Cytokine-induced killer (ClK) cells:from basic research to clinical translation

The accumulation of basic researches and clinical studies related to cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cells has confirmed their safety and feasibility in treating malignant diseases.This review summarizes the available published literature related to the biological characteristics and clinical applications of CIK cells in recent years.A number of clinical trials with CIK cells have been implemented during the progressive phases of cancer,presenting potential widespread applications of CIK cells for the future.Furthermore,this review briefly compares clinical applications of CIK cells with those of other adoptive immunotherapeutic cells.However,at present,there are no uniform criteria or large-scale preparations of CIK cells.The overall clinical response is difficult to evaluate because of the use of autologous CIK cells.Based on these observations,several suggestions regarding uniform criteria and universal sources for CIK cell preparations and the use of CIK cells either combined with chemotherapy or alone as a primary strategy are briefly proposed in this review.Large-scale,controlled,grouped,and multi-center clinical trials on CIK cell-based immunotherapy should be conducted under strict supervision.These interventions might help to improve future clinical applications and increase the clinical curative effects of CIK cells for a broad range of malignancies in the future.

Cisplatin pretreatment enhances anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells

AIM:To investigate whether cisplatin (DDP) enhances the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in a murine colon adenocarcinoma model.METHODS:Tumor size and weight served as indicators of therapeutic response.Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration and tumor microvessel density.Changes in the percentage of regulatory T (Treg) cells within the spleens of tumor-bearing mice preconditioned with DDP were monitored using flow cytometry.RESULTS:A marked T cell-dependent,synergistic antitumor effect of the combined therapy was observed (1968 ± 491 mm 3 vs 3872 ± 216 mm 3 ;P=0.003).Preconditioning chemotherapy with DDP augmented the infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes into the tumor mass and reduced the percentage of both intratumoral and splenic Treg cells.CONCLUSION:Preconditioning with DDP markedly enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred CIK cells,providing a potential clinical modality for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer.

Intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer cells with local hyperthermia for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To study the effect and tolerance of intraperitoneal perfusion of cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cells in combination with local radio frequency(RF) hyperthermia in patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:Patients with advanced primary HCC were included in this study.CIK cells were perfused intraperitoneal twice a week,using 3.2 × 10 9 to 3.6 × 10 9 cells each session.Local RF hyperthermia was performed 2 h after intraperitoneal perfusion.Following an interval of one month,the next course of treatment was administered.Patients received treatment until disease progression.Tumor size,immune indices(CD3 +,CD4 +,CD3 + CD8 +,CD3 + CD56 +),alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) level,abdominal circumference and adverse events were recorded.Time to progression and overall survival(OS) were calculated.RESULTS:From June 2010 to July 2011,31 patients diagnosed with advanced primary HCC received intraperitoneal perfusion of CIK cells in combination with local RF hyperthermia in our study.Patients received an average of 4.2 ± 0.6 treatment courses(range,1-8 courses).Patients were followed up for 8.3 ± 0.7 mo(range,2-12 mo).Following combination treatment,CD4 +,CD3 + CD8 + and CD3 + CD56 + cells increased from 35.78% ± 3.51%,24.61% ± 4.19% and 5.94% ± 0.87% to 45.83% ± 2.48%(P = 0.016),39.67% ± 3.38%(P = 0.008) and 10.72% ± 0.67%(P = 0.001),respectively.AFP decreased from 167.67 ± 22.44 to 99.89 ± 22.05 ng/mL(P = 0.001) and abdominal circumference decreased from 97.50 ± 3.45 cm to 87.17 ± 4.40 cm(P = 0.002).The disease control rate was 67.7%.The most common adverse events were low fever and slight abdominal erubescence,which resolved without treatment.The median time to progression was 6.1 mo.The 3-,6-and 9-mo and 1-year survival rates were 93.5%,77.4%,41.9% and 17.4%,respectively.The median OS was 8.5 mo.CONCLUSION:Intraperitoneal perfusion of CIK cells in combination with local RF hyperthermia is safe,can efficiently improve immunological status,and may prolong survival in HCC patients.

Immunotherapy with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) has been revealed as the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The introduction of cell-based immunotherapy, including dendritic cells(DCs) and cytokine-induced killer cells(CIKs), has brought HCC patients an effective benefit. However, the efficacy and necessity of cellular immunotherapy after different interventional therapy remains to be further explored.AIM To investigate the efficacy of cellular immunotherapy, involving DCs and CIKs,combined with different conventional treatments of HCC.METHODS We performed a literature search on PubMed and Web of Science up to February15, 2019. Long-term efficacy(overall survival and recurrence) and short-term adverse effects were investigated to assess the effectiveness of immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs. Review Manager 5.3 was used to perform the analysis.RESULTS A total of 22 studies involving 3756 patients selected by eligibility inclusion criteria were forwarded for meta-analysis. Combined with the conventional clinical treatment, immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was demonstrated to significantly improve overall survival at 6 mo [risk ratio(RR) = 1.07;95%confidence interval(CI): 1.01-1.13, P = 0.02], 1 year(RR = 1.12;95%CI: 1.07-1.17, P< 0.00001), 3 years(RR = 1.23;95%CI: 1.15-1.31, P < 0.00001) and 5 years(RR =1.26;95%CI: 1.15-1.37, P < 0.00001). Recurrence rate was significantly reduced by cellular immunotherapy at 6 mo(RR = 0.50;95%CI: 0.36-0.69, P < 0.0001) and 1 year(RR = 0.82;95%CI: 0.75-0.89, P < 0.00001). Adverse effect assessment addressed that immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was accepted as a safe,feasible treatment.CONCLUSION Combination immunotherapy with DCs, CIKs and DC/CIK with various routine treatments for HCC was evidently suggested to improve patients’ prognosis by increasing overall survival and reducing cancer recurrence.

Effect of anti-asthma Chinese medicine Chuankezhi on the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells

Chuankezhi(CKZ),a new Chinese medicine,plays an important role in immunoregulation.Cytokineinduced killer(CIK)cells have been commonly used for immunotherapy in recent years.In this study,we aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory effect of CKZ on CIK cells.Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy donors,and CIK cells were generated by culturing monocytes with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)and interleukin 2.Different concentrations of CKZ were added on day 2.After incubation for 14days in culture,the antitumor effects of CIK cells were measured by cytotoxicity assay.Flow cytometry was used to explore the effect of CKZ on CIK cell immunophenotype,intracellular cytokine production,and apoptosis.The effect of CKZ on the antitumor activity of CIK cells in nude mice was also investigated.CKZ increased the percentage of CD3+CD56+CIK cells but did not significantly change the percentage of CD4+,CD8+,or CD4+CD25+CIK cells.CKZ-conditioned CIK cells showed a greater ability to kill tumor cells,as well as a higher frequency of IFN-γand TNF-αproduction,compared with the CIK cells in the control group.CKZ also suppressed the apoptosis of CIK cells in vitro.Furthermore,CKZ combined with CIK cells had a stronger suppressive effect on tumor growth in vivo than the CIK,CKZ,or normal saline control groups.Our results indicate that CKZ enhances the antitumor activity of CIK cells and is a potential medicine for tumor immunotherapy.

Adjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective study of immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells in 294 patients

Objective: To examine the efficacy and safety of a sequential combination of chemotherapy and autologous cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cell treatment in triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) patients.Methods: A total of 294 post-surgery TNBC patients participated in the research from January 1, 2009 to January 1, 2015. After adjuvant chemotherapy, autologous CIK cells were introduced in 147 cases(CIK group), while adjuvant chemotherapy alone was used to treat the remaining 147 cases(control group). The major endpoints of the investigation were the disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS). Additionally, the side effects of the treatment were evaluated.Results: In the CIK group, the DFS and OS intervals of the patients were significantly longer than those of the control group(DFS:P = 0.047;OS: P = 0.007). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the TNM(tumor-node-metastasis) stage and adjuvant CIK treatment were independent prognostic factors for both DFS [hazard ratio(HR)= 0.520, 95% confidence interval(CI):0.271-0.998, P = 0.049;HR = 1.449, 95% CI:1.118-1.877, P = 0.005, respectively] and OS(HR=0.414, 95% CI:0.190-0.903, P = 0.027;HR= 1.581, 95% CI:1.204-2.077, P = 0.001, respectively) in patients with TNBC. Additionally, longer DFS and OS intervals were associated with increased number of CIK treatment cycles(DFS: P = 0.020;OS: P = 0.040). The majority of the patients who benefitted from CIK cell therapy were relatively early-stage TNBC patients.Conclusion: Chemotherapy in combination with adjuvant CIK could be used to lower the relapse and metastasis rate, thus effectively extending the survival time of TNBC patients, especially those at early stages.

Hepatocellular carcinoma-specific immunotherapy with synthesized α1,3-galactosyl epitope-pulsed dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells

AIM: To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of a new immunotherapy using both α-Gal epitope-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) and cytokine-induced killer cells.METHODS: Freshly collected hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) tumor tissues were incubated with a mixture of neuraminidase and recombinant α1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) to synthesize α-Gal epitopes on carbohydrate chains of the glycoproteins of tumor membranes. The subsequent incubation of the processed membranes in the presence of human natural anti-Gal IgG resulted in the effective phagocytosis to the tumor membrane by DCs. Eighteen patients aged 38-78 years with stage Ⅲ primary HCC were randomLy chosen for the study; 9 patients served as controls, and 9 patients were enrolled in the study group.RESULTS: The evaluation demonstrated that the procedure was safe; no serious side effects or autoimmune diseases were observed. The therapy significantly prolonged the survival of treated patients as compared with the controls (17.1 ± 2.01 mo vs 10.1 ± 4.5 mo,P = 0.00121). After treatment, all patients in the study group had positive delayed hyper sensitivity and robust systemic cytotoxicity in response to tumor lysate as measured by interferon-γ-expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. They also displayed increased numbers of CD8-, CD45RO-and CD56-positive cells in the peripheral blood and decreased α-fetoprotein level in the serum.CONCLUSION: This new tumor-specific immunotherapy is safe, effective and has a great potential for the treatment of tumors.

In vitro incubation of cytokine-induced killer cells from patients with and without hepatitis B virus and a cell subset analysis

Objective The aim of the study was to explore the difference between immune cell subsets during the incubation of cytokine-induced kill cells(CIKs) from patients with and without hepatitis B virus(HBV). Methods Peripheral blood samples were extracted from 50 tumor patients, and were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of HBV. The proliferation rate and activity of CIK cells were examined based on counts on days 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 of culture. Additionally, the CD3^+, CD4^+, CD8^+, CD3^+CD8^+, CD3^+CD4^+, and CD3^+CD56^+ T cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry on days 5, 7, 10, 13, and 15 of culture. Results Proliferation over a 15-day period was higher in the HBV-positive group than in the negative group(280-fold vs. 180-fold increase, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two groups at each time point. The frequencies of CD3^+, CD8^+ T, CD3^+CD8^+, and CD3^+CD56^+T cells increased over time, while those of CD4^+ and CD3^+CD4^+ T cells decreased over time, and these changes were greater in the positive group than in the negative group. The differences in CD8^+ T cells and CD3^+CD4^+ T cells between the two groups were significant(P < 0.05). Conclusion The proliferative capacity of CIK cells was higher for patients in the HBV-positive group than those in the HBV-negative group, and immune cell subsets were more favorable in the HBV-positive group than the negative group.

Preliminary Study of Local Immunotherapy with Autologous Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells for Glioma Patients

OBJECTIVE Cytokine-induced killer(CIK)cells are T-cells that display effective anti-tumor activity.In this study,we investigated the anti-tumor activity of CIK cells in vitro,and conducted a preliminary investigation using autologous CIK cells to treat glioma patients through local administration. METHODS The CIK cells were derived from peripheral blood monocytes(PBMCs)of the glioma patients.The anti-tumor activity of the CIK cells against human T98-G glioma cell was tested in vitro.In addition,the autologous CIK ceils were locally administrated into the tumor cavity in the malignant glioma patients through an Ommaya reservoir which was pre-inserted during tumor resection.The 4×10~8 CIK cells in a 5 ml suspension were injected once a week 2 times per cycle.Five hundreds KU of IL-2 was injected every other day. RESULTS(i)With incubation,the CIK cells showed dual staining of CD3^+CD56^+with a positive rate of 3.45% on day 10 and 55.2% on day 30.In vitro anti-tumor activity(against T98-G cells)of the CIK cells reached the highest level after 18 days of incubation with different effector/target(E:T)ratios.(ii) Six patients received autologous CIK cell treatment(10 cycles). Two patients showed no recurrence and are still alive(24 and 10 months),while 4 cases had a recurrence 3 of which have died.The mean survival time from the first CIK cell treatment to the end of follow-up was 12.5 months.The main side-effects of the local CIK cell treatment was brain edema,which was controlled by mannitol in most of the cases.However for one patient injection of CIK cells and IL-2 had to be discontinued. CONCLUSION In vitro CIK cells are effective anti-glioma T-cells.Local therapy with CIK cells has potential anti-glioma efficacy and tolerable side-effects.

Effect of dendritic cell/cytokine-induced killer cell immunobiological cancer therapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dendritic cell(DC)/cytokine-induced killer cell(CIK) immunobiological cancer therapy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods From January 2010 to October 2013, 120 patients with postoperative TNBC were recruited and included in the study. Patients were enrolled in one of two groups according to whether they accepted DC/CIK immunobiological cancer therapy during adjuvant chemotherapy; the patients in the DC/CIK group underwent adjuvant chemotherapy combined with DC/CIK immunobiological cancer therapy, and the control group underwent adjuvant chemotherapy alone. When six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and six cycles of DC/CIK immunobiological cancer therapy had been completed, differences between the two groups with regard to quality of life(Qo L), immunological indicators(CD3, CD4, CD8, and NK cell levels), disease-free survival(DFS), and side effects of chemotherapy and DC/CIK treatment were evaluated.Results In the DC/CIK group, the proportion of NK cells and CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell subgroups significantly increased, and the proportion of CD8+ cells decreased when they were compared before and after DC/CIK therapy(P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in the control group. By the final follow-up, DFS of the treatment group and the control group was 38.4 and 34.2 months, respectively. The Qo L improved in the patients treated with chemotherapy plus DC/CIK therapy compared with the patients treated with chemotherapy alone, and the difference between groups was significant(P < 0.05). The side effects of two groups were tolerable and not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion The DC/CIK treatment had potential benefits for patients with TNBC compared with the control group, and was not associated with any obvious side effects. Therefore, DC/CIK therapy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of TNBC.

The influence of autologous cytokine-induced killer cell treatment on the objective efficacy and safety of gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Objective The aim of the study was to observe the influence of autologous cytokine-induced killer cell(CIK) treatment on the objective efficacy and safety of gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods Sixty-six patients with NSCLC received gefitinib as second-line treatment. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, and informed consent forms were signed before grouping. Gefitinib was administrated to the control group, and autologous CIK treatment was added to the observation group. The objective treatment and adverse reactions were evaluated in both groups. Results The objective response rate(ORR) and the disease control rate(DCR) of the observation group were slightly higher than those of the control group, although no statistical differences were found between the 2 groups(P > 0.05). The incidences of diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia, oral ulcers, and myelosuppression in the observation group were much lower than those in the control group(P < 0.05). However, there were no statistical differences between the incidences of skin rash, and liver and kidney toxicities(P > 0.05). Conclusion Autologous CIK in combination with gefitinib is effective as second-line treatment for advanced NSCLC, and can significantly reduce adverse reactions and improve the objective efficacy.

肿瘤抗原负载树突状细胞联合CIK通过促进ASK1活化增强对人食管癌细胞的杀伤活性

目的探究肿瘤抗原负载的树突状细胞(Ag-DC)联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)对食管癌肿瘤细胞杀伤的影响及作用机制。方法诱导培养外周血DC和CIK,用Ag负载DC获得Ag-DC,将Ag-DC与CIK共培养。实验分为CIK组、DC联合CIK组、Ag-DC联合CIK组。流式细胞术检测细胞表型,噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞对EC9706食管癌细胞的杀伤活性,异硫氰酸荧光素标记的膜联素V/碘化丙啶(annexin V-FITC/PI)双染法检测细胞凋亡率,免疫荧光染色检测磷酸化的细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1(p-ASK1)表达,Western blot法测定ASK1途径相关蛋白水平。构建食管癌移植瘤裸鼠模型,分为对照组、DC联合CIK组和Ag-DC联合CIK组。通过尾静脉注射对应免疫细胞进行治疗,每隔2 d测量一次肿瘤体积。21 d后处死所有裸鼠,取出瘤体,HE染色观察肿瘤组织病变情况,免疫组织化学染色法检测抗原KI-67(ki67)及ASK1表达。结果与单独CIK组和DC联合CIK组相比,Ag-DC与CIK共培养后,细胞中CD3+CD8+与CD3+CD56+的比例明显升高,对EC9706细胞的杀伤率明显增加,增加EC9706细胞凋亡,并促进ASK1的活化水平;与单独CIK组和DC联合CIK组比较,Ag-DC联合CIK处理的裸鼠移植瘤生长受到明显的抑制,21 d后观察到该组肿瘤组织块较小,肿瘤组织内细胞排列较为稀疏,肿瘤组织内ki67阳性率明显减少,而ASK1阳性率则明显增高。结论Ag-DC与CIK共培养后,能够明显提高对食管癌肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性,该作用机制可能与ASK1途径的激活相关。

Increasing the frequency of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy may decrease risk of death in gastric cancer patients

AIM: To analyze the correlation between cytokineinduced killer (CIK) cells adoptive immunotherapy and cancer-related death in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-six gastric cancer patients after operation at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were enrolled in this study. Their clinical data including demographic characteristics, operation time, tumor size, pathological type and staging, tumor metastasis, outcome of chemotherapy or CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy, survival time or time of death were collected with a standard structured questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the median survival time, and the 2- and 5- year survival rates. Hazard risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy for gastric cancer were calculated using the two-stage time-dependent covariates Cox model. RESULTS: The survival time of gastric cancer patients was longer after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (χ 2 = 10.907, P = 0.001). The median survival time of gastric cancer patients was also longer after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (49 mo vs 27 mo, P < 0.05). The 2- and 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients were significantly higher after CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy than after chemotherapy (73.5% vs 52.6%, 40.4% vs 23.9%, P < 0.05). A significant difference was observed in the survival curve for patients who received CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy (0, 1-10, 11-25, and over 25 frequencies) (χ 2 = 14.534, P = 0.002). The frequencies of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy were significantly related with the decreasing risk of death in gastric cancer patients after adjustment for sex and age of the patients, tumor stage and relapse (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.80) when the first stage Cox model was used to define the subjects who remained alive beyond 36 mo as survivors. However, no correlation was observed between the frequencies of death in CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy and the risk of gastric cancer patients (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89) when the second stage Cox model was used to define the subjects who survived for more than 36 mo as survivors. CONCLUSION: The survival time of the gastric cancer patients treated with chemotherapy combined with CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy is significantly longer than that of the patients treated with chemotherapy alone and increasing the frequency of CIK cells adoptive immunotherapy seems to benefit patients more.

miR-124靶向调控CMTM6增强CIK对胶质瘤细胞杀伤效应机制研究

目的研究细胞因子诱导杀伤(cytokine induced killer,CIK)细胞对胶质瘤细胞杀伤效应的影响以及微小核糖核酸(miRNA,miR)-124在此过程中的调节作用及可能机制。方法收集2017年3月~2019年10月鄂州市中心医院神经外科收治的30例脑胶质瘤患者的癌组织及癌旁组织标本,通过qRT-PCR法检测脑胶质瘤及癌旁组织中miR-124,含MARVEL跨膜结构域的趋化素样因子家族基因6(chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domaincontaining family member 6,CMTM6)mRNA表达量及相关性。诱导培养CIK细胞后,分别与胶质瘤细胞C6和U87共培养,另转染miR-124 mimic,inhibitor及阴性对照序列,通过CCK-8实验检测CIK细胞及转染对胶质瘤细胞的杀伤效应;双荧光素酶报告实验分析miR-124与CMTM6基因的靶向关系,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测胶质瘤细胞中mi R-124,CMTM6 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果与癌旁组织比较,脑胶质瘤组织中miR-124表达(0.325±0.031 vs1.004±0.086)显著降低,CMTM6 mRNA表达(3.167±0.324 vs 0.981±0.089)显著升高,差异有统计学意义(t=39.051,26.337,均P<0.001),二者呈负相关(r^(2)=0.262)。与转染阴性对照比较,miR-124 mimic转染及其与CIK细胞共培养对C6(72.84%±3.81%vs 99.67%±3.45%,51.46%±3.18%vs 74.59%±3.47%),U87细胞(71.93%±3.94%vs98.26%±3.59%,52.67%±3.24%vs 76.28%±3.64%)增殖均有显著抑制作用,差异有统计学意义(q=16.340,15.486,14.087,13.886,均P<0.001)。双荧光素酶报告实验显示,miR-124和CMTM6具有明显的靶向关系。Western blot结果显示,与转染阴性对照+CIK组比较miR-124 mimic与CIK细胞共培养的C6,U87细胞CMTM6蛋白表达(0.435±0.042vs 0.897±0.061,0.354±0.029 vs 0.725±0.068)显著降低,转染miR-124 inhibitor与CIK细胞共培养的C6,U87细胞CMTM6蛋白表达(1.142±0.121 vs 0.897±0.061,1.326±0.125 vs 0.725±0.068)显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(q=13.817,10.839,7.327,17.558,均P<0.001)。结论CIK细胞可有效杀伤胶质瘤细胞,miR-124可通过靶向抑制CMTM6增强CIK细胞对胶质瘤细胞的杀伤效应。

Effects of Various Factors on Proliferation Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Induced CIK of Patients with Tumor In Vitro

Objective： To evaluate effects of different factors on proliferation capacity and cytotoxicity of induced cytokine induced killer （CIK） cells in vitro, so as to provide experimental basis for cell therapy of CIK in tumor. Methods： Cytometry and MTT assay were used in detecting proliferation capacity and cytotoxicity of CIK. Results： The proliferation capacity and cytotoxicity of CIK in vitro were stronger in the group of low age and serum free medium than in the group of advanced age or serum medium. And the proliferation of CIK in vitro increased with time during a certain period of incubation. Furthermore, CIK had equal cytotoxicity to various tumor cells. Conclusion： Various factors might influence the proliferation capacity and cytotoxicity of CIK of tumor patients in vitro.

基于CIK细胞的免疫疗法治疗肾细胞癌研究进展

细胞因子诱导的杀伤(CIK)细胞疗法是一种过继性细胞免疫疗法,由于其具有高增殖率和抗肿瘤特性,临床上各种实体瘤已被研究应用。肾细胞癌(RCC)是常见的泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤,由于手术、放化疗等传统治疗方式的总体缓解率有限,基于IL-2和IFN-α的免疫治疗效果不佳,故急需改善目前的治疗方式以增加患者的生存时间和提高其生活质量。因此,基于CIK细胞的免疫疗法应运而生。目前,CIK细胞在肾细胞癌中的应用已被众多研究评估,本文旨在总结基于CIK细胞的免疫疗法在肾细胞癌治疗中的安全性和疗效。

肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点DC-CIK治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效与安全性

目的:评价肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点树突状细胞-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(DC-CIK)治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的临床疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2019年10月1日至2022年10月31日东部战区总医院生物治疗科行肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点DC-CIK治疗晚期NSCLC患者的临床资料。统计NSCLC患者的临床疗效和不良反应,分析治疗前后血清中肿瘤标志物的变化,FCM检测患者治疗前后的淋巴细胞亚群和各种细胞因子的表达情况,用质谱仪检测治疗前后靶点的变化。结果:共入组52例晚期NSCLC患者,其中女性21例、男性31例;年龄32~71岁,平均年龄(50.97±10.72)岁,中位年龄47.5岁。经DC-CIK治疗后,CR 0例,PR 0例,SD 27例,PD 25例。与治疗前比较,DC-CIK治疗后:(1)CEA和CYFRA21-1水平无显著改变,CA125水平显著低于治疗前(P<0.01);(2)治疗后患者淋巴细胞亚群无显著变化;(3)治疗后患者外周血IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平显著升高(均P<0.01),IL-6、IL-10及IL-17水平无明显变化(;4)治疗后靶点数下降明显。DC-CIK治疗过程中无严重不良反应发生。结论:晚期NSCLC患者行肿瘤特异性个体化多靶点自体DC-CIK治疗是安全的,能使患者产生抗肿瘤免疫反应并得到一定的临床获益。

IL-15转染人CIK细胞对HT-29的杀瘤效果探究

目的探讨白细胞介素15(IL-15)基因(IL-15)转染人细胞因子诱导杀伤(CIK)细胞对HT-29[人结肠癌(CRC)细胞株]的杀瘤效应。方法从血液样本制备CIK细胞后,用含IL-15的慢病毒感染CIK细胞,制备转基因CIK细胞(IL-15-CIK细胞)。将IL-15-CIK细胞、CIK细胞分别与HT-29细胞共培养,按效靶比5︰1、10︰1、20︰1、25∶1培养14 d。分别评估IL-15-CIK细胞、CIK细胞对HT-29细胞的IL-15、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量变化和杀瘤效应。结果成功制备CIK细胞及IL-15-CIK细胞。效靶比25∶1,IL-15-CIK细胞与CIK细胞对CRC细胞的杀伤最高(72.56%±5.66%、52.33%±3.46%),且两种细胞差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。即IL-15-CIK细胞对HT-29细胞的杀伤能力强于CIK细胞。在IL-15-CIK细胞及CIK细胞培养7 d、11 d、14 d中,两种细胞上清液中IL-15、IFN-γ及TNF-α的含量均随着时间的增加而升高,杀瘤后任何两组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但在IL-15-CIK细胞中观察到,TNF-α含量在11 d与14 d内差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余时间相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。IL-15-CIK细胞及CIK细胞以E∶T=25∶1对HT-29细胞株作用后,检测到两种细胞上清液中IL-15、TNF-α、IFN-γ含量较作用前含量增加[IL-15-CIK细胞:IL-15(45.37±2.15)pg/mL vs(35.49±1.09)pg/mL,TNF-α(34.83±1.63)pg/mL vs(28.04±0.41)pg/mL,IFN-γ(42.34±1.50)pg/mL vs(26.08±0.57)pg/mL。CIK细胞:IL-15(21.18±0.76)pg/mL vs(20.34±1.07)pg/mL,TNF-α(20.04±3.03)pg/mL vs(18.04±0.27)pg/mL,IFN-γ(23.90±1.33)pg/mL vs(19.06±0.34)pg/mL]。结论IL-15-CIK细胞对CRC细胞株的杀伤能力较CIK细胞强,应用IL-15转染人CIK细胞可增强CIK细胞杀瘤效应。

全程护理在自体DC-CIK治疗肺癌患者中的应用效果

目的:探讨全程护理在自体树突细胞(DC)-细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗肺癌患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2020年7月—2022年7月济南市中西医结合医院100例接受自体DC-CIK治疗的肺癌患者作为研究对象。根据随机数表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各50例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上给予全程护理。比较两组护理前、护理后1个月肝肾功能、肿瘤标志物、癌因性疲乏与希望水平。结果:护理后1个月,观察组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)及胱抑素C(Cys C)、血肌酐(Scr)水平均低于对照组,内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。护理后1个月,观察组癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)及糖类抗原125(CA125)、糖类抗原153(CA153)水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。护理后1个月,观察组躯体、情感、认知评分均低于对照组,Herth评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:自体DC-CIK治疗肺癌患者选用全程护理,可明显改善患者肿瘤标志物水平,还可有效控制肝肾功能受损度,降低其癌性疲乏因子状况,提升患者希望水平,获得更理想的干预效果。

DC-CIK细胞的生物学活性及体外抗白血病作用的研究(英文)

本研究探讨树突状细胞(DC)对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)增殖能力、免疫表型、分泌细胞因子水平及抗白血病细胞的作用。健康人外周血单个核细胞诱导DC和CIK,将DC与CIK共培养,以CIK细胞单独培养为对照。用台盼蓝活细胞计数计算细胞扩增倍数,MTT法测定杀伤活性,流式细胞术分析免疫表型,ELISA双抗体夹心法测定干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-12(IL-12)的水平。结果表明:DC-CIK细胞增殖能力明显高于CIK细胞(p<0.05);DC、CIK细胞共培养后,CD3+CD8+、CD3+CD56+细胞比率较相同条件下CIK细胞组显著增多(p<0.05);共培养3天,DC-CIK细胞上清液中IL-12、IFN-γ水平均比CIK细胞单独培养的水平高(p<0.01,p<0.05);在5∶1-40∶1的效靶比范围内,DC-CIK细胞对白血病细胞的杀伤率显著高于CIK细胞(p<0.05),且杀伤率与效靶比呈正相关。结论:DC增加CIK细胞的增殖能力和抗白血病活性,有可能作为一种临床有效的抗白血病免疫治疗手段。