究(Ⅰ)——NADHD及CCO的组织化学观察

本实验对急性斑蝥素染毒大鼠的心、胃及小肠进行了还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌吟二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADHD)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)组织化学的实验观察。结果表明,染毒大鼠这三种组织的NADHD和CCO与对照组相比,酶反应颗粒均减少,着色变淡,分布稀疏。提示斑蝥素可使其活性受到不同程度的抑制。

白藜芦醇灌胃给药对大鼠脊髓损伤炎症反应中MPO和CCO的作用

目的探讨白藜芦醇灌胃(管饲)后对脊髓损伤后炎症反应中的髓过氧化物酶和细胞色素C氧化酶活性的影响。方法 2008年2月至2012年2月在武汉大学人民医院动物实验中心将96只Sprague-Dawley健康成年雄性大鼠随机分成4组,根据Allen’s法制成中度脊髓损伤模型,术后按照100 mg/kg立即管饲白藜芦醇或甲基强的松龙;通过比色法观察脊髓损伤8 h,1d,3 d及7 d后白藜芦醇组脊髓髓过氧化物酶和细胞色素C氧化酶活性的变化,并与甲基强的松龙组进行疗效对比。结果在脊髓损伤管饲后8 h,1 d,3 d及7 d白藜芦醇组髓过氧化物酶和细胞色素C氧化酶活性与损伤组统计学上具有显著性差异(P<0.01),显示白藜芦醇管饲后对脊髓损伤具有明显神经细胞保护作用,而且损伤后1d白藜芦醇组与甲基强的松龙组间统计学上具有显著性差异(P<0.01);结论在脊髓损伤后管饲白藜芦醇,能够有效降低髓过氧化物酶活性的升高幅度,并提高细胞色素C氧化酶活性,对损伤后脊髓起保护作用。

斑蝥素中毒大鼠酶化学研究(Ⅱ)——NADHD及CCO的细胞化学观察

本实验是在观察了斑蝥素中毒大鼠心、胃、小肠的NADHD及CCO组织化学改变的基础上,进一步观察了心肌线粒体内NADHD和CCO细胞化学变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,斑蝥素染毒后1h NADHD和CCO的活性均开始下降,以后随中毒时间延长而加重,至24 h,线粒体已无可分辨的嵴,成为一片均质状,酶定位改变。说明斑蝥素可破坏线粒体的结构,并影响定位于其上的NADHD及CCO的活性。

Synthesis and Characterization of Porphyrin-Trisbenzimidazole Dinucleating Ligand and Its Heterodinuclear Complex as CcO Active Site Model

A new dinucleating ligand having two metalbinding sites has been designed and synthesized as model ligand for Cytochrome c Oxidase. The corresponding heterodinuclear complex, as an active site model of Cytochrome c Oxidase, consisting of a porphyrinatocobalt compound covalently linked with a copper derivative of tris(2-benzimidazylmethyl) amine bearing three benzimidazole ligands for copper was synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The spectra data suggest that there are interactions between the cobalt and copper coordination units. The cobalt is coordinated to four central nitrogens of the porphyrin and the copper has pentacoordinate geometry with the four tertiary amine nitrogens and a chloride.