Intoxication Induced by Urea Containing Diets in Broiler Chickens: Effect on Weight Gain, Feed Conversion Ratio, Hematological and Biochemical Profiles

Urea as a source of cheap non-protein nitrogen is used to adulterate fish and meat meals which are basic components of broiler diets. The present study was carried out to elucidate the effects of urea on weight gain, and hematological and biochemical profiles. A total of 48 broiler chicks were randomly allotted into 4 groups, designated Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 12 birds each. Birds in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed on diets containing urea at the levels of 1%, 2.5% and 4%, respectively. Birds in Group 1 served as control and were not exposed to urea. Experimentation period was for 3 weeks and experiment was terminated when birds were 42 days of age. Body weight of all intoxicated birds at the various intervals was significantly decreased in comparison with that of the untreated control. Compared with control, all intoxicated broilers manifested significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in all hematological parameters involving erythrocytic and total leucocytic counts, Hemoglobin (Hb) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) on a dose- and time-pattern. In comparison with the control levels, biochemical profile of the intoxicated birds disclosed significant decrease in blood glucose level and significant increase in serum uric acid, urea, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Based upon the present data, it was concluded that the addition of urea to broiler diets bears serious sequences concerning the general health condition, performance, weight gain, and hematological and biochemical profiles.

Effect of Enteromorpha from Qingdao Coasts on Weight Gain Perform ance of Broilers

This study was to investigate the effect of enteromorpha from Qingdao coasts on weight gain of Arbor Acres broilers. Four thousands of 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups （1 000 for each）, i. e., one group was fed with basal diet as the control, and the other three were fed with basal diet added with 1.0%, 2.0% or 3.0% of enteromorpha as treatment groups. After 42 days of feeding trial, broilers in three treatment groups all gave a significantly increased average daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio in comparison with the control group （P 〈0. O1 ） ; within treatment groups, those added with 3.0% enteromorpha assumed a significantly higher average daily gain and feed to gain than with 3.0% enteromorpha （P 〈0.05）, while an insignificantly difference with 2.0% enteromorpha group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. The results indicated that adding appropriate amount of enteromorpha can facilitate the improvement of broiler performance.

The Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction Duration on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

The growth productivity of broilers is influenced by improving growth performance through improving body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks were reared in a deep litter system until slaughter at 42 days. Chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments which were replicated three times with 16 birds per replicate. The three treatments were the control (T1), one week of feed restriction (T2), and two weeks of feed restriction (T3). Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. Carcass weight and internal organs weights were measured. The body weight gained by the birds in T1 was similar to the birds that were restricted for a week. The treatments had a significant effect on the average daily gain in weeks 4, 5, and 6. The ADG for T2 was higher (P < 0.05) at week 5 after 1 week of restriction, than T1 and T3. The feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in T3 after 2 weeks of restriction. In T2 and T3, feed intake was significantly lower than in birds fed ad libitum at week 4 at the start of the treatment. There was no significant effect on the relative weights of heart weights, liver, gizzard, feet, and heads among the treatment groups except for intestine weight which was lower (P < 0.05) in T1 than T2 and T3. It was concluded that broilers that were restricted for one week had a positive result in growth performance. Feed restriction had minimal effect on the organ weights of broiler chickens.

不同蛋白水平全价颗粒饲料对育肥公羊育肥效果对比研究

本研究主要探讨不同蛋白水平全价颗粒饲料对育肥公羊育肥效果对比。选择体重20 kg左右公羊共计120只(湖羊、澳湖杂交羊、欧拉羊、湖藏杂交羊、萨湖杂交羊各24只),每一个品种公羊随机平均分为3组,分别饲喂蛋白含量12.96%(LP组)、15.04%(MP组)、17.04%(HP组)的全价颗粒饲料,饲喂105 d,研究体重、养殖效益、体尺相关性等指标。结果显示:湖羊、澳湖、萨湖MP组和HP组羊日增重显著高于LP组(P<0.01),湖藏杂交羊3组间差异不显著(P>0.05),欧拉羊日增重HP组显著高于其他2组(P<0.05),澳湖、萨湖羊增重速度最快,日增重达到300 g以上;湖羊、澳湖、萨湖、湖藏MP组和HP组羊料重比显著低于LP组(P<0.01),欧拉羊3组差异均显著(P>0.05),不同品种羊MP组日养殖效益均优于HP组;湖羊、澳湖、萨湖、湖藏羊体重与各体尺之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),欧拉羊体重与体长呈极显著相关(P<0.01),体重与胸围、体长呈显著相关(P<0.05)。

Analysis of York Pigs Feeding Behavior Using Stepwise Regression and Principal Component Regression

A statistical analysis was conducted on the feeding behavior of 106 York breeding pigs.Pearson correlation analysis,principal component correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression equation methods were applied to establish regression equations of the York breeding pigs total feed intake per time and average feed intake per time with corrected fat thickness,feed conversion rate,and corrected daily gain.The results showed that:①there were three peak feed intake periods for the pigs,and the correlation coefficient between the feed intake and the corrected fat thickness of the pigs in the 24 h period was positive or negative,that is,increasing the number of feeding times and the feed intake was not necessarily conducive to the fat thickness accumulation,but the breeding goal of fat thickness could be achieved by controlling the feeding times and feed intake;②the average feed intake of pigs in the 60-90 kg body weight stage was 30%-50%higher than that of the 30-60 kg body weight stage,but the number of feeding times decreased,the peak feeding time was more concentrated,and the feeding duration per time was 3.0 min longer,indicating that as the weight of pigs increased,the feed intake increased significantly;and③the stepwise regression equations and the principal component equations showed that the feeding behavior of York pigs in the 30-90 kg growth stage was not only affected by the feeding time within 24 h,but also by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.The feeding behavior of York pigs is a complex process of interaction between environmental factors and animal factors.

Optimal Supplement Dosage of Double-Low Rapeseed Meal in Concentrated Feed of Fattening Lambs

[ Objective] To determine the optimal supplement dosage of double-low rapeseed meal in concentrated feed of fattening lambs. [ Method] A total of 120 Tibetan lambs at the age of 50 d were selected and divided randomly into four groups. The lambs in these four groups were fed with diets respectively supplemented the double-low rapeseed meal of 50,100,150 and 200 g/kg. Their diets had the same nutritional levels of energy and protein. The experimental period was 120 d. [ Result] Daily gain, feed conservation ratio and economic benefits were largely increased in the lambs fed with the diets supplemented the double-low rapeseed meal of 150 g/kg （Daily gain, P 〈 0.01 ）. However, the daily gain and feed conservation ratio were largely decreased in the lambs fed with the diets supplemented the double-low rapeseed meal of 200 g/kg. Moreover, serum levels of transaminase and thyroxine were not significantly different between the four groups. [ Conclusion] The optimal supplement dosage of the double-low rapeseed meal is 150 g/kg in fattening lambs.

日粮中添加尾菜渣对肉羊生长性能、屠宰性能及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加尾菜渣对肉羊生长性能的影响。选择花椰菜、青梗松花菜、娃娃菜等蔬菜的废弃茎叶压榨后制成尾菜渣,并选择水分含量适中的青梗松花尾菜渣,以2月龄育肥羊为试验动物进行对比饲养试验。试验选择健康状况良好的2月龄左右杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交后代肉羊20只,随机分为2组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组羊饲喂自配基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加10%的青梗松花尾菜渣,每只羊每日均定量饲喂1.5 kg。预试期15 d,正式试验期56 d。结果显示,试验期内各阶段两组肉羊的平均日增重均差异不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验组料重比略有降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组屠宰率高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组饲料成本较对照组降低,经济效益较对照组高26.08元。研究表明,在饲料投喂量一定的前提下,日粮添加少量的尾菜渣可在一定程度上降低饲料成本,提高经济效益。

植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能影响的Meta分析

本研究旨在分析植物精油对断奶仔猪的促生长作用,从统计学层面为植物精油替代抗生素应用于断奶仔猪促生长性能上的生产实践和研究方向提供参考和指导。检索了2012年1月至2022年1月十年间万方数据、中国知网(CNKI)、PubMed和Web of Science数据库中发表的植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能影响及其替代抗生素应用于促进断奶仔猪生长的对照试验等相关文献,提取其中的有效研究数据,利用RevMan 5.4软件分析猪的日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(FCR),并使用随机效应模型计算连续型变量的平均差(MD)和95%置信区间(CI)。共有16篇相关高质量文献、108条数据、1842头断奶仔猪纳入Meta分析。分析结果表明,日粮中添加植物精油可以显著提高断奶仔猪ADG及ADFI(P<0.01),并显著降低断奶仔猪FCR(P<0.01)。与日粮中添加抗生素相比,添加植物精油对断奶仔猪ADG及ADFI的影响差异不大,但在降低断奶仔猪FCR方面效果更佳(P<0.01)。说明植物精油在对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响方面有替代抗生素的巨大潜能。

植物精油对肉鸡生长性能和生理指标的影响

[目的]研究植物精油(净力安)对肉鸡生长性能、生理指标的影响。[方法]选用1日龄AA肉仔鸡168000只,公母各半,采用单因子随机分组设计,试验共设2组,每组设6个重复,每个重复14000只鸡,均饲喂颗粒饲料。对照组日粮按100 g/t的比例添加某欧洲进口精油产品,试验组用净力安等量替代该进口精油,试验期44 d。在试验肉鸡的14、28、44日龄分别空腹称重,记录每天肉鸡的死亡或淘汰数量。在36日龄时,每个重复选取2只鸡进行屠宰,测定生理器官指数。[结果]试验组的成活率为98.99%,而对照组的成活率为98.69%,比对照组提高0.30个百分点;试验组均末体重比对照组多105 g,全期平均日增重比对照组多2.38 g/(d·只);试验组的全期料肉比为1.583,对照组为1.636,比对照组下降0.053,差异极显著;试验组的脾脏指数为1.45,对照组的为1.23;试验组的法氏囊指数为1.93,而对照组的为1.23;试验组的绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值为7.68,对照组的为4.53,差异显著。[结论]植物精油净力安作为肉鸡替抗产品,能显著提高肉鸡生产性能,提高机体消化吸收能力和免疫力。

复合饲料添加剂对育肥羊增重及经济效益的影响

[目的]研究复合饲料添加剂对育肥羊增重及养殖效益的影响,为其在育肥羊生产中的应用提供依据。[方法]挑选适宜的4月龄小尾寒羊分为4组:①将30 kg左右的46只小尾寒羊公羊随机分为对照组Ⅰ和试验组Ⅰ,即分别在日粮基础上添加0、7.7 g复合饲料添加剂;②将40 kg左右的40只小尾寒羊公羊随机分为对照组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅱ,即分别在日粮基础上添加0、10 g复合饲料添加剂,进行对比试验,预试期7 d,试验期42 d。[结果]试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ的肉羊增重和平均日增重均显著高于对照组Ⅰ和Ⅱ,且试验组Ⅱ增加的收入与增加的饲喂成本差值为31.12元。[结论]在基础日粮中添加复合饲料添加剂可以显著提高育肥羊的增重及经济效益,有效促进育肥羊的生长发育。在本试验条件下,每天每只羊混饲10 g复合饲料添加剂能够有效降低饲养成本,缩短育肥周期,提升养殖效益。

草鱼种对配合饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比

研究了草鱼种对饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。试验结果以增重率和饵料转换率两项生物学指标为依据进行综合分析。结果表明 ,在本试验条件下草鱼对饵料中钙的需要量为 0 .4 73%～ 0 .788% ,磷的需要量为 1.4 19%～ 1.5 77% ,钙磷的总需要量在 2 .10 0 %～ 2 .70 0 %范围内 ,适宜钙磷比则随着钙磷含量的高低同异而变化 ,即在钙磷含量较低而总量不同时为 1∶3,钙磷含量高而总量相同时为 1∶2。当钙磷比中的磷小于 2时 ,钙磷总量高则可减轻因钙磷不平衡对草鱼生长所产生的抑制作用。钙磷比不等于 1∶2 (或 1∶3)时 ,钙磷总量过多或过少都不利于鱼的生长 。

生长猪低蛋白质日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸平衡模式的研究

试验通过研究低蛋白质饲粮中可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平对生长猪生产性能和尿素氮的影响，以建立生长猪日增重和料重比对日粮可消化氨基酸的回归模型。选取体重30kg的三元（杜×长×大）杂交生长猪68头，随机分为17个处理，每个处理4头猪，运用4因素5水平二次回归正交组合设计（1／2实施），研究得出日增重和料重比对日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平的回归方程。生长猪日增重（Y1，g）对日粮可消化赖氨酸（X1，％）、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸（X2，％）、苏氨酸（X3，％）和色氨酸（X4，％）水平的回归方程为：Y1=-5．5680＋7．5878X1＋3．0452X2＋9．1835X3＋4．2269X4＋5．2004X1X2-1．9056X1X3＋2．2334X1X4-6．005X1^2-7．3694X2^2-7．5432X3^2-22．0732X4^2（R^2=0．9640，P〈0．05）；生长猪料重比（Y2，g）对日粮可消化赖氨酸（X1，％）、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸（X2，％）、苏氨酸（X3，％）和色氨酸（X4，％）水平的回归方程为：Y2=12．1760-9．8436X1-19．0432X2-2．4867X3-11．7330X4-1．8750X1X2-6．8750X1X3＋1．5625X1X4＋8．9866X1^2＋23．2745X2^2＋7．9684X3^2＋33．4705X4^2（R^2=0．9213，P〈0．01）；日增重达到最大值（0．775kg）时，日粮的可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平分别为0．78％、0．48％、0．51％和0．14％。相应的氨基酸比例为Lys：（Met＋Cys）：Thr：Trp=100：61：64：18。料重比最小（2．69）时，对应的日粮可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸水平分别为0．77％、0．44％、0．49％和0．16％。氨基酸比例为Lys：（Met＋Cys）：Thr：Trp=100：57：64：21。对日增重和料重比进行综合考虑，获得最佳生产性能的可消化氨基酸的比例范围为Lys：（Met＋Cys）：Thr：Trp=100：（57-61）：64：（18-21）。

不同蛋白质水平饲粮对藏羔羊生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质水平饲粮对藏羔羊生长发育的影响。试验采用单因子随机试验设计,选取2月龄断奶、体重(20.80±2.75)kg的藏公羔羊90只,随机分成3个组(每组30个重复,每个重复1只羊),分别饲喂蛋白质水平为10.8%、12.0%和13.2%的试验饲粮。试验期为127 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期120 d。结果显示:1)12.0%蛋白质水平组藏羔羊的试验第60~90天及第90~120天日增重和平均日增重最高,料重比最低。2)12.0%蛋白质水平组藏羔羊的腹泻率及尿道感染率较低,死亡率最低。3)在试验第60天,12.0%蛋白质水平组血清总蛋白(TP)含量与10.8%和13.2%蛋白质水平组均没有显著差异(P>0.05),但10.8%和13.2%蛋白质水平组之间差异显著(P<0.05);在试验第90、120天,血清TP含量在12.0%和13.2%蛋白质水平组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但二者均显著高于10.8%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。在各阶段,随着饲粮蛋白质水平的升高,血清葡萄糖(GLU)和总胆固醇(TC)含量均没有显著发生变化(P>0.05)。4)12.0%蛋白质水平组的单位成本增重最高,达到73.05元/kg,总收入和净收入最高,净收入达到7 800.51元。本试验条件下,饲粮蛋白质水平影响早期断奶藏羔羊的生长发育,12.0%蛋白质水平可提高藏羔羊的日增重,降低料重比和死亡率,改善血清生化指标,提高生长性能,并降低饲养成本。

日粮系酸力水平对羔羊生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮不同系酸力水平对羔羊生产性能和饲料养分消化率的影响,将24只7日龄萨能奶山羊公羔随机分成4组,A组饲喂基础日粮,B、C和D 3个试验组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加3.0、9.0和15.0 kg/t酸化剂的试验日粮(补饲料系酸力水平分别为30.0、20.0和10.0 mmol HCl/100 g;日粮系酸力水平分别为39.3、35.2和31.1 mmol HCl/100 g),研究日粮系酸力水平对早期断奶羔羊生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响。结果表明:(1)B、C和D组羔羊日增重极显著高于A组(P<0.01),C、D组显著高于B组(P<0.05);(2)饲料酸化可有效改善羔羊健康状况,B、C和D组羔羊腹泻率分别较A组降低了36.36%、28.65%和81.82%;(3)B、C和D组CP、GE表观消化率极显著高于A组(P<0.01),C、D组极显著高于B组(P<0.01);(4)B、C和D组DM表观消化率极显著高于A组(P<0.01),C、D组极显著高于B组(P<0.01),D组显著高于C组(P<0.05)。结果提示,降低羔羊日粮系酸力水平,可以显著改善羔羊日增重、料重比和羔羊对日粮主要养分表观消化率,有效改善羔羊健康状况,在本研究条件下以补饲料系酸力水平10.0 mmol HCl/100 g即日粮系酸力水平31.1 mmol HCl/100 g组效果最好。

多花黑麦草饲养肉兔效果研究

选择健康生长肉兔80只，随机分成4组，每组20只。各组随意采食多花黑麦草Lolium multflorum，配合饲料限制不同量。试验37 d后表明，在兔日粮中加入25.95%-35.89%的多花黑麦草（以干物质计），对肉兔增重无显著影响，饲喂多花黑麦草可明显地节约精料，能有效降低成本、增加收入。试验肉兔每增重1 kg，1组比4组节约配合饲料0.79 kg、减少配合饲料消耗37.61%，增加收入达32.74%，取得显著的经济效益。

翘嘴红鲌幼鱼对蛋白质的需要量

用酪蛋白和白鱼粉为蛋白源配制7种蛋白含量为32.07%～45.64%的半精制试验饲料,喂养7组3个重复的翘嘴红幼鱼8周。饲养试验在室内玻璃钢水箱中进行,试验鱼每尾平均初始体重2.88±0.22g,水温为25～29℃。结果显示:蛋白质水平为41.05%的试验组的鱼体增重、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率等指标均显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05);对特定生长率(Y)和饲料效率(F)二项指标的二次曲线回归分析求得翘嘴红幼鱼饲料蛋白最适值分别为40.94%和41.35%;饲料蛋白水平对鱼体(全鱼)的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量无显著影响(P>0.05),而较高水平饲料蛋白会使鱼体脂肪含量明显降低(P<0.05)。

达氏鲟亲鱼池塘人工培育试验

在室外水泥池塘养殖条件下，研究了4＋龄达氏鲟（均重：2．38±0．11kg）在3～9月的生长特点。结果表明，在人工饲料投喂条件下，达氏鲟生长较好，增重率和特定生长率分别为165．18％、163．03％、149．40％和0．46、0．45、0．43，但饵料系数偏高。达氏鲟在水温处于16—32℃时均可摄食生长，水温在18～25℃时，生长情况较好，水温高于28℃以上时，达氏鲟的生长缓慢，并容易出现死亡。试验表明，在达氏鲟最适的生长条件下，用饲料投喂能获得较好的生长效果。

白酒糟饲喂三穗鸭的增重及饲料转化效果

为白酒糟资源在三穗鸭养殖上的合理利用，选取21日龄健康三穗鸭280只，随机分为4组进行了不同白酒糟水平日粮对其增重及饲料转化效率的影响试验。结果表明：日增重以饲喂配合饲料（对照组）的最高，为16．7g，分别比试验I组（90％配合饲料＋10％白酒糟生物饲料）、试验Ⅱ组（85％配合饲料＋15％白酒糟生物饲料）、试验Ⅲ组（80％配合饲料＋20％白酒糟生物饲料）高5．7％（P〉0．05）、219／6（P〈0．05）和16％（P〈0．05）。料重比以试验Ⅱ组最高，为5．5，分别比对照组、试验I组、试验Ⅲ组高41％（P〈0．05）、259／6（P〈0．05）和1．9％（P〉0．05）；代谢能增重效率以试验Ⅱ组最高，为0．57，分别比对照组、试验I组、试验Ⅲ组高23．9％（P〈0．05）、18．8％（P〈0．05）和5．6％（P〉0．05）；蛋白质效力比以对照组最高，为1．65，分别比试验工～Ⅲ组高139／6（P〈0．05）、46％（P〈0．05）和42．2％（P〈0．05）。在4～10周龄三穗鸭日粮中用10％的白酒糟生物饲料代替配合饲料较适宜，对其生长性能和饲料转化效率无明显影响。

不同施肥处理的杂交狼尾草打浆后饲喂育肥猪效果研究

试验设计4个处理3个重复,开展不同施肥处理的杂交狼尾草打浆后饲喂育肥猪效果研究。4个处理为:处理Ⅰ(CK)只饲喂肥育猪的基础日粮,处理Ⅱ为基础日粮+浇灌沼液的牧草浆0.25kg/头.d,处理Ⅲ为基础日粮+浇灌沼液的牧草浆0.5kg/头.d,处理Ⅳ为基础日粮+浇灌沼液并加施尿素的牧草浆0.5kg/头.d。结果表明,处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ平均日增重分别比处理Ⅰ提高了22.4g,40.4g和48.4g,料肉比分别比处理Ⅰ降低了4.62%、3.96%和7.26%,每头猪效益分别比处理Ⅰ提高了26.0元、34.3元和44.6元,猪肉氨基酸含量也比处理Ⅰ有不同程度的提高,尤其以添加增施尿素的牧草浆后,肥育猪的日增重、料肉比和经济效益都最好。

麻羽肉鸭能量和粗蛋白质适宜水平的研究

研究了麻鸭能量和粗蛋白质的适宜水平。用两因子三水平试验设计,以最佳增重效果和料重比为指标来确定麻鸭的适宜营养水平。还研究了不同能量和粗蛋白质水平对麻鸭屠宰性能的影响。按照组间平均体重差异不显著及公母随机分配的原则,将麻鸭称重后随机分为9组,具体分组如下:0～2周龄:共450只,每组50只,分为4个重复;3～4周龄:选取360只,每组40只,分为4个重复;5～7周龄:选取288只,每组32只,分为4个重复。试验结果如下:麻鸭生长前期、中期、后期适宜的能量及蛋白质营养水平分别为:代谢能12.19 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质20%;代谢能12.19 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质18%;代谢能11.49 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质16%。麻鸭不同生长阶段不同能量和蛋白质水平对各组屠宰率,全净膛率,半净膛率,腿肌率,胸肌率没有显著影响,但是显著影响腹脂率(P<0.05)。