Effect of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Kenyan Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change Effects

Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. Socio-demography among other factors, determine smallholder farmers’ adaptive strategies to CC effects. This study sought to understand how smallholder dairy farmers in South Western Kenya adapt to climate changes and determine the relationship between famers’ adaptive strategies and their socio-demographics of sex, age, marital status, highest educational level, household size, and experience in dairying. Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods were used to collect primary and secondary data. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience obtained through multi-stage sampling of respondents from 4 sub counties of Migori county. The data collected included the respondents’ socio-demographics, climate changes and adaptability to CC effects. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with heads of government departments of Livestock Production, Cooperative Development, Meteorology, Environment and Agriculture Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) in Migori County. Others included the leadership of Rongo Dairy Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Lichota Livestock Development Farm, and a Research Officer for Livestock Production Systems with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Focus group discussions (FGDs), on the other hand, were conducted with old men and women (aged 60 years and above), and farmer groups from Rongo Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society, Cham Gi Wadu Dairy and Multipurpose Cooperative Society, and East Sakwa Farmers’ Development Group. These were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to describe climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Percentages, minimum and maximum values, means, range, and standard deviations were used to describe respondents’ socio-demographics. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of farmers’ socio-demographics on their adaptive strategies to CC effects. Results indicated that individually, male farmers were more likely to adopt mixed crop and livestock farming (Odds = 3.97;p = 0.02) and experience an increasing trend in income earning from milk sales (Odds = 0.63;p = 0.04). Individually, older farmers were significantly more likely to establish own fodder (Odds = 0.96;p = 0.03), keep non-Friesians and their crosses (Odds = 0.97;p = 0.02), and experience increasing trends in income earned from milk sales (odds = 1.02;p = 0.02). Individually, household size significantly influenced establishment of own fodder (Odds = 0.69;p = 0.00) and jointly with the other 5 socio-demographic factors (Odds = 0.70;p = 0.00). With other socio-demographic factors, male farmers were more likely to rely mainly on household labour (Odds = 0.32;p = 0.05). Thus, gender, age and household size were found to have significant effects on smallholder dairy farmers’ adaptation to climate change effects in the study area.

Adaptation of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in South Western Kenya to the Effects of Climate Change

Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the situation. This study sought to assess smallholder dairy farmers’ climate change adaptation level in Southwestern Kenya. Adopting Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods, primary and secondary data was collected. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire for climate changes and farmers’ adaptiveness was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience, obtained by multi-stage sampling from 4 sub-counties. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with farmer groups, heads of research, government departments and livestock farms;and the old that were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Percentages were used for climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Principal component analysis was used for factors with great influence on respondents’ climate change adaptiveness;while one proportion Z-score test was used for significant differences between adapters and non-adapters (p < 0.05). Flexible and systematic Framework Approach was used for qualitative data analysis by cases and 5 themes. Findings indicated that despite Migori County’s great dairying potential, climate changes have partly hindered full exploitation. Temperatures and rainfall increased slightly in 30 years;with feeds and water diminishing, and resistant diseases and parasites emerging. Upon ranking, pasture loss (42.2%);over-grazing (41.1%);cattle under-feeding (39.5%);and increasing cattle diseases and pests (61.0%) had high impact;while drying water sources (37.1%) had moderate effect. Farmers’ adaptiveness included mixed farming (96.5%);non-intensive dairying (95.1%);establishing own fodder (92.4%);rearing crossbred dairy cattle (87.7%);reducing dairy herd size to 2 (92.9%);relying mainly on household labour (94.6%);and maintaining a 10-year increasing trend in milk-income (68.4%). Z-scores indicated significant differences between adapters and non-adopters (p < 0.05). Civil societies, academic and research institutions should intensify farmer advisory services to complement government extension.

Knowledge and preventive practices of livestock farmers on infectious causes of reproductive disorders in dairy cows in the Kembata Tambaro zone,southern Ethiopia

Several studies in Ethiopia have shown a high prevalence of reproductive disorders(RDs)in dairy cows.However,there is a lack of information about the levels of knowledge among farming community about the causes associated with RDs.A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study design was administered to 278 livestock farmers(LFs)in the Kembata Tambaro zone to evaluate knowledge and preventive practices on infectious causes of RDs in dairy cows.The results show that almost all farmers had heard about RDs,but more than half did not realize that reproductive system infections(RSIs)could cause RDs in dairy cows.A significant number of participants were not aware of the spread of RSIs between animals through sharing of breeding bulls,ingestion of urine contaminated feed,unhygienic management,sharing of equipment between milking cows,and interactions with contagious animals.The majority of LFs reported that they frequently consulted with traditional healers regarding the treatment of RDs,but very few looked for veterinary assistance.The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that level of education and living areas were factors significantly and positively associated with knowledge about RSIs.Likewise,occupation,level of education and being knowledgeable about RSIs were significantly associated with good preventive practices.Veterinarians and responsible authorities should take these results into consideration to educate farmers on preventing losses attributed to RSIs.

基于TPC模式的温氏班奶牛生产实训课程改革

为了适应国家、行业和企业发展对人才的需求,本文针对奶牛生产实训课程存在的不足,构建了TPC(Teaching教学、Practice实践、Competition竞赛)一体化教学模式(简称TPC模式),旨在促进理论教学与生产实践相结合、技能培养与企业需求相结合、课程考核与竞赛比拼相结合,激发学生学习兴趣,夯实教学效果,促进学生成长成才。

黑龙江省林甸县奶牛养殖户发展问题及对策研究

奶牛是最为常见畜牧养殖产业中的养殖品种之一,近年,随着经济的进步和“奶业振兴”的发展,奶牛养殖场在林甸县市场逐渐扩大,奶牛养殖户也随之增多,奶牛数量增加明显。但是,奶牛养殖户的效益因为市场各种综合因素的制约而降低,让很多奶牛养殖户束手无策。该文以“林甸县奶牛养殖户”作为研究对象,剖析制约林甸县奶牛养殖户发展的因素,并提出相应的建议,以期为林甸县奶牛养殖户的发展提供参考。

基于纳米抗体建立icELISA检测乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M1

纳米抗体(nanobody,Nb)具有稳定性高、特异性强、易于表达等优势,已经成为小分子免疫分析的重要工具。为了监测乳制品中黄曲霉毒素M1(aflatoxin M1,AFM1)的污染情况,以先前从双峰驼AFM1免疫文库中淘选得到的抗AFM1型纳米抗体M6为研究对象,评估其理化性质并建立间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定法(indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,icELISA)。优化反应体系中封闭方法、甲醇溶液、pH值和离子强度等参数后,建立竞争抑制标准曲线,并进行方法学验证特异性和准确性。结果表明,Nb-M6具有良好的亲和力和热稳定性;Nb-icELISA的检测限(limit of detection,LOD)为0.111 ng/mL,半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))为1.498 ng/mL,乳制品加标回收率为89.8%~104.1%,与高效液相色谱法的检测结果趋于一致。该方法操作简单、便捷,可应用于乳制品中AFM1的初步批量筛查。

基于熵值法评价我国乳品企业竞争力——以20家上市乳品企业为例

本文选取2018—2022年我国20家上市乳品企业相关数据为研究样本,构建由产品供给、营运能力、研发能力、营销能力、人力资源5个一级指标,主要产品营业收入增长率、资产周转率、人均技术专利拥有量等16个二级指标组成的乳品企业竞争力评价指标体系,运用熵值法对20家上市乳品企业综合竞争力进行评价。研究发现,在指标体系的5个维度中,近5年营销能力对企业竞争力的贡献度最大,相对应产品供给的贡献度最小,而研发能力重要性越来越凸显,甚至在2022年超越营销能力成为第1位。同时,头部企业部分优势正被以燕塘乳业为代表的区域性乳品企业超越;牧业型企业更易受市场影响,竞争能力相对较弱;生产奶粉、营养品等高附加值产品的企业竞争力相对稳定等。

On-farm use of legume (<i>Phaseolus calcaratus</i>) and Ruzi grass on rumen fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows

The experiment was conducted on 10 small-holder dairy farmers under the administration of Dairy Promotion Organization of Thailand (DPO) in the Northeast region of Thailand. The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of legume (Phaseolus calcaratus, PC) as roughage mixed with Ruzi grass for dairy cows. Fours cows per farm were assigned into 2 groups including Ruzi grass (control) and PC mixed with ruzi grass (at the ratio 50:50), were given ad libitum as a roughage sources. All cows were offered a concentrate with ratio to milk yield of 1:2. The results revealed that roughage source did not affect on ruminal pH and temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen, and milk urea nitrogen concentrations. Total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid proportions, and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrient including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not significantly different among treatments. Moreover, amount of digested dry mater was similar among treatments. However, cows received PC mixed with Ruzi grass tended to be higher on dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility and dry matter digestible nutrient intake than control group. Milk yield, and 3.5% fat corrected milk were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cow fed with PC mixed Ruzi grass than those the control group. Milk compositions and feed cost were similar among treatments;in contrast, the income and profit from milk selling were greater in cows fed with PC mixed with Ruzi grass than the control. High quality roughage such as PC mixed with Ruzi grass could be advantages for dairy farming in the Northeast of Thailand.

Factors Associated with Body Weight Attainment in Calves on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Tanzania

In order to investigate associations between individual calf parameters and/or herd management practices and dairy calf body weight (BW) attainment in smallholder farms in Tanzania, a prospective study was carried out at 121 farms in Mvomero and Njombe districts and included 156 crossbred dairy calves. Information on management factors and sources of calf drinking water were collected by personal observation and interview during four visits. At each visit, BW assessments were conducted by the same veterinarian and blood samples collected. The blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters, total blood protein, glucose, and serum phosphorus and urea. Low BW was associated with smaller amount of milk fed to calves, early weaning, birth during the wet season, and well/tap water as the main water source (P < 0.05). Low blood total protein, high urea, low phosphorus and low hemoglobin concentrations were also associated with retarded growth. These findings identified and quantified some critical factors that can guide farmers in improving calf performance on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania. To improve calf BW, the protein and mineral fraction of the roughage should be increased and water supply should be improved. In conclusion, appropriate changes in milk feeding routines and breeding management would also be expected to improve productivity.

新疆乳业品牌竞争力提升研究

本文通过对新疆乳业品牌发展和竞争力情况的调研,从品牌意识、品牌规模、品牌定位、品牌传播方式等分析新疆乳业品牌发展存在的问题,提出规划自治区奶产业集群、合理布局乳品企业、组织实施品牌整合战略、明确品牌定位、整合传播策略、制定人力资源管理策略等提升新疆乳业品牌竞争力的对策建议。

新疆R乳业公司品牌竞争力分析

新疆乳品业拥有优越的资源,却始终处于我国乳品业竞争的劣势地位,根本原因在于新疆乳品企业缺乏核心竞争力。为了提升新疆乳业品牌竞争力现状,本文以R乳业公司为例,从品牌定位、品牌产品结构、品牌营销策略、品牌运营能力、品牌盈利能力、品牌技术状况等方面分析了R乳业公司品牌竞争力的现状和存在的问题,提出扩大市场规模,实现规模经济;促进产品结构升级,提高产品渗透率;建立产品的科学促销模式;抓好优质、安全的奶源基地建设;抓住向西出口的契机,开拓国际市场等建议,以期对R乳业今后健康理性发展起到推动作用。

奶业振兴视阈下新疆乳企品牌竞争力评价研究

为进一步探索如何有效提升新疆乳品企业的品牌竞争力,在构建乳企品牌竞争力评价体系的基础上,结合7家乳企的数据资料,采用熵值法对其品牌竞争力进行评价。结果表明:乳企品牌竞争力是多种因素共同作用的结果,不同乳企在品牌市场力、品牌管理能力及品牌基础能力方面差异显著;各个乳企的品牌竞争力由大到小排序依次为伊利乳业>新希望乳业>天润乳业>西域春乳业>瑞源乳业>南达乳业>麦趣尔乳业;全国标杆乳企伊利的综合竞争力较强,区域乳企新希望在某些方面具有竞争优势,而新疆乳企的品牌竞争力较弱,与全国及区域品牌乳企相比差距较大。基于此,从建立奶业产业集群,推广“牧草种植+奶农+奶站+奶企”的奶业全产业链,拓展奶产品销售渠道,强化乳企质量监督管理体系等方面提出增强新疆乳企品牌竞争力的政策建议。

从六力互动模型角度分析天润乳业市场战略

以天润乳业为企业战略分析基点,利用六力互动模型分析天润乳业与供方、买方、替代品厂商、互补品厂商、同行业厂商、潜在进入者六种市场利益主体之间结成的动态竞争及合作关系。基于竞合共生的现实基础,分析天润乳业与六种市场利益主体间竞争与合作的前提条件及相互转换关系,为进一步探寻可持续发展之路,提出转变思维定式、坚持差异化战略、优化产品结构的建议。

内蒙古奶业生产组织模式创新与乳品质量安全控制

牛奶分散生产存在诸多安全隐患。本文从饲料安全、饲养设施、饲养管理、疫病防治、奶农和中间商机会主义行为等方面,分析了牛奶分散生产的质量安全风险。以乳品安全为主线,阐述了内蒙古奶业牧场园区集中饲养和业主规模化饲养两种新型组织模式的基本内涵与运行机制,并总结了两种新型组织模式对牛奶生产的质量控制及其利益分配,最后提出从产业发展长期看,牛奶生产向规模化、专业化,标准化发展是生产组织模式演进的一个方向。

我国乳业现状分析及今后发展趋势

文中从国内外乳业发展的特点、我国乳业的发展现状入手,详细阐述、分析了我国乳业目前存在的几大问题及制约乳业发展的因素。

世界乳业生产及贸易格局分析——兼论中国乳业国际竞争力

本文从奶牛存栏、原料乳产量、奶制品贸易结构和贸易地理等方面对全球主要国家的乳业生产、贸易发展情况进行梳理,分析特点及趋势,并测度全球主要国家的乳业竞争力指数,结果表明,全球奶牛养殖业发展态势良好,发展中国家涨幅优势显著,奶制品贸易市场集中度较高,而中国奶牛养殖业增速放缓,贸易逆差加大,不同奶制品市场竞争力综合水平偏低,结合中国乳业发展特征,提出对策建议以提升中国乳业在国际市场上的竞争力。

论发展农民专业合作社与农产品质量安全问题——以奶业为例

保障奶业质量安全、促进奶农稳定增收是我国奶业发展的两大任务。发展规范的奶农专业合作社是保障奶业质量安全与促进奶农稳定增收的重要手段。但是,当前奶农专业合作社的发展还存在着诸多问题和挑战,需要树立正确的政策引导方向,进一步加大扶持力度,实现奶业健康发展。

基于共生营销理论视角下中国乳品企业竞合战略研究

为了从战略高度探视中国乳品企业市场竞争焦点的走势,运用理论研究与实证分析相结合的研究方法,将共生营销理论的基本观点和基本方法应用于民族乳业的竞争战略方式转变研究上,并尝试构建国内乳品企业的新型竞合战略模型,以期扭转国内乳品行业非正常竞争屡禁不止的困局。

基于Logit模型的奶农收入影响因素分析

散户奶农利润降低导致奶农增收困难成为近年来奶业发展的一大问题。本文在对内蒙古呼和浩特市101户奶农调查的基础上,建立Logit模型分析影响奶农收入的因素,结果表明家庭劳动力人数、养殖规模、养殖时间、饲料地面积、饲料成本均对奶农收入有显著性的影响,为此政府在稳定饲料价格的同时,要鼓励奶农提高劳动生产率,合理确定养殖规模等。

养殖小区模式下奶农安全生产行为的影响因素研究——基于对河北、内蒙古两地奶农的调查

养殖小区模式下,奶牛养殖主要由个体奶农分散完成,其生产行为直接关系到生鲜乳的质量安全。基于调研的实证分析发现,奶农生产行为的安全程度与奶农的受教育年限、对检测指标的熟悉程度、政府管理的严格程度及生鲜乳价格水平显著正相关。因此,应通过完善的定价机制、高质量的养殖培训和政对养殖小区的有效管控来提高养殖小区生鲜乳质量安全水平,并适时发展新的养殖模式。